Role of Oil Pulling on Oral Health: An Overview | Chapter 5 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

Oil pulling is a powerful and detoxifying Ayurvedic technique. It is an alternative medical practice in which an edible oil is swished around the mouth for a period of time and then spat out, similar to mouthwash. This chapter presents the role of oil pulling in oral health. Chronic use of mouth rinses containing phenol and other agents, such as chlorohexidine gluconate, used in taking care of the oral cavity, stains the teeth. Also, microorganisms in the oral cavity consist of a single cell covered with a lipid membrane, which, when it comes in contact with some of the oil used in oil pulling, adheres to it to achieve its oral cleansing. The results of studies conducted show that some of the oils, such as coconut oil, sesame oil, and sunflower oil, used in oil pulling therapy can reduce dental plaque, prevent gingivitis, halitosis, dental caries and other dental conditions. This is due to its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties. Outside of offering several oral health benefits, it also contributes positively to overall health with minimal side effects when practised as recommended. Being one of the cheapest, cost-effective, safe, easy and efficient ways to control oral diseases, it should be used as a supplemental oral hygiene aid. It was recommended that oral health professionals should incorporate some of these products into patients’ oral hygiene materials. Additionally, these products should be made in a form that will be handy for patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ngwu Justina Nnenna
Dental Therapy Department, Faculty of Dental Health Federal, University of Allied Health Sciences, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v8/6630

 

Antifatigue and Antioxidant Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum HFY03 from Yak Yoghurt in a Mouse Model of Exercise-Induced Exhaustion |Chapter 2 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

 

Yak yoghurt, a traditional, naturally fermented dairy product, is primarily produced in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It harbours a rich diversity of microorganisms, including Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) HFY03, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from this source. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of LF-HFY03 on anti-fatigue and antioxidant capacities in a mouse model of exercise-induced exhaustion. Mice were administered varying doses of LF-HFY03 via oral gavage for a duration of four weeks, with vitamin C serving as the positive control. This design allowed for the evaluation of the relationship between LF-HFY03 supplementation and the enhancement of antioxidant and anti-fatigue parameters in exhausted mice. The results demonstrated that both LF-HFY03 and vitamin C significantly prolonged the forced running time to exhaustion in mice. Notably, the high-dose LF-HFY03 group exhibited an effect more than threefold greater than that of the control group. A positive correlation was observed between the concentration of LF-HFY03 and the extension of exhaustion time. Furthermore, LF-HFY03 administration effectively reduced serum levels of urea nitrogen and lactic acid, while increasing concentrations of free fatty acids and hepatic glycogen. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were gradually decreased in response to LF-HFY03 supplementation. In terms of oxidative stress markers, LF-HFY03 dose-dependently reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and elevated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). At the molecular level, LF-HFY03 upregulated the mRNA expression of CAT, copper/zinc-SOD (Cu/Zn-SOD), and manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD) in mouse liver tissue. Concurrently, in skeletal muscle, it enhanced the expression of the alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 1 (ASCT1) protein and the mRNAs of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), while downregulating the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), syncytin-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In conclusion, these findings indicate that LF-HFY03 possesses significant anti-fatigue and antioxidant properties, highlighting its considerable potential for development and application as a probiotic-based nutritional supplement aimed at alleviating physical fatigue.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Junxiao Zhang
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and School of Teacher Development, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Ling Chen
Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan, China.

 

Lingyan Zhang
School of Continuing Education, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Qiuping Chen
Department of Education, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela 838, Philippines.

 

Fang Tan
Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, 838 Valenzuela, Philippines.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and School of Teacher Development, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH2

Process Optimisation of Antioxidant Shuidouchi and Its Protective Effects against DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice | Chapter 6 | Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Functional Foods

 

Intestinal health plays an important role in maintaining a high quality of life. Digestive absorption, metabolism, and mucosal immunity can decline with age, and the number of probiotics in the digestive system can rapidly decrease. Shuidouchi, a traditional Chinese fermented soybean product, involves multistep production processes that have not yet been standardised. By optimising fermentation parameters and enhancing the content of bioactive components, it can be developed into high-quality products with improved health-beneficial properties. In this study, single-factor experiments were conducted to establish different processing conditions, aiming to identify those yielding the highest levels of active ingredients and the strongest in vitro antioxidant activity. Additionally, the preventive effect of Shuidouchi against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‑induced colitis in mice was investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimal process conditions consisted of 12 h of soaking, fermentation in a glass container at 35 °C for 48 h. Shuidouchi produced under these conditions exhibited the highest concentration of soybean isoflavones and displayed superior antioxidant capacity compared to other fermentation conditions. The extract prepared from Shuidouchi obtained via the optimised process (soaked in twice the volume of water for 12 h, placed in a glass container, and fermented at 35 °C for 48 h) prevented colitis-associated shortening of the colon and increased the colon weight‑to‑length ratio in mice.

 

Furthermore, Shuidouchi extract significantly reduced the disease activity index and decreased serum levels of endothelin (ET), substance P (SP), and interleukin‑10 (IL‑10), while elevating levels of somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and interleukin‑2 (IL‑2) in colitic mice. It also increased colon tissue levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas it reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gene expression analysis in colon tissues revealed that Shuidouchi extract upregulated the mRNA expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), c‑Kit, and stem cell factor (SCF). Moreover, Shuidouchi treatment downregulated the protein expression of interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL-12, and tumour necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) in mice with colitis. In conclusion, the optimised Shuidouchi processing method effectively alleviates experimental colitis, an effect closely associated with its elevated soybean isoflavone content. The results of this study can confirm the effect of Shuidouchi on colitis only to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to further verify the effect of Shuidouchi on the human body. At the same time, the mechanism of Shuidouchi in the human body also requires comprehensive and in-depth experiments. As basic research, this study has played a specific theoretical role.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Jing Zhang
Environment and Quality Inspection College, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401228, China and Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Qin Li
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.

 

Yang Wei
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Xingyao Long
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam 13488, Gyeongghi-do, Korea.

 

Jianfei Mu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.

 

Yanni Pan
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam 13488, Gyeongghi-do, Korea.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-0-3/CH6

Protective Mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 Preventing CCl₄-Induced Liver Injury by Transforming Geniposide into Genipin to Boost Antioxidant Defence | Chapter 5 | Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Functional Foods

 

Lactobacillus plantarum belongs to the genus Lactobacillus and is a lactic acid bacterium commonly found in the fermented products of milk, meat, and many vegetables. It can pass through the stomach and colonise the intestine to play a beneficial role. L. plantarum has a wide range of applications in various diseases, but there are few reports on its role in liver injury and as an antioxidant. This study investigated the mechanism by which Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 (KFY02) alleviates CCl₄-induced liver injury in mice, focusing on its role in enhancing systemic antioxidant capacity through the bioconversion of geniposide to genipin. Experimental results confirmed that KFY02 partially converts geniposide into genipin in vitro. In the mouse model of liver injury, both KFY02 and geniposide significantly reduced the liver index and decreased serum levels of AST, ALT, TG, MDA, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, while up-regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px. At the molecular level, KFY02 and geniposide up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and IκB-α, and down-regulated the expression of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB in liver tissues. In summary, L. plantarum KFY02 mitigates CCl₄-induced hepatic damage by potentiating the body's antioxidant defences, an effect mediated through the microbial conversion of geniposide to its more active form, genipin.

 

Author(s) Details

Yanni Pan
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.

 

Hong Wang
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China.

 

Fang Tan
Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela 838, Philippines.

 

Ruokun Yi
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.

 

Wenfeng Li
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, PR China.

 

Xingyao Long

Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.

 

Jianfei Mu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-0-3/CH5

Preservation Performance of White Grape Pomace Using Baled Silage Technology for Ruminant Diets | Chapter 6 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 5

 

Grape pomace is one of the most abundant solid by-products generated during winemaking. It holds significant relevance in terms of use in animal nutrition, as many of the bioactive substances present in grapes, which have beneficial functional properties and positive technical applications. This study aimed to characterise the preservation of white grape pomace (WGP) through baled silage under commercial-scale conditions over six months, with emphasis on its potential application in ruminant feeding. Fermentation parameters, microbial dynamics, nutrient composition, and antioxidant activity were monitored and compared with untreated grape pomace. It was hypothesised that baled silage would allow this winery by-product to retain its nutritional and sensory attributes for at least six months, offering practical advantages over other ensiling systems due to its lack of infrastructure requirements, strong compaction, airtight sealing, and ease of handling. WGP from wineries under the PDO “Vino de Alicante” was sampled at days 0, 7, 14, 35, 60, and 180, collecting representative subsamples from both silage bales and untreated grape pomace. Silage was produced using an Agronic MR 820 rotary baler, wrapped with netting and layers of plastic film, while untreated pomace was stored in bulk under Mediterranean environmental conditions. Results showed a marked increase in lactic acid bacteria in silage (6.57 → 8.22 log₁₀ cfu/g FM, P < .05) and the disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae and moulds after day 35, whereas untreated grape pomace reached 8.07 and 8.50 log₁₀3 cfu/g FM, respectively (P < .001). Lactic acid accumulation (26.02 g/kg DM) and stable pH (~4.0) confirmed successful fermentation, contrasting with the pH rise to 8.42 in untreated grape pomace (P < .05). Nutritional composition in silage remained stable (DM ~441 g/kg; OM ~887 g/kg DM; CP ~109 g/kg DM; EE ~681 g/kg DM; NDF ~491 g/kg DM), while untreated pomace deteriorated markedly. Bioactive properties were preserved in silage, with total phenolics (~8–9 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant activity (423–596 mg Trolox eq/g DM) remaining stable, whereas untreated pomace declined to near-zero values by day 180 (P < .05). Overall, WGP silage achieved fermentation stability by day 35 and remained stable for six months, maintaining nutritional and bioactive quality. Baled silage proved to be an effective and economically advantageous preservation strategy, supporting the sustainable valorisation of winery by-products in ruminant feeding systems.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Marina Galvez-Lopez
Institute of Agri-Food and Agro-Environmental Research (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

Alfonso Navarro
Technical Support Service for Teaching and Research (SATDI-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

Raquel Muelas
Technical Support Service for Teaching and Research (SATDI-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

Amparo Roca
Technical Support Service for Teaching and Research (SATDI-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

Cristófol Peris
Institut de Ciència I Tecnologia Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, S/N, 46022 València, Spain.

 

Gema Romero
Institute of Agri-Food and Agro-Environmental Research (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

José Ramón Díaz
Institute of Agri-Food and Agro-Environmental Research (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Ctra. De Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v5/6883

Dermatological Applications of Punica granatum: Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potential in Skin Disorders |Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a popular fruit known for its rich nutritional value and diverse bioactive compounds. The fruit has many potential health benefits, and it has been evaluated in clinical trials for different diseases. There are limited studies investigating the comprehensive use of pomegranate in cosmetic and dermatological applications. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the dermatological applications and therapeutic potential of Punica granatum, with a focus on its phytochemistry and mechanisms of action. The increasing use of botanical extracts in skincare and cosmetic formulations underscores the relevance of Punica granatum, a plant native to Iran. A structured literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Google Scholar, to evaluate evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Key findings indicate that pomegranate extracts and their bioactive compounds—particularly punicalagin, ellagic acid, and anthocyanins—exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Specific dermatological benefits explored include the promotion of wound repair, inhibition of acne pathogenesis, protection against UV-induced photoaging, skin brightening, and management of inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. This review consolidates current scientific research to highlight the promising role of Punica granatum as a multifunctional agent in the treatment and prevention of skin disorders, supporting its continued integration into dermatological and cosmetic products.

 

Author(s) Details

Farshad Akbarnejad
Dr. Akhavi Laboratory Co, Scientific Department, Tehran, Iran.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6868

Prominent Use of Malva sylvestris L in Dermatology | Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Malva sylvestris L. (common mallow) is a flowering plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. The plant has laxative, diuretic, spasmogenic and laxative properties. This plant has a rich history in traditional medicine across Asia, Europe, and Africa, and presents a compelling natural therapeutic agent for a wide range of dermatological conditions. Among the various species used in herbal medicine, M. sylvestris stands out for its diverse usage, which has been documented since 3000 BC. In Iran, M. sylvestris is recognised as an edible herb and has been consumed raw in various vegetable salads; however, it is most commonly used as a medicinal herb. This review consolidates scientific evidence to validate its traditional use in treating wounds, eczema, atopic dermatitis, and skin infections. The therapeutic efficacy of M. sylvestris is primarily attributed to its diverse profile of bioactive phytoconstituents. Key among these are mucilaginous polysaccharides, which provide emollient and soothing effects for sensitive skin and irritations; flavonoids (e.g., gossypetin, malvidin 3-glucoside) and phenolic compounds, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory mediators like PGE₂; and tannins and essential oils, which contribute to its significant antibacterial effects against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that topical applications of M. sylvestris extracts promote wound healing by enhancing collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation, reduce inflammation and pruritus in atopic dermatitis, and accelerate burn wound contraction, often showing superior efficacy compared to standard treatments like silver sulfadiazine. The convergence of its demulcent, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, underpinned by its distinct phytochemical composition, justifies its traditional use and positions M. sylvestris as a versatile and effective candidate for integrative dermatological therapy. Future studies, including well-designed clinical trials and standardised extract formulations, are required to validate the therapeutic efficacy of Malva sylvestris in dermatological conditions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Farshad Akbarnejad
Scientific Department, Rayka Shimi Saba Pharmaceutical & Hygienic Knowledge-Based Co., Tehran, Iran.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6800

 

Plant-Based Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

The study presents a comprehensive assessment of plant-sourced natural compounds for wound healing, encompassing their chemical origins and the biological processes involved in their therapeutic effects on wound healing. Wound healing involves multiple stages, and any interruption during this sequence can result in improper wound healing. Restoration of the structure and function of damaged tissues, which is an intricate process, is governed by the discharge of multiple cytokines and growth factors at the site of injury. Wound healing may benefit greatly from a variety of plants or compounds derived from plants with high concentrations of antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial properties.

 

Author(s) Details

Monika

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India.

Surabhi Bajpai

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India.

Rakesh Mishra

Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), NCBS Campus, Bengaluru -560065, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/774

Plant-Based Natural Compounds for Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

The study presents a comprehensive assessment of plant-sourced natural compounds for wound healing, encompassing their chemical origins and the biological processes involved in their therapeutic effects on wound healing. Wound healing involves multiple stages, and any interruption during this sequence can result in improper wound healing. Restoration of the structure and function of damaged tissues, which is an intricate process, is governed by the discharge of multiple cytokines and growth factors at the site of injury. Wound healing may benefit greatly from a variety of plants or compounds derived from plants with high concentrations of antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial properties.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Monika

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India.

Surabhi Bajpai

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India.

Rakesh Mishra

Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), NCBS Campus, Bengaluru -560065, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/774

Effect of Gambir Catechins in Modulating the Amyloid-𝛽 Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer’s Model Rat | Chapter 12 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 10

 

Background: Alzheimer’s disease [AD] is the most common type of dementia, a neurodegeneration disorder. Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease has been reported as the consequence of amyloid-𝛽 accumulation in the brain resulting from oxidative stress. Gambir, which contains catechins as a potential antioxidant, is abundant in West Sumatra. Research is scarce about gambir catechins and their potential as anti-amyloid therapeutics.

 

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gambir catechins administration on amyloid-𝛽 concentration in cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] of the rats.

 

Methods: An experimental study with a post-test-only design was carried out on 12-week-old female Sprague Dawley, an Alzheimer’s model rat. As many as 30 rats were divided into the control and treatment groups. Four of the six groups were treated with the catechins extract doses of 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, and 100 mg per 200 g BW. The gambir catechin extracts were purchased from the Andalas Phytopharmacy Laboratory. Meanwhile, the other two groups were positive and negative control groups. After four weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the CSF was collected. Amyloid-𝛽 concentration measurement was done using the ELISA method. The statistical analysis was using One-way ANOVA with posthoc test Tukey HSD. Treatment groups exhibited a linear decrease in amyloid-𝛽 concentration in all doses, particularly in CC3.

 

Results: The CC3-treated group showed the lowest amyloid-𝛽 concentration [13.325±4.625 ng/ml], which is significantly lower [p<0.05] when compared to the PC group [45.280±7.590 ng/ml]. In the present study, the decrease of A𝛽-42 peptide concentration in the CC3 group compared to the PC group is the most significant.

 

Conclusion: This result provides experimental evidence that gambir catechin reached its optimum neuroprotective effect on amyloid-𝛽

 

Author(s) Details

 

U. U. Fasrini

Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

N. I. Lipoeto

Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Z. Taufiqa

Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v10/872

The Phyto-chemical and Lipid Oxidation Quantification of the Aqueous, N-hexane and Petroleum Ether Extracts of Fermented Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) Seed | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 9

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of extracting solvents on the yield, phytochemical compounds and selected chemical properties of fermented pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed. Fruit seeds contain several phytochemical compounds that have been reported to show antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. Due to the varied chemical properties of these seeds, different solvents are used in the extraction. However, care must be taken in the choice of solvent used for the extraction because it will determine the yield and the quality of the extract in terms of the phytochemical content.

 

Extracts from fermented T-solo variety of pawpaw seeds were obtained using petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvents using standard method. Analysis was carried out to determine some qualitative and quantitative phyto-chemical and some selected chemical compositions (Peroxide Value PV and Thiobarbituric Acid Value TBA. Extracts’ yield was 26.00, 23.30 and 19.51% for petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvent, respectively. The result of the quantitative analysis shows that all the phytochemicals were more abundant in petroleum ether extract. The PV and TBA of n-hexane, petroleum ether and hot water extract were 5.32, 4.52, 0.00 meq/kg and 0.87, 0.16, 0.09 µg/kg respectively. It is evident that petroleum ether extract contains more phytochemical compounds than the other extracts so it is likely to have more antioxidant activities since antioxidant activities are associated with phytochemicals. The PV and TBA obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract will undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract would undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. This indicates that the extract can be a good preservative.

 

Author (s) Details

Adesola M.O
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

 

Akande E.A
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

 

Agboola H.A
Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, USA.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v9/2433

An In-silico Analysis and Narrative Synopsis Confirming the Invalidity of ORP Use in Estimating Aqueous H2 Concentration | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 6

The aim of the study is to conduct an In-Silico Analysis and provide a Narrative Synopsis Confirming the Invalidity of ORP Use in Estimating Aqueous H₂ Concentration. Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) is often used to characterize functional beverages, specifically alkaline ionized water and hydrogen water. Numerous health benefits including antioxidant effects have been attributed to a negative ORP value. However, a greater negative ORP value is often incorrectly interpreted to mean a greater degree of health benefits and/or a high concentration of H₂. However, ORP is not specific to H₂ gas but any redox-active molecules. Recent fatalities have occurred due to conflating a negative ORP with health benefits due to the use of toxic chemicals to induce a negative ORP. Additionally, when ORP meters are used to estimate H₂ gas, the readings can be highly unreliable. For example, hydrogen meters use the Nernst equation to calculate the concentration of H₂ based on the measured ORP value. Unfortunately, due to the fundamental limitations of the ORP meter, the calculated H₂ value may be very inaccurate. Using the Nernst equation, we performed an in-silico analysis of the ORP as a function of pH, temperature, and H₂ concentration. Our analysis shows that a one-unit increase in pH (e.g., 7-8) influences the ORP by as much as increasing the H₂ concentration by 100 times (e.g., 1 to 100 mg/L). Similarly, at a saturated H₂ concentration (1.57 mg/L) and pH 7, every ΔT of 20°C changes the ORP by ≈ 30 mV. This is comparable to changing the H₂ concentration by a factor of 10 (0.1 mg/L to 1 mg/L).  Moreover, to measure H₂ within 0.1 mg/L, ORP meters need to have an accuracy of about 0.8 mV. However, ORP meters have an error range of at least ±10 mV, which corresponds to a potential error in measured H₂ concentration of nearly ₂ mg/L (≈125% error). This analysis shows that pH, temperature, and intrinsic ORP errors can individually influence the ORP greater than the entire contribution of dissolved H₂ within normally used ranges. Consequently, this can easily result in a water sample with a greater negative ORP than another despite having significantly less H₂. Thus, it becomes impossible to consistently determine if one water sample has more H₂ than another water sample. However, the analyses and calculations were performed only with the variables included in the equations, which can be considered a limitation of this study. Finally, we can only conclude, based on a negative ORP reading, that, excluding the possibility of other reductive redox couples, some level of dissolved H₂ is present in the water. Accordingly, ORP and ORP-based H₂ meters are not reliable for testing or comparing the concentration of H₂ in water. Inherent fluctuations in the ORP meter, combined with the significant influence that even small deviations in pH and temperature have on the ORP, will always dominate the ORP measurement.

 

Author (s) Details

Tyler W. LeBaron
Molecular Hydrogen Institute, Enoch, Utah, USA and Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah, USA.

 

Randy Sharpe
H2 Analytics, Henderson, NV, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v6/1788

Synthesis of Putrescine Bisamides as Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Molecular Docking Studies | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 9

Putrescine bis amides are one of the subclasses of naturally occurring polyamides. During the last two decades, several symmetrical and unsymmetrical putrescine bisamides have been isolated from Aglaia, Liberica, and Carydalis species. In this study, a new naturally occurring N1, N6-dihydrocinnamyl putrescine bisamide, JBIR-94, along with nine structural analogs and a series of substituted phenyl and alkyl putrescine bisamides have been synthesized from putrescine and appropriately substituted carboxylic acids, through carboxylic acid chlorides. Antimicrobial, 5-Lipooxygenase enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant studies were performed for all synthesized compounds. Antimicrobial assay performed against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Zone of inhibition was determined using agar well diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution assay. The 5-Lipoxygenase (PDB ID 308Y) X-Ray crystal structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank and used in docking studies. Antioxidant activities of putrescine bisamides were performed through radical scavenging assay using DPPH and Superoxide radicals. Dihydrocinnamyl series of putrescine bisamides (4a-4i) showed good bioactivities compared to substituted phenyl (6a-6g) and diakyl (6h-6j) series of compounds. Among all compounds, 4h (methylenedioxy analog) and 4a (JBIR-94) showed good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

 

Author (s) Details

Siddaiah Vidavalur
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Sunanda Kumari Kadiri
Department of Microbiology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Kumari Yettula
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Srinuvasarao Rayavarapu
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Mahaboob Basha Gajula
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Mangarao Nakka
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

Ramu Tadikonda
Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v9/4995

Biological Activities of Natural Products | Chapter 6 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Natural products exhibit a wide range of biological activities that have proven beneficial in drug discovery, agriculture, and the cosmetic industries. The majority of these compounds are bioactive from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms, demonstrating antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer potential, and immunomodulatory activity. Owing to variations in their molecular characteristics, they are capable of interacting with various biological targets, thereby producing a therapeutic effect. This abstract outlines the actions associated with these activities, particularly in the production of pharmaceuticals and health products. Understanding the biological processes utilized by natural products is essential for optimizing their effectiveness in disease management and enhancing human welfare.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Vidivay
Department of Chemistry, Dharma Samaj College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH6

Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Musa paradisiaca cv. Sekaki Florets | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 10

Previous findings on Musa paradisiaca have demonstrated diverse chemical compositions and their potential applications in various fields, ranging from pharmaceuticals to industrial uses. Several studies have explored the potential of its florets as a source of beneficial compounds and phytochemicals. In this study, different solvent extracts of M. paradisiaca florets were evaluated for their total phenolic content, with the ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest phenolic content at 481.53 mg GAE/g. The extracts were also analysed for flavonoid content, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial properties, and cytotoxicity. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the best ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals among all the tested fractions. A positive linear correlation was established between the phenolic content of the extracts and their antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 450 µg/mL to as low as 14.07 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity of the extract, determined through the MTT assay against cancerous cell lines DU-145 (human prostate cancer cell lines) and HeLa (human cervical cancer cell lines), was comparable to that of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin hydrochloride, cisplatin, and fluorouracil. The IC50 values for the extract against DU-145 and HeLa cells were 0.8925 µM/mL and 0.9152 µM/mL, respectively. These results indicate that M. paradisiaca florets have substantial potential for development into pharmaceutical products capable of inhibiting cellular damage caused by free radicals.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Heng Yen Khong
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia and Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor Branch, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Korawinwich Boonpisuttinantant
Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand

 

Muhammad Mirza Ariffin
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v10/3132

Sip to Healthy Smile: The Enchanting Dental Wonders of Green Tea | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 9

The utility of natural products is increasingly in demand for medical purposes. One of the abundant natural materials is green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) which has many health benefits [1]. Green tea is a popular beverage consumed widely in the world for thousands of years and is considered traditional Chinese Medicine [2]. Green tea contains a variety of bioactive agents with many health benefits. Tea has positive health benefits and helps in pathologic changes prevention and maintaining health conditions. Green tea promotes periodontal health by limiting the growth of bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Also, Green tea has properties like solar ultraviolet protection, bone mineral density, anti-fibrotic and neuroprotective power [2].

It has been reported that green tea has a role in the prevention of dental erosion, dental caries, alveolar bone resorption, oral malodour etc. Also, it protects against various malignant, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Polyphenols, a constituent of green tea, are contributing factors in the prevention of cancer and other diseases [3].  Numerous studies have shown beneficial effects in maintaining oral health on regular intake of Green Tea. Green tea also increases basal metabolic rate. Green tea contains more catechins as it is a non-fermented tea, compared to black tea or Oolong tea [2].

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mrinal Shete
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

 

Anagha Shete
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

 

Gauri Umesh Gondkar
D Y Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v9/2756

Comparative Studies of Antioxidant Capacity of Various Solanum sp. Extracts by Five Different Antioxidant Assays | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

Background: Free radicals are molecules that contain unpaired electrons, which make them unstable and prone to interact with other molecules in the body. These reactive species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are produced naturally during cellular processes such as metabolism and immune response. Even though they have important roles, an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress. Therefore, exogenous antioxidants from fruits and vegetables are needed to protect the body from oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the antioxidant capacity of nine plant extracts from black nightshade, turkey berry, and round green eggplant, using five different antioxidant assays: FRAP, CUPRAC, H₂O₂ scavenging, phosphomolybdenum assay, and beta carotene bleaching. The research also sought to explore the correlation between total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content with the IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values from the five antioxidant assays, as well as the relationships between the different antioxidant assays. Methods: Extraction was carried out via reflux using solvents with varying polarities, followed by evaporation using a rotary evaporator. Antioxidant capacity, along with the determination of phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents, was analyzed using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. Pearson’s method was employed  to assess the correlation between these contents and the IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values from the five antioxidant assays. Results: The ethanolic and ethyl acetate fruit extracts of turkey berry exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the FRAP (EC₅₀ 41.32 µg/ml), H₂O₂ scavenging (IC₅₀ 1.01 µg/ml), and CUPRAC (EC₅₀ 117.56 µg/ml) assays. The ethyl acetate fruit extract of round green eggplant showed the highest phosphomolybdenum assay capacity (EC₅₀ 375.47 µg/ml), while the ethyl acetate fruit extract of black nightshade had the highest beta carotene bleaching capacity (EC₅₀ 158.66 µg/ml). Phenolic content in all fruit extracts showed a tendency to correlate with antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP and H₂O₂ scavenging, while flavonoid and carotenoid content correlated more with CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and beta carotene bleaching assays. Conclusions: Phenolic compounds were the primary contributors to the antioxidant capacity of the black nightshade, turkey berry, and round green eggplant extracts in the FRAP and H₂O₂ scavenging assays, while flavonoid and carotenoid compounds were the main contributors in the CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and beta carotene bleaching assays. A linear correlation was observed between the FRAP and H₂O₂ scavenging assays, while CUPRAC showed a linear correlation with both phosphomolybdenum and beta-carotene bleaching assays.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Atina Rizkiya Choirunnisa
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Komar Ruslan
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Indonesia - Bandung, Indonesia

 

Defri Rizaldy
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Hegar Pramastya
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Rika Hartati
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Muhamad Insanu
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Irda Fidrianny
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v3/4410

Gelatin Nanoparticles Containing Cantigi Leaf Extract as Anti-Agings | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Blume Miq.) has young leaves with a red color that may contain flavonoids. Flavonoids may have anti-aging activity as antioxidants, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase. The study aims to produce an ethanolic extract of Cantigi leaves and nanoparticles of the ethanolic extract and compare their antioxidant, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities. To make the ethanolic extract, dry powders of young Cantigi leaves are macerated gradually with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The dried extracts are obtained after evaporating using a vacuum evaporator and then tested for specific and non-specific parameters. The dried extract is synthesized into nanoparticles by desolvation using gelatin as the polymer and glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker and then characterized. The antioxidant, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities of the extracts and nanoparticles are then measured and compared with their IC50s. The results show that the ethanol extract of Cantigi leaves meets specific and non-specific parameters. Moreover, the nanoparticles have a particle size of 307.90±2.54 nm, polydispersity index of 0.271±0.01, zeta potential of 12.80±0.44 mV, entrapment efficiency of 43.29±3.97%, and spherical. The IC50s of anti-collagenase, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities for extracts are 104.18±0.33, 18.87±0.36, 196.88±20.28 ppm, while for nanoparticles are 124.40±0.39, 30.14±0.33, and 53.55±27.07 ppm, respectively. The results conclude that the extract contains anti-collagenase, antioxidants, and anti-tyrosinase, and the activity is higher than the nanoparticle activity except for the anti-tyrosinase activity. The slow release of the extract from the nanoparticles may cause a decrease in activity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kosasih Kosasih

Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

I Wayan Redja
Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Yunahara Farida
Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v3/4306

Deciphering the Paradoxical Nature of Ascorbic Acid in Musca domestica Larvae | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1

Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid (AA) in Musca domestica larvae.

Study Design: The study design involved assessing the pro-oxidant properties of M. domestica larvae by exposing them to different dosages of AA. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated through biochemical assays conducted on both normal larvae and those challenged with D-galactose (D- gal).

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune between June 2009 and July 2010.

Methodology: The M. domestica larvae were subjected to different doses of AA to access the pro-oxidant nature. This study also investigated the antioxidant properties of AA in the D- gal induced oxidative stress condition by assessing the parameters as biochemical assays (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione S transferase, Lipid peroxidation and Protein carbonylation) and larval survival post-treatment with AA and D- gal.

Results: A notable association was seen between larval mortality and AA concentration, with optimal survival at 20 mM and complete mortality at 100 mM, due to AA's pro-oxidant properties. At a dosage of 10 mM, AA considerably mitigated the oxidative stress generated by D-gal (p < 0.05) and preserved both pupal survival and eclosion rates.

Conclusion: The transitional behavior of AA in M. domestica larvae is concentration-dependent, with reduced concentrations improving survival rates and higher concentrations resulting in increased mortality, underscoring the necessity for meticulous dose evaluation before administration in biological systems.

 

Author (s) Details

Prajakta A. Dhage
Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik-422002, India.

 

Archana A. Sharbidre
Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3963

Changes in Antioxidant Capacities and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities during Drought Stress in the Germination Period of Madura Local Corn Seeds (Zea mays L.) | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Drought, antioxidant, germination, maize, polyethylene-glycolOne of the major environmental factors of plant growth and productivity is drought stress. A plant that grows under drought stress can have an adverse physiological, biochemical, and morphological effect. It is involved in metabolic responses such as signaling, physiological regulation, and defense responses. The effect of various polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations on induced drought stress on the antioxidant capacities and antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated on Madura local maize during germination. Seed samples were treated under 5%, 10%, and 15% of PEG for 6 days. The changes in the antioxidant capacities such as 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical scavenging; antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and gene expression were observed during seeds germination. The result showed that the antioxidant activity capacities and enzymes exhibited significantly higher levels in drought-treated conditions. The most effective level of drought stress to elevate the capabilities and enzyme activity of antioxidants, as well as its gene expression, was observed at 15% PEG, whereas ABTS scavenging activity was increased by 20% over the control, hydroxyl scavenging activity up to 14%, CAT and APX activity increased 4 - 5 times over the control. Along with the presence of antioxidant mechanisms, including the capacities and activities of different types of ABTS⁺, hydroxyl, CAT, and APX, might play important roles during the germination phase and be able to manage reactive oxygen species to the normal level under stress conditions. It was concluded that the germination seeds could be used as natural antioxidant agents, and drought could improve antioxidant levels, so this information is beneficial for broader cultivation on suboptimal land.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Agnes Rezkyta Herwang Dani
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Jember University, Jember, Indonesia.

 

Tri Agus Siswoyo
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Jember University, Jember, Indonesia and The Center of Excellence on Crop Industrial Biotechnology, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v7/4029