Exploring Secondary Metabolites: An Introduction | Chapter 2 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Secondary metabolites are chemical substances that are produced by certain animal systems, microbial systems, and plants. However, the producing organism does not primarily rely on these compounds for growth, development, or interaction with its environment. Unlike primary metabolites, which are involved in the essential biochemical functions of the organism, secondary metabolites are primarily involved in the interaction of an organism with its population. This interaction includes competition, defense, and, potentially, reproduction, through the attraction of pollinators. These products, which exhibit a variety of bioactivities, have been employed in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, pest control, and drug formulation. They include alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics. It is crucial to investigate secondary metabolites in the context of contemporary pharmacotherapy, as numerous compounds exhibit potent properties.

 

Author (s) Details

Keshari Nandan
Department of Chemistry, Gurukul Kangri Vishwaidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Deepanshu Rana
Department of Microbiology, School of Lifesciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH2

Cementitious Chemical Properties in Parkia biglobosa Fruit Husk Extract: Unpacking Chemical Content in Indigenous Technology | Chapter 4 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 2

 One important non-timber forest product derived from Parkia biglobosa fruit husk is the extract used in indigenous building technology. Therefore, water and ethanol extracts of the fruit husk were assessed. Methods used were Sohxlet extraction, solubility tests, fractionation, HPLC, TLC, IR, and phytochemical screening. Water was identified as a more efficient solvent for the extraction of the husk. The average percent yield of extract was 37.77% using water, 30.83% using ethanol and 8.53% using water after ethanol extraction. The storage period (after harvest) of husk did not influence the mass of extract obtained. From the HPLC analyses, there were at least three classes of phenolic glycosides, one class of alkaloids, and two of the same or any two different classes of phenolic acids, flavonols and/or proanthocyanidins observed in the extract. The components of the extract are moderately polar, and associated together in minimum groups of two on TLC plates. A 2:1 mobile phase mixture of ethanol to water produced high R_f of 0.96 and 0.67 in the aqueous extract, and 1.0 in the strong acid fraction. 2:1 ethylacetate /chloroform mobile phase mixture produced the lowest retention factors (0.06) as well as separations. The strong acid fraction had at least three components. the weak acid fraction had four. three in the basic fraction, and four in the neutral fraction. IR spectra-based suspected species included –OH of alcohols and phenols, -NH of amines and amides, C-H of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics, C=C of alkenes and aromatics, C=O of the carbonyls, and aromatic rings. These are also functional groups associated with polyphenols and alkaloids. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides and alkaloids identified in phytochemical screening. Some of the components have cementitious character and could be useful in developing mud based building technology.

 

Author (s) Details

 

S.A. Abagale
Department of Applied Chemistry, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v2/3780

Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their Therapeutic Properties for Cancer Treatment | Chapter 13 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Plant secondary metabolites have peculiar roles in an organism such as defense, signaling and transport of metals. These secondary metabolites can induce or inhibit various physiological activities and have been used for treatment of multiple diseases including cancer. The bioactive compounds obtained from plant metabolites play an important role in controlling cancer symptoms and treatments, with minimum side effects. Many plant secondary metabolites related to terpenes, phenolics, nitrogenous and sulfur-containing compounds have anticarcinogenic properties and some are commercially available in the market. The objective of this paper is to study various plant secondary metabolites that have ability to kill or inhibit the cancerous cells and their possible mechanisms involved for the inhibition or killing of cancer cells. The plant secondary metabolites act as bioactive molecules to inhibit or suppress various metabolic pathways related to cancer treatment these compounds are biologically friendly and less toxic to the normal cells. The discovery and development of plant metabolite-based drugs provide a futuristic approach to treatment of cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Khirabdhi Tanaya,
Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar-845401, India.

Durgeshwer Singh,
Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar-845401, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12731

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity in the Floral Extracts of Bauhinia purpurea L. (Fabaceae)| Chapter 2 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 4

 The present study handles the phytochemical and judgment of antioxidant action in Bauhinia purpurea L. flower extracts.The flowers of B. purpurea were composed all along the period of October 2019. The calm flower sample was shade drained and grated. The grated sample was elicited accompanying flammable liquid, hexane and water in accordance with the standard code. The phytochemical hide of extracts accompanying differing solvent disclosed the demeanor of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and lowering sugars in it. The antioxidant endeavor was judged for one belief of total phenolic content and radical scavenging project. Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) means was used to decide the total phenolic content present in decorative extracts of B. purpurea utilizing Gallic acid as standard.The liquid extract of flowers written the best total phenolic content of 249.56 µg GAE/g, while reduced connotations were written in the intoxicating (29.02 µg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (8.26 µg GAE/g). DPPH procedure was working attending to measure the antioxidant venture. High allotment of radical scavenging venture was about the liquid extract (81.51%; IC50=49.61 µg/ml) understood by flammable liquid extract (29.10%; IC50=167.5 µg/ml).The flavonoid and terpenoids present in the flower extract implies the antioxidant potential and justifies the healing operation that maybe secondhand as drug powers.

Author(s) Details:

M. N. Kavyashree,
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India.

Monnanda Somaiah Nalini,
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V4/article/view/9265

Phytotherapeutic Activities of Six Plant Infusions: Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity | Chapter 7 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Traditional medicine is used for a variety of reasons, including cultural and economic factors as well as the ineffectiveness of many contemporary treatments. The absence of effective pharmaceutical formulations, as well as current antibiotic pathogen resistance and oxidative stress, have led to the development of new therapeutic compounds derived from plants. Several investigations have revealed that medicinal plants have antioxidant effects, owing to their phytochemical makeup. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties can prevent oxidative modification by neutralising free radicals, scavenging oxygen, or degrading peroxides. By countering oxidative stress and its related pathologies, endemic plants can be a source of new bioactive substances that can prevent diseases including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. Camellia sinensis, Melissa officinalis, Lippia citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Matricaria chamomilla, and Tilia cordata were studied for total phenolics, flavonoids, and caffeine concentration in six medicinal plants used traditionally in phytotherapy, usually ingested as tea or infusion. There were significant differences in total phenolics and flavonoids content among the plants studied, as well as depending on the extract type. Caffeine concentrations were also substantially different, with M. officinalis, T. cordata, C. citratus, M. chamomilla, L. citriodora, and C. sinensis following the sequence M. officinalis, T. cordata, C. citratus, M. chamomilla, L. citriodora, and C. sinensis. C. citratus (90.9%) > C. sinensis (87.8%) > M. officinalis (50.7%) > M. chamomilla (45.3%) > T. cordata (32.2%) > L. citriodora (32.2%) > M. chamomilla (45.3%) > M. chamomilla (45.3%) > M. chamomilla (45.3%) > M. chamomilla (45.3%) > M. chamomilla (4 (28.0 percent ).

Author (s) Details

Ana F. Vinha
FCS/UFP-Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal and LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Carla Sousa
FCS/UFP-Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V4/article/view/1499

Biological Activities and Valuable Bioactive Compounds from Portuguese Medicinal Plants | Chapter 4 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 There are currently over 85,000 plant species that have been documented for medical use around the world. As a result, plant-derived natural products hold great promise for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals in a variety of human ailments. The lack of effective pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the resistance created by current antibiotic pathogens, as well as oxidative stress, necessitate the development of new therapeutic agents derived from plants. Several studies have shown that medicinal plants have antioxidant properties, which are largely due to their phytochemical profile. Endangered plants can provide a source of new bioactive compounds capable of preventing cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease by combating oxidative stress and its associated pathologies The goal of this study was to determine the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and caffeine in six medicinal plants that have traditionally been used in phytotherapy and are typically consumed as tea or infusions: Camellia sinensis, Melissa officinalis, Lippia citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Matricaria chamomilla. as well as Tilia cordata Significant differences in total phenolics and flavonoids content were discovered among the plants studied and depending on the nature of the extract. Caffeine concentrations were also very different, following the sequence M. officinalis T. cordata C. citratus M. chamomilla L. citriodora C. sinensis. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of each plant varied according to C. citratus (90.9 percent ) > C. sinensis (87.8 percent ) > M. officinalis (50.7 percent ) > M. chamomilla (45.3 percent ) > T. cordata (32.2 percent ) > L. citriodora (32.2 percent ). (28.0 percent ).

Author (s) Details

Ana F. Vinha
FCS/UFP-Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal and LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Carla Sousa
FCS/UFP-Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V9/article/view/1452