Investigating the Anti Angiogenic Activity of Carica papaya Leaf Extract | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and angiogenesis is critical in cancer progression. The development of new blood vessels and the nutrition of tumor cells are heavily dependent on angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature. In normal physiology, angiogenesis has a role in embryogenesis, the female reproductive cycle, and wound healing and bone formation [1]. There are several “on” and “off” switches that regulate the process. Decreasing or inhibiting angiogenesis can be therapeutic in cancer and other diseases. Thus, angiogenesis is an important process that occurs both during health and disease. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-angiogenic activity of Carica papaya leaf. Fresh green papaya leaves, were randomly collected from Yadav Nursery, Geeta Colony, East Delhi. The anti-angiogenic activity of papaya leaf was evaluated using the docking behaviour of known bioactive compounds of a leaf as ligands with angiogenic receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 along with their putative binding sites using Swiss Dock Web server (In silico) and further based on docking results leaf aqueous extract was used for implantation in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) egg yolk angiogenesis model (in vivo). Docking studies and binding free energy calculations revealed that among known bioactive compounds of leaf Ascorbic acid, quercetin, riboflavin and lycopene have maximum free energy as compared to other investigated ligands. Similarly, CAM assay also showed the inhibitory effect of the Carica papaya leaf with respect to their reduction in length, size and junctions of blood capillaries compared to untreated egg yolk. The results showed that Ascorbic Acid, Quercetin, Riboflavin and, Lycopene (leaf compounds) can attenuate angiogenesis in pathological conditions and can be potent in drug discovery as well as medical science. Further studies need to be conducted to determine anti-angiogenic pathways followed by leaf extract or juice. It can be concluded that administration of Carica papaya leaf juice is safe and does induce anti angiogenic process during disease condition like Cancer.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nidhi Tayal

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

Priyansh Srivastava

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

Nidhi Srivastava

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/353

Investigating the Anti Angiogenic Activity of Carica papaya Leaf Extract | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and angiogenesis is critical in cancer progression. The development of new blood vessels and the nutrition of tumor cells are heavily dependent on angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature. In normal physiology, angiogenesis has a role in embryogenesis, the female reproductive cycle, and wound healing and bone formation [1]. There are several “on” and “off” switches that regulate the process. Decreasing or inhibiting angiogenesis can be therapeutic in cancer and other diseases. Thus, angiogenesis is an important process that occurs both during health and disease. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-angiogenic activity of Carica papaya leaf. Fresh green papaya leaves, were randomly collected from Yadav Nursery, Geeta Colony, East Delhi. The anti-angiogenic activity of papaya leaf was evaluated using the docking behaviour of known bioactive compounds of a leaf as ligands with angiogenic receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 along with their putative binding sites using Swiss Dock Web server (In silico) and further based on docking results leaf aqueous extract was used for implantation in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) egg yolk angiogenesis model (in vivo). Docking studies and binding free energy calculations revealed that among known bioactive compounds of leaf Ascorbic acid, quercetin, riboflavin and lycopene have maximum free energy as compared to other investigated ligands. Similarly, CAM assay also showed the inhibitory effect of the Carica papaya leaf with respect to their reduction in length, size and junctions of blood capillaries compared to untreated egg yolk. The results showed that Ascorbic Acid, Quercetin, Riboflavin and, Lycopene (leaf compounds) can attenuate angiogenesis in pathological conditions and can be potent in drug discovery as well as medical science. Further studies need to be conducted to determine anti-angiogenic pathways followed by leaf extract or juice. It can be concluded that administration of Carica papaya leaf juice is safe and does induce anti angiogenic process during disease condition like Cancer.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nidhi Tayal

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

Priyansh Srivastava

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

Nidhi Srivastava

Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida - 201 313, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/353

The Phyto-chemical and Lipid Oxidation Quantification of the Aqueous, N-hexane and Petroleum Ether Extracts of Fermented Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) Seed | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 9

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of extracting solvents on the yield, phytochemical compounds and selected chemical properties of fermented pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed. Fruit seeds contain several phytochemical compounds that have been reported to show antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. Due to the varied chemical properties of these seeds, different solvents are used in the extraction. However, care must be taken in the choice of solvent used for the extraction because it will determine the yield and the quality of the extract in terms of the phytochemical content.

 

Extracts from fermented T-solo variety of pawpaw seeds were obtained using petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvents using standard method. Analysis was carried out to determine some qualitative and quantitative phyto-chemical and some selected chemical compositions (Peroxide Value PV and Thiobarbituric Acid Value TBA. Extracts’ yield was 26.00, 23.30 and 19.51% for petroleum ether, n-hexane and hot aqueous solvent, respectively. The result of the quantitative analysis shows that all the phytochemicals were more abundant in petroleum ether extract. The PV and TBA of n-hexane, petroleum ether and hot water extract were 5.32, 4.52, 0.00 meq/kg and 0.87, 0.16, 0.09 µg/kg respectively. It is evident that petroleum ether extract contains more phytochemical compounds than the other extracts so it is likely to have more antioxidant activities since antioxidant activities are associated with phytochemicals. The PV and TBA obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract will undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value obtained for petroleum ether extract were relatively low and this implied that the extract would undergo little or no autoxidation or oxidative deterioration when used. This indicates that the extract can be a good preservative.

 

Author (s) Details

Adesola M.O
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

 

Akande E.A
Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

 

Agboola H.A
Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, USA.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v9/2433

In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of the Anthelmintic Efficacies of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava Bark Extracts Against Ascaridia galli of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) |Chapter 6| Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 3

Herbal medications still hold a significant place in local communities, particularly among small farm holders, mostly in resource-constrained areas. While technological advancements in animal medication rise and dominate these days, some associated issues, such as too much reliance on pharmaceuticals, may incubate unwanted drawbacks, including drug resistance and residuals in animal by-products. Thus, holistic treatment approaches to animals persist and are maintained, comprising the traditional uses of herbal plants, which have remained sustainable through the years.  This research aspires to bridge the gap between folklore and scientifically proven treatments, such as those synthetically prepared dewormers for commercialisation. This study assessed, via in vitro and in vivo assays, the anthelmintic activity of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava, which are among the collection of documented flora in the Philippines utilised by locals in their ethno-veterinary medicine practices. In vitro anthelmintic evaluation displayed time-dependent and concentration-dependent efficacies. Chrysophyllum cainito bark ethanolic extract (60mg/ml) recorded 94.65% egg-killing activity, whereas Psidium guajava bark ethanolic extract was 92.64% effective at 30mg/ml and 96.28% effective at 60mg/ml. The worm-killing activity of the former at 60mg/kg yielded 88.88%, while the latter elicited 88.88% and 94.44% mortalities to worms at 30mg/ml and 60mg/ml, respectively. Probit analysis on the lethal concentration (LC50) against eggs and worms was conducted at different magnitudes for both plants, inferring substantial anthelmintic action. The in vivo evaluation through faecal egg count reduction (FECR) rate indicates that both plants can effectively inhibit and kill gastrointestinal nematodes, as substantiated by the significant ovicidal and wormicidal activities. The generated findings herein can contribute to the broader field of sustainable animal health practices and advocacies as we rally against current pressing issues relating to food safety and public health.

 

Author (s) Details

Roel T. Calagui
College of Veterinary Medicine, Carig Campus, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v3/5368

 

Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Musa paradisiaca cv. Sekaki Florets | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 10

Previous findings on Musa paradisiaca have demonstrated diverse chemical compositions and their potential applications in various fields, ranging from pharmaceuticals to industrial uses. Several studies have explored the potential of its florets as a source of beneficial compounds and phytochemicals. In this study, different solvent extracts of M. paradisiaca florets were evaluated for their total phenolic content, with the ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest phenolic content at 481.53 mg GAE/g. The extracts were also analysed for flavonoid content, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial properties, and cytotoxicity. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the best ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals among all the tested fractions. A positive linear correlation was established between the phenolic content of the extracts and their antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 450 µg/mL to as low as 14.07 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity of the extract, determined through the MTT assay against cancerous cell lines DU-145 (human prostate cancer cell lines) and HeLa (human cervical cancer cell lines), was comparable to that of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin hydrochloride, cisplatin, and fluorouracil. The IC50 values for the extract against DU-145 and HeLa cells were 0.8925 µM/mL and 0.9152 µM/mL, respectively. These results indicate that M. paradisiaca florets have substantial potential for development into pharmaceutical products capable of inhibiting cellular damage caused by free radicals.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Heng Yen Khong
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia and Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor Branch, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Korawinwich Boonpisuttinantant
Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand

 

Muhammad Mirza Ariffin
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v10/3132

Berlinia grandiflora Hutch and Dalz Ethanol Stem Bark Extract Ameliorates the Effect of CCl4 Induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 10

The largest organ in the body, the liver, serves as the final organ in biological processes like metabolism, excretion, and detoxification. Hepatocytes are destroyed throughout the procedure, which might lead to problems or liver damage. The objective of the present study was to provide empirical support for the folkloric assertion that the stem bark of Berlinia grandiflora is utilized in the treatment of hepatic disorders. This was achieved by evaluating the effect of the ethanol extract on liver maker enzymes in vivo. Six groups of six Wistar albino rats were selected and each was subjected to different treatments with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), followed by ethanol stem bark Berlinia grandiflora extract (ESBG) for seven days. At the conclusion of the treatment period, serum biochemical parameters were evaluated to determine the health of the liver. Treatment of rats with ESBG (at doses 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg b.w., orally) reduced the impact of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity on liver maker enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Total Bilirubin (TB), with the 900 mg/kg b.w. showing a significant reduction (p < 0.05) compared to the group treated with only CCl4. Serum Total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) increased in rats treated with the extracts, with the 900 mg/kg b.w. dose showing a significant increment (p<0.05) compared to the group treated with only CCl4. The study revealed that the ethanol extract of Berlinia grandiflora stem bark was able to ameliorate the effect of CCl4-induced liver damage, thus supporting the traditional usage of the plant in treating liver-related disorders.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Martin Ntiamoah Donkor
Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

 

Addai-Mensah Donkor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v10/3137

Role of Beetroot Phytochemicals in the Management of Type-2 Diabetes | Chapter 36 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from either insulin insufficiency or insulin dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus affects most of the people in both developed and developing countries. The treatment of diabetes with synthetic drugs is costly and chances of side effects associated with development of Cancer. Phytomedicine has been used since ancient times in various parts of the world where access to modern medicine is limited. Medicinal plants and phytoconstituents play an important role in the management of non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Phytochemicals identified from medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics agents for Non -Insulin Dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Most prevalent among phytochemical is Betanin. This review article aims to provide a recent information on betanine and hypoglycemic activity.

Author(s) Details:

Nayan K. Prasad,
Department of Zoology, RRM Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.

Kumar Manish,
Department of Zoology, C. M. Science College, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12754

Ocimum sanctum – A Herb for Chronic Diseases: Diabetes and Cancer | Chapter 35 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases viz. Diabetes and cancer, which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address the minimize glucose levels in diabetic patients and stop the proliferation as well as metastasis in cancer patients through a best combination phytochemical ingredient. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against severe diabetic complications. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.

Author(s) Details:

Ajay Kumar,
Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Chandan Kumar Poddar,

Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12753 

Phytoconstituents of Vitex negundo may be an Effective Alternative in Parasitic Infection in Humans| Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4

 This present study was acted to evaluate an active alternative over present medication against parasitical infection cruel. Vitex negundo (Family: Verbenaceae) is a useful drugs in Ayurveda and widely used by the ancestral people. The phytochemical protect of Vitex negundo (leaves &bark) extract  showed  the occupancy of phenolics and flavonoids, those are responsible for antiviral, uncontaminated, anti hypersensitive, antihypertensive, antiarrythmic, hepatoprotective, anti-angering effects in animals [1,2,3]. Our present studies was done on Pheretima posthuma model (Indian earthworm)to discover antiprotozoal effect).Three concentrations 10,20 & 40 mg/ml extracts of V.negundo (leaves and bark) were used for this study that involved the determination momentary of paralysis (vermifuge) and occasion of death (vermicidal endeavor) of the worms, where the aggregation of 40 mg/ml showed a meaningful anthelmintic activity. Observations were corresponding with the standard drug at aggregation of 10mg/ml.of piperizine citrate. Although more chemical in addition to clinical studies are necessary to exhibits determined its capability to become of main pharmacological interest.

Author(s) Details:

Sibaram Paria,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Subhasish Mondal,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V4/article/view/9305

Phytoconstituents of Vitex negundo may be an Effective Alternative in Parasitic Infection in Humans| Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4

 This present study was acted to evaluate an persuasive alternative over present medication against parasitical infection cruel. Vitex negundo (Family: Verbenaceae) is a useful drugs in Ayurveda and widely used by the ancestral people. The phytochemical protect of Vitex negundo (leaves &bark) extract  showed  the ghost of phenolics and flavonoids, those are responsible for antiviral, completely clean, anti susceptible, antihypertensive, antiarrythmic, hepatoprotective, anti-angering effects in animals [1,2,3]. Our present studies was done on Pheretima posthuma model (Indian earthworm)to learn antiprotozoal effect).Three concentrations 10,20 & 40 mg/ml extracts of V.negundo (leaves and bark) were used for this study that involved the determination momentary of paralysis (vermifuge) and period of death (vermicidal exercise) of the worms, where the aggregation of 40 mg/ml showed a important anthelmintic activity. Observations were corresponding with the standard drug at aggregation of 10mg/ml.of piperizine citrate. Although more chemical in addition to clinical studies are necessary to exhibits resulted its aptitude to become of main pharmacological interest.

Author(s) Details:

Sibaram Paria,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Subhasish Mondal,
School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal 743368, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V4/article/view/9305

Proponents Implemented for Quality Standardization and Toxicity Evaluation of Classical Ayurvedic Formulation: Dhatupaushtik Churna| Chapter 11 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 1

 Dhatupaushtik Churna is a polyherbal grated formulation that contains equal amounts of Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris L.; Family: Zygophyllaceae), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.; offspring: Solanaceae), and Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum L.; Family: Asparagaceae) and is used to treat a myriad of ailments, containing premature ejaculation, proneness, rejuvenation of the male reproductive structure, and anti-aging. The fundamental goal of this case is to document Dhatupaushtik Churna's distinctive traits in order to legitimise its labeling, quality, and purity. The many specifications investigated included organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical limits, physical characteristics of Churna, preliminary phytochemical, sounds that are pleasant, and microbial analysis, metabolomic tracking accompanying gas chromatography/bulk spectrometry, and high-performance thin coating chromatography assessment. The parameters settled have been shown expected informative finishes for assisting regulatory experts, scientific organisations, and manufacturers in developing extreme-efficacy standard formulations, and they can be secondhand as reference principles in a pharmaceutical startup's quality control/control of product quality laboratory. As a consequence of this inquiry, each and every ingredient in Dhatupaushtik Churna maybe identified. The characterisation limits documented in this essay might be used as a standard criterion for Dhatupaushtik Churna quality control analysis. To support batch-to-parcel consistency, the criteria likely in this study might be utilised to develop a monograph on quality flags for Dhatupaushtik Churna.Furthermore, the study evaluated the severe and subacute oral toxicity of Dhatupaushtik Churna aqueous extract in Swiss light mice and Wistar albino rats. Acute toxicity evaluation was studied utilizing male Swiss albino mice evaluating 20-25 gm and the subacute toxicity testing was using male Wistar light rats weighing 150-200 gm. The acute toxicity study was completed activity according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) directions 423, at the dose of 2000 mg/kg, p.o., with no fatalities. In a subacute toxicity search, the extract-treated rats (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) showed no important differences compared to the control group. Haematological and biochemical flags were constant, inasmuch as the weights of the liver, kidney, pancreas, and organs did not alter. The results displayed that Dhatupaushtik Churna had no appreciable impact on the limits assessed at the doses secondhand in the study. However, further study is required to examine and confirm its security.

Author(s) Details:

Kausik Bhar,
GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, A.P., India.

Sumanta Mondal,
GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, A.P., India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V1/article/view/8970

Application of Medicinal Plant Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Seedling Growth and Antimicrobial Efficacy- A Holistic Approach | Chapter 2 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 From collected leaf extracts of the plants Oldenlandia corymbosa, Euphorbia heterophylla, Heliotropium indicum, and Leonurus sibiricus, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were created. By using UV-VIS spectroscopy, a PSA, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the synthesised AgNPs were verified and described. We looked examined how AgNPs affected the vigna radiata seedling evaluation and the effectiveness of pathogenic bacterial species' antibacterial defences. Compared to control seeds, seeds treated with concentration-varying manufactured AgNPs demonstrated a greater activity for seedling growth at 0.6 gm/mL concentration. Furthermore, at a dosage of 75 g/mL, bactericidal activity was greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, biobased nano-treated seeds were employed in place of chemical fertilisers to expose seedlings in agricultural areas, reducing environmental risks and enhancing a sustainable agricultural ecosystem. Additionally, silver nano made in these labs from biobased materials is utilised to stop the spread of dangerous microorganisms.

Author(s) Details:

Sk Md Abu Imam Saadi,
Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, IIA/27, New Town, Kolkata-700160, West Bengal, India.

Sk Saruk Islam,
Department of Zoology, Raja N.L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, West Bengal-721102,                  India.

Amal Kumar Mondal,
Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal,                  India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V4/article/view/8391

Exploring the Biological Potentials of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. with Special Reference Exploiting the Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities| Chapter 6 |Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.4

The work's main goal was to unzip the constructional usage of Cissus quadrangularis Linn's biopotentials, which could lead to the discovery of new medication leads for life-threatening and difficult-to-treat disorders. The plant was obtained in the Shenbagathoppu Reserved Forest, which is located in Tamil Nadu, India's southernmost state. For extraction, three different solvents were used: ethyl acetate, hexane, and water. GC-MS was used to examine the extracts' phytochemical fingerprint. The decoctions of aqueous, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts yielded 37, 43, and 38 diverse chemicals, respectively. The biological potentials of chemicals separated from Cissus quadrangularis Linn were evaluated in this work for anticancer and antibacterial purposes. The IC50 value of ethyl acetate extract was determined to be the lowest of the three extracts, at 1.27 g/ml. Hexane extract and aqueous had IC50 values of 4.12 g/ml and 4.46 g/ml, respectively. The greatest zone of inhibition was 14 mm against Escherichia coli in ethyl acetate extract and 9 mm against Escherichia coli in hexane extract, indicating that increasing the concentration of extract increased the zone of inhibition.

Author(s) Details:

P. Samuel,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


J. Augostriena,
Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


T. Selvarathinam,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


D. N. P. Sudarmani,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V4/article/view/6226

Phytochemical Appraisal and Evaluation of Effects of Aqueous Extract of Hypoestes rosea on Haematological Parameters of Acetaminophen – Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats| Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.10

 Hypoestes rosea leaves are used as traditional medicine in most of Nigeria's Niger Delta regions and the western portion of Cameroon to treat a variety of diseases and sick states in children, such as fever, anaemia, and malaria. Despite its widespread use, research on its phytochemicals and effects on haematological parameters is limited. As a result, this study analyses its phytochemical evaluation and assesses the effects of an aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea on haematological parameters in albino rats exposed to acetaminophen-induced toxicity. The goal of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition and haematological consequences of oral administration of crude extract leaves of Hypoestes rosea in albino rats. Acetaminophen, a regularly used painkiller and antipyretic, can be harmful and detrimental to essential organs of the body, disrupting homeostasis and erythropoiesis at high doses. In this study, phytochemical analysis of Hypoestes rosea leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids/steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and cardiac glycosides, whereas the effects of an aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea (AEHr) on haematological parameters of acetaminophen-induced toxicity in albino rats were assessed using acute (15 days) and sub-chronic (30 days) study durations A total of 156 adult albino rats weighing 180-220g were utilised in this investigation, 44 for the toxicity study and 112 for the extract control (EC), negative control (NC), positive control (PC), AEHr100mg/kg b w., AEHr 200mg/kg b w., and AEHr 300mg/kg b w. groups, each with six rats. After chloroform anaesthesia in a desiccator at the end of the study period, blood samples for haematological parameters were taken through jugular puncture (PCV, HB, RBC, WBC & Platelets). The results demonstrated that acetaminophen induction produced anaemia in albino rats, as evidenced by significant reductions in PCV, HB, RBC, and WBC levels. When comparing the PC group to the other experimental groups, P0.05 was found. However, different concentrations of aqueous extract of Hypoestes rosea were able to restore anaemia caused by acetaminophen induction to normal in a dose-dependent manner during different treatment stages in the acute and sub-chronic period. As a result, the findings of this study imply that Hypoestes rosea contains active components and phytochemicals that are responsible for its erythropoietic characteristics in rats, and that it should be studied further in higher mammals.

 

Author(s) Details:

E. Ogregade Ileimokumo,
Rivers State University / Bayelsa Medical University, Nigeria.


S. Bartimaeus Ebirien-Agana,
Rivers State University, Nigeria.


Igwe Felix,
Rivers State University, Nigeria.

G. Davies Tamuno-Emine,
Rivers State University, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V10/article/view/5989

Determination of Physicochemical and Phytochemical Parameters of Melia azedarach L. Leaves (Family: Meliaceae)| Chapter 8 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.9

 The goal of this study was to learn more about the physicochemical and phytochemical properties of Melia azedarach. L. leaves. The obtained physicochemical results can be utilised to identify the powdered medicines. Different types of extracts were generated for phytochemical screening in order to detect the presence of secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, glycosides, fixed oil and fats, phenolic chemicals, protein and aminoacids, tannins, gums and mucilage, flavonoids, and carbohydrates are found in preliminary qualitative chemical tests for diverse extracts. The bulk of phyto components can be found in methanolic and aqueous extracts. As a result, it was chosen for pharmacological research. For the isolation of the available active components, Methanol extracts with a polarity between acetone and aqueous were used.

Author(s) Details:

A. Sumathi,
Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 641028, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V9/article/view/5968

Determination of Photochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Maxima Peel | Chapter 09 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 8

 Citrus maxima (pomelo) was found to have antimicrobial action against many microbe strains, notwithstanding the unfavourable results of this study. Resistance of tested bacterial strains, temperature of preparation conditions, and low concentration of phytochemical present in the plant extract are all factors that can affect their antibacterial efficacy. Malaysia is well-known for growing "Citrus maxima," also known as pomelo. Pomelo is beneficial to the body's immunological system, weight loss prevention, and anti-aging. Pomelo can also help with constipation by promoting digestion and peristalsis. Potassium (an excellent vasodilator) and vitamin C are abundant in pomelo (an antioxidant). With n-hexane, the peel of Citrus maxima was macerated and extracted using the Soxhlet method. Citrus maxima extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity using the "Well Diffusion" method and comparing the clear inhibition zone of a standard antibiotic to the extracts on "Mullen-Hinton agar." Citrus maxima's antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH radical-scavenging activity of total phenol test. All of the extracts passed the alkaloids qualitative test. Terpenoids were found in the filtrate and residue following maceration, however terpenoids were not found in the Soxhlet sample. Flavonoids were only discovered in the residue. The researchers looked at the total phenolic chemicals in the hexane extract and discovered that the higher the sample concentration, the higher the GAE value.

Author(S) Details

Naeem Hasan Khan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Chin Jia Qian
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

Nabila Perveen
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V8/article/view/5650

Smoke Repellent Action of Eicosatrienoic Acid from Gliricidia sepium against Filarial Vector Mosquitoes: An Experimental Study | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 7

 Infections spread by mosquitos are still a primary cause of sickness and death. Synthetic insecticides used to control mosquitos have resulted in physiological resistance as well as negative environmental consequences. Long-term contact with synthetic insecticides can result in irritation, severe allergic dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, migraines, and other CNS issues. Interest in plant-based pesticides has reappeared in recent years as a result of the development of resistance, cross-resistance, and possible toxicity issues associated with synthetic pesticides, as well as their higher cost. Due to these circumstances, the efficacy of Gliricidia sepium's 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid in mosquito control was tested and shown to be quite effective. The effect of the newly discovered phytochemical on non-target creatures was also studied, and it was shown to be non-toxic.

Author(S) Details

Jiji Thomas
Department of Botany, St. Mary’s College, Manarcad, Kottayam Dist., Kerala State, India.

M. Shonima Govindan
Safi Institute of Advanced Studies, Malappuram, India.

G. Muraleedhara Kurup
Department of Biochemistry, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

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Study on Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms: Phytochemistry Evaluation, Antioxidant Activity and Toxicological Ethanol Extract on the Reproductive System of Rats | Chapter 07 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 3

 The goal of this work was to identify secondary metabolites in an ethanol extract of Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms barks (EEtOH-Cl), as well as assess its antioxidant potential in vitro and reproductive toxicity in rats. Anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, auronas, chalcones, flavanones, flavanonóis, flavonols, leucoanthocyanidins, xanthones, strong fixed acids, and saponins were found in the phytochemical investigation. The antioxidant activity in vitro was tested using thiobarbituric acid, nitrite, and radical hydroxyl to produce reactive species, which showed antioxidant activity for these parameters. The number, morphology, functional viability, and histopathology of spermatozoa were used to assess subchronic toxicity. It was discovered that at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg, mitochondrial activity was reduced, as well as acrosome integrity. There were no morphological or histopathological changes, but histomorphometry of the seminiferous tubules revealed a size reduction of the tubular diameter and height of the germinal epithelium.

Author(S) Details

Jeorgio Leão Araújo Federal
Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, CCS, Brazil.

Maria Zenaide de Lima Chagas Moreno Fernandes
Biochemistry and Pharmacological Department, Federal University of Piaui, CCS, Brazil.

Sidney Gonçalo de Lima
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.

Marcelo Costa dos Santo
Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.

Silvana Maria Medeiro de Sousa Silva
Animal Surgery and Clinical Department, Federal University of Piaui, CCA, Brazil.

Marlon de Araújo Castelo Branco
Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piaui, CCA, Brazil.

Rozeverter Moreno Fernandes
Veterinary Morphophysiology Department, Federal University of Piaui, CCA, Brazil.




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Chemical Characterization, Cytotoxicity Studies and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Anti-cancer Plant: Rutidea parviflora (Rubiaceae) | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 Inflammation plays a role in the rapid progression of malignant malignancies, which is a key problem in cancer treatment. Angiogenesis and cell proliferation are involved in both cancer and inflammation, and they work in very similar ways. Cancer-intrinsic inflammations have been demonstrated to promote cancer growth and prevent malignant cells from dying. As a result, controlling inflammation would be an effective chemoprevention and therapeutic technique. The goal of this study is to look into the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity effects of extracts from the root bark of Rutidea parviflora (Rubiaceae), a plant previously known for its anti-ovarian cancer properties and the isolation of palmatine, an anti-cancer compound, and urs-12-ene-24-oic acid, 3-oxo, methyl ester. This plant is well-known among natives in Delta State, Nigeria, for its anti-inflammatory effects, necessitating the current study. Using the America National Cancer Institute technique, organic and aqueous extracts were produced from pulverised root bark (NCI). To get four fractions, the organic extract was partitioned progressively in increasing order of polarity with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and distilled water. Standard phytochemical screening protocols were used, as well as chemical characterisation by GC-MS. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and sugars were found in the phytochemical screening results. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of a number of chemicals, the most bioactive of which were Hexadecanoic acid, 10-hydroxy-,methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, and Eicosanoic acid. The production of inflammation was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts and fractions. The rats were divided into 12 test groups and two control groups, each with six rats. Sub-plantar administration of egg albumin (0.1 mL) was followed by therapy. A dose of 200 mg/kg of plant extracts was given to Group A, and a dose of 400 mg/kg of plant extracts was given to Group B. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was given to Group C as a positive control, whereas normal saline was given to Group D as a negative control. For extracts and fractions, statistical analysis revealed significance when compared to the negative control, as demonstrated by P0.05. The activities of the Group B organic extract, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions were comparable to indomethacin for the fourth hour after induction of inflammation, demonstrating that the plant has strong anti-inflammatory activity. The Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Test (BSLT) and the Allium cepa Cytotoxicity Assay (ACCA) were used in the cytotoxicity investigations. The findings showed that RP has a very low toxicity and consequently a very high safety profile. As a result, therapeutic usage of this herb is highly encouraged, and more anti-inflammatory research is needed.

Author (S) Details

Johnson-Ajinwo Okiemute Rosa

Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Udofia Cynthia Emmanuel

Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Nyodee Dummene Godwin

Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria and Health Services Department, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Iwofe, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Osteosarcoma Effect of Edible Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus | Chapter 7 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 2

 Osteosarcoma is a rare primary tumour of the bone that accounts for less than 0.2 percent of all cancer cases. When compared to medicinal plants and phytoconstituents, it is treated with advanced medications that have significant negative effects. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening, and anticancer activity of Pleurotus ostreatus ethanolic concentrate. Pleurotus ostreatus' antimicrobial movement was detected using an agar well dissemination approach against two G -ve and two G +ve bacteria. The antibacterial activity intensity was assessed based on the zone of inhibition generated. The study of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, starches, tannins, amino acids, and steroids revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, starches, tannins, amino acids, and steroids in the ethanolic extract. The DPPH and FRAP methods were used to conduct the antioxidant test. Pleurotus ostreatus was tested in vitro for anticancer and cell toxicity against (osteosarcoma) human bone cancer cell lines and normal cell lines. The anticancer test was performed on osteosarcoma HL60 cancer cells. As a result, this research concludes that the ethanolic concentrate of Pleurotus ostreatus has antibacterial and anticancer activities.

Author(s) Details        

J. Bindhu
Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathymangalam – 638401, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.

E. Vihashinee
Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathymangalam – 638401, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.

A. Rubiga
Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathymangalam – 638401, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V2/article/view/3955