Determination of Anti-inflammatory Properties of Asparagus officinalis Extract | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 10

Aim: The present work was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of Asparagus officinalis (AO) extract on liver inflammation CGN-induced.

 

Background: Inflammation itself results in more hepatic cell damage, and a flow of cytokines and chemokines called inflammatory mediators is released, which in turn leads to the accumulation of leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages in the inflammation site.

 

Materials and Methods: Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided randomly into four groups, 10/each. The first group acted as untreated control, the second group was treated daily with an oral dose of (500 mg/kg) AO extract for one week, the third group was treated with a single dose of 2%W/V carrageenan (CGN) intraperitoneally, and left for one week, the fourth group treated with carrageenan as a third group and AO extract as the second group.

 

Results: CGN injection resulted in a significant increase of WBCs and platelets, elevation of liver enzymes, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-              α and IL6). Morphological features of the tails showed severe necrosis, and histopathological examination of tail tissue displayed a heavy incidence of inflammatory cells in the dermis layer and liver revealing severe inflammation, steatosis, and ballooning. The present study showed that a single dose of carrageenan could induce severe hepatic inflammation represented by an increase in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP) which due to hepatocellular degeneration leads to the draining of enzymes in the bloodstream. Several studies declared that AO extracts improved the elevated liver enzymes by bisphenol A. Meanwhile, post-treatment with AO extract after CGN showed a significant decrease in WBCs, platelets, and physiological parameters. Histopathological analysis revealed less incidence of inflammation in the tail and liver tissue besides improvement of tissues and pathological score.

 

Conclusion: Post-treatment with AO extract after CGN injection showed significant improvement manifested by lowering liver enzymes, cytokines, and liver inflammation.

 

Author(s) Details

Doaa M. Elnagar
Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Egypt and Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v10/1975

In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of the Anthelmintic Efficacies of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava Bark Extracts Against Ascaridia galli of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) |Chapter 6| Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 3

Herbal medications still hold a significant place in local communities, particularly among small farm holders, mostly in resource-constrained areas. While technological advancements in animal medication rise and dominate these days, some associated issues, such as too much reliance on pharmaceuticals, may incubate unwanted drawbacks, including drug resistance and residuals in animal by-products. Thus, holistic treatment approaches to animals persist and are maintained, comprising the traditional uses of herbal plants, which have remained sustainable through the years.  This research aspires to bridge the gap between folklore and scientifically proven treatments, such as those synthetically prepared dewormers for commercialisation. This study assessed, via in vitro and in vivo assays, the anthelmintic activity of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava, which are among the collection of documented flora in the Philippines utilised by locals in their ethno-veterinary medicine practices. In vitro anthelmintic evaluation displayed time-dependent and concentration-dependent efficacies. Chrysophyllum cainito bark ethanolic extract (60mg/ml) recorded 94.65% egg-killing activity, whereas Psidium guajava bark ethanolic extract was 92.64% effective at 30mg/ml and 96.28% effective at 60mg/ml. The worm-killing activity of the former at 60mg/kg yielded 88.88%, while the latter elicited 88.88% and 94.44% mortalities to worms at 30mg/ml and 60mg/ml, respectively. Probit analysis on the lethal concentration (LC50) against eggs and worms was conducted at different magnitudes for both plants, inferring substantial anthelmintic action. The in vivo evaluation through faecal egg count reduction (FECR) rate indicates that both plants can effectively inhibit and kill gastrointestinal nematodes, as substantiated by the significant ovicidal and wormicidal activities. The generated findings herein can contribute to the broader field of sustainable animal health practices and advocacies as we rally against current pressing issues relating to food safety and public health.

 

Author (s) Details

Roel T. Calagui
College of Veterinary Medicine, Carig Campus, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v3/5368

 

Cementitious Chemical Properties in Parkia biglobosa Fruit Husk Extract: Unpacking Chemical Content in Indigenous Technology | Chapter 4 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 2

 One important non-timber forest product derived from Parkia biglobosa fruit husk is the extract used in indigenous building technology. Therefore, water and ethanol extracts of the fruit husk were assessed. Methods used were Sohxlet extraction, solubility tests, fractionation, HPLC, TLC, IR, and phytochemical screening. Water was identified as a more efficient solvent for the extraction of the husk. The average percent yield of extract was 37.77% using water, 30.83% using ethanol and 8.53% using water after ethanol extraction. The storage period (after harvest) of husk did not influence the mass of extract obtained. From the HPLC analyses, there were at least three classes of phenolic glycosides, one class of alkaloids, and two of the same or any two different classes of phenolic acids, flavonols and/or proanthocyanidins observed in the extract. The components of the extract are moderately polar, and associated together in minimum groups of two on TLC plates. A 2:1 mobile phase mixture of ethanol to water produced high R_f of 0.96 and 0.67 in the aqueous extract, and 1.0 in the strong acid fraction. 2:1 ethylacetate /chloroform mobile phase mixture produced the lowest retention factors (0.06) as well as separations. The strong acid fraction had at least three components. the weak acid fraction had four. three in the basic fraction, and four in the neutral fraction. IR spectra-based suspected species included –OH of alcohols and phenols, -NH of amines and amides, C-H of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics, C=C of alkenes and aromatics, C=O of the carbonyls, and aromatic rings. These are also functional groups associated with polyphenols and alkaloids. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides and alkaloids identified in phytochemical screening. Some of the components have cementitious character and could be useful in developing mud based building technology.

 

Author (s) Details

 

S.A. Abagale
Department of Applied Chemistry, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v2/3780

Phenolic Compounds from Rumex L: Their Extraction, Structural Identification and Biological Activity| Chapter 3 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 5

 Rumex pamiricus roots' chloroform fraction extract yielded three known anthraquinone derivatives, while Rumex conglomeratus roots' ethyl acetate fraction extract yielded two known substances. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of Rumex confertus and Rumex pamiricus essential oils, as well as those of Rumex pamiricus aerial parts extracts in gasoline, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and alcohol, were studied.

Author(s) Details:

G. D. Shermatova,
Institute of The Chemistry of Plant Substances (Named After Acad. S.Yu. Yunusov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100170, 77, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

K. A. Eshbakova,
Institute of The Chemistry of Plant Substances (Named After Acad. S.Yu. Yunusov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100170, 77, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

S. M. Mavlyanov,
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (Named After Acad. O.S. Sadykov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100125, 83, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

B. A. Shamuratov,
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (Named After Acad. O.S. Sadykov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), 100125, 83, M. Ulugbek Street, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V5/article/view/8478

Allelopathic Assessment of Extracts of Cashew Leaf and Stem Bark on Cajanus Cajan L. Millsp Seed | Chapter 05 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 1

 The cashew tree, Anacardium occidentale, is a tough, drought-resistant tropical and subtropical tree. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the most significant legumes in semi-arid tropical areas. The researchers looked at the effects of cashew leaf and stem bark extracts on pigeon pea seed germination. It took place in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology's laboratory at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture in Umudike, Nigeria. The experiments were carried out in Petri dishes filled with cotton wool that had been sterilised. The seeds were given various concentrations of aqueous extracts of cashew leaves and stem bark, namely 30 percent, 50 percent, and 70 percent, with distilled water serving as a control (0 percent). As the quantities of the aqueous extracts of both the cashew leaves and stem bark rose, they had a substantial (p 0.05) inhibitory effect on the germination percentage and rate of C. cajan. The cashew leaf extracts had the highest value of 70% (80.00%), whereas the control had the lowest value (96.66 percent ). Furthermore, the cashew stem bark extracts had the highest value at 70% (86.66%), while the lowest value was at control (96.00 percent ). The phytochemicals present in the tissues of A. occidentale had a considerable phytotoxic effect on the germination of C. cajan seeds, according to these findings.

Author(S) Details

N. H. Ifediora
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

F. Ukaegbu
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V1/article/view/6307

Extraction and Determining the Dyeing Potential of Floral Dyes on Various Fabrics | Chapter 07 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 2

 With the increased emphasis on the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials in recent years, extensive research work on the application of natural dyes in the textile industry has been performed around the world. Flowers are grown in large quantities in India. These flowers are used for decoration or as sacrifices to God, after which they are either dropped in water or simply abandoned, resulting in pollution. These discarded blooms can be utilised to create a natural dye. Natural dyes are frequently utilised in the textile sector, as well as in the production of Herbal Gulal (Abil), Colorful Candles, and the food industry. The goal of this research is to extract various dyes from Marigold (Tagetes erecta), Bougainvillea, and Indian Almond Leaves (Terminalia catappa) using an aqueous extraction method, and then apply the final extracted dye to various textile materials such as cotton, silk, and wool using various mordants such as Stannous Chloride, Ferrous Sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Copper Sulphate, Aluminium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, Nickel Yellowish Orange, Reddish Pink, Yellow, and Green were the final colours of various extracted dyes. The final colour of the natural coloured fabric was yellow, green, brown, greyish, and purple.

Author(S) Details

Patel Pratik
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Sarvajanik University, SURAT – 395001 (Gujarat), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V2/article/view/5427

Studies on Proximate Composition, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanol and Acetone Extracts of Vitexdoniana Fruit Pulp| Chapter 15| Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 13

 The phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of methanolic and acetone extracts of Vitexdoniana (Sweet) fruit were studied to identify its biological potentials. According to the study, the fruit contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycoside. Moisture 10.00 percent, ash 18.00 percent, crude fibre 4.50 percent, crude protein 0.60 percent, carbohydrate 43.20 percent, and crude lipids 23.70 percent were the proportion proximate composition of the plant's fruit. Elemental analysis verified the existence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.analysis. The methanolic and acetone extracts of the plant's fruit were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas areuginosa, and Klebsiellapnuemoniae using the agar (Mullen-Hinton) diffusion method. For all concentrations (1000, 500, and 250 mg/ml), the zone of inhibition for the methanol extract ranged from 10.50 to 21.00 (mm). At a dosage of 1000mg/ml, the acetone extract only reduced Escherichia coli growth until 7.50mm. According to the research, the fruit extracts contain antimicrobial qualities and could be utilised to treat a wide range of ailments and malnutrition.

Author (S) Details

Dr. A. E. Aiwonegbe
Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

J. U. Iyasele
Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

N. O. Izevbuwa
Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.


View Book :https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V13/article/view/2812

Extraction and Identification of the Taxine, Precursor of the Anticancertaxol, from the Needles of the Moroccan Yew | Chapter 10 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 1

 

The extraction of taxine, precursor of the taxol, was effected by the solution sulphuric acid from the
needles of Moroccan yew (Taxus baccata). The extract yield was estimated at about 0,53%.
The identification of all the taxines as taxine B, isotaxine B and taxoidebasique-deacetyltaxine A by
high performance liquid chromatography HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC/MS
methods.

Author(s) Details

Hind Chakchak
Centre National Pour la Researche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST), UATRS, Rabat, Morocco.

Hamid Zineddine
Faculté des Sciences, Universite Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Morocco.

Aziz Chaouch
Faculté des Sciences, Universite Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco.

View Book :-  https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/253