Diagnostic Accuracy of Barium Enema in Colorectal Cancer: A Histopathological Correlation Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Background: Colorectal cancer is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells. Two commonly used strategies for initial evaluation are Double Contrast Barium Enema (DCBE) and diagnostic lower GI endoscopy. Barium enema is easy to perform, does not require sedation, is inexpensive, and is readily available in Bangladesh. However, limited data are available on its diagnostic accuracy in the local population.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to determine the diagnostic value of barium enema in colorectal cancer.

 

Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 50 cases presented with clinical features of colorectal cancer in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH) during the period July 2000 to June 2001. Of the 50 patients, 30 were male, and 20 were female. The mean age of the male patients was 46 ± 10.8 years, while that of the female patients was 44.5 ± 11.2 years. All 50 cases underwent barium enema examination under fluoroscopic control; single-contrast studies were performed in 11 cases, and double-contrast studies were performed in 39 cases. The findings of barium enema examination were confirmed by histologic examination of the specimens obtained by colonoscopy, and in 10 cases, after operation. Moreover, questionnaires, interviews, case history and clinical examinations were conducted to collect all the relevant data and analysed statistically.

 

Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the age and sex of the patients. In Western countries, colorectal cancer typically occurs in late adulthood, most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades of life; however, in this study, the highest incidence was observed in the fourth and fifth decades, followed by the sixth decade. Males predominate over females, and the rectum is more involved than the colon. It was found that 96% of patients took meat and fat, and one patient had a family history of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer was more common (44%) in better socio-economic conditions than in low (4%). Constipation (70%) and per rectal bleeding (64%) were predominant symptoms, and 68% cases had abnormality in per rectal examination. Out of 40 cases, colonoscopy detected a lesion in 33 cases, one was a false positive, and 7 cases were negative; of them, 3 cases were false negatives, and 4 were true negatives. In 50 cases, barium enema detected a lesion in 42 cases; 2 were false positives. 8 cases were negative in barium enema, of them 5 were false negatives, and 3 were true negatives. Histologically, 45 (90%) cases proved to be adenocarcinoma, among them 4 (8%) cases were mucinous adenocarcinoma. Five cases were histologically negative. The sensitivity and accuracy of barium enema were 88.9% and 86%, and those of colonoscopy were 91.4% and 90%, respectively.

 

Conclusion: Though colonoscopy has greater sensitivity and accuracy, it is less acceptable to the patients, has a high cost, is not easily available, requires sedation and expertise and the entire colon is not seen in 2-40% of patients. The study concluded that barium enema may be considered a suitable initial investigation for the diagnosis of clinically suspected colorectal cancer. However, as this was a single-centre study with a small sample size, future research should include larger sample sizes and multicenter studies to validate these findings.

 

Author(s) Details

Md. Abdul Gafur
Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7108

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prelude to a Sinister Outcome | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Background: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (C-SCC) is the second most frequent cutaneous malignancy worldwide and represents a potentially life-threatening condition due to its ability to demonstrate rapid progression, aggressive local invasion, and metastatic spread. Although it is often regarded as relatively indolent, delayed recognition and treatment may result in advanced disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This case series highlights five clinically diverse and often misleading presentations of C-SCC that mimicked benign dermatological conditions, thereby concealing their malignant potential. Emphasis is placed on the urgency of early clinical suspicion, prompt histopathological confirmation, and timely therapeutic intervention, as these measures play a decisive role in modifying disease course, reducing metastatic risk, and improving overall patient outcomes.

 

Objectives: This study highlights the clinical heterogeneity of C-SCC through diverse presentations, emphasising the need for diagnostic vigilance.

 

Methods: A case series of five patients with histopathologically confirmed C-SCC was analysed. Each case was evaluated for site, predisposing factors, morphology, and management outcomes. Case 1 involved a Post-burn scar ulcer (Marjolin’s ulcer) treated with excision and grafting, whereas Case 2 presented as a Groin and penile ulcer with nodal metastasis; the patient succumbed during chemotherapy. Case 3 was a Keratoacanthoma with adjacent SCC on the leg, managed with retinoids. Case 4 had an Inguinal lesion post-hair-plucking trauma; well-differentiated SCC. Case 5 involved Verrucous carcinoma over condyloma acuminata; partial penectomy performed.

 

Results: These five cases illustrate the diverse presentations and histopathological variants of Cutaneous SCC. Lesions arose in varied contexts—over scars, traumatic or infectious sites, and pre-existing dermatoses.

 

Conclusion: This case series highlights the broad and deceptive clinical spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, ranging from chronic non-healing ulcers to aggressive keratinising tumours that are frequently misinterpreted as benign conditions. Importantly, even complicated and advanced presentations of C-SCC demonstrate significant potential for improved outcomes when early intervention is undertaken under histopathological guidance. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management remain critical in offering the best chance for curative outcomes, minimising the risk of metastasis, and enhancing overall prognosis.

 

Recommendations: Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for non-healing, indurated, or atypical cutaneous lesions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharmila Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Fiza Chaudhary
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Sabhya Sehgal
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Aishwarya Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Amishi Rathod
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6746

Pathologic and Immunophenotypic Characterisation in Canine Splenic Lymphoma| Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the pathological and immunophenotypic characterisation of canine splenic lymphoma, focusing on detailed diagnostic approaches and subtyping through integrated analysis of gross, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features in both biopsy and necropsy specimens.

 

Background: Lymphoma constitutes the third most common malignant neoplasm, accounting for approximately 7-24% of all canine neoplasms and 83% of all canine hematopoietic malignancies. The aetiology of canine lymphoma (cL) is multifactorial, and environmental factors play a pivotal role.

 

Aim: This study aimed to characterise canine splenic lymphoma through a comprehensive evaluation of gross, cytological, histopathological, and immunophenotypic features in both biopsy and necropsy specimens, and to distinguish primary splenic lymphomas from splenic involvement in multicentric disease.

 

Methodology: The study was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, India, for one year (June 2011 to June 2012). An observational, descriptive investigation was undertaken on confirmed cases of canine splenic lymphoma submitted for routine diagnostic evaluation. Eight canine cases were diagnosed as splenic lymphoma, comprising six multicentric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and two primary splenic B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas (B-LBL). Specimens were obtained from surgically excised splenic biopsies and post-mortem examinations. Grossly, all spleens exhibited marked splenomegaly, with weights ranging from 120 to 560 g. Patient data revealed a mean age of 8.56 years, with no sex predilection and representation from multiple breeds. Cytological and histopathological classification was performed according to the updated Kiel and World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria. Immunohistochemical analysis employed a Pan T-cell marker (CD3) and a B-cell marker (CD79a) to determine lineage.

 

Results: The age recorded in this study ranges from 3.5 to 12 years with mean of 8.2 years, and found equal distribution of sex. All cases demonstrated a CD3-negative/CD79a-positive immunophenotype, consistent with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Six cases represented splenic involvement in multicentric lymphoma, whereas two were classified as primary splenic lymphomas. The cytological study of lymphoma revealed a homogenous clonal population of lymphoblasts with lymphoglandular bodies with variation in multiple nucleoli and scanty basophilic cytoplasm. Histology showed the white and red pulps were completely substituted by B-LBL neoplastic cells. Cells showed anisokaryosis, prominent nuclei, and chromatin margination. Neoplastic cell showing nuclear indentation with a large, single, prominent nucleolus. Histomorphological features corresponded to their cytological classification, and gross lesions were characterised by diffuse enlargement and loss of normal splenic architecture.

 

Conclusion: The integration of gross pathology, cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry enables accurate subtyping of canine splenic lymphoma, with CD3 and CD79a serving as reliable markers for lineage determination. In this series, high-grade B-cell lymphoma was the predominant subtype, underscoring its clinical relevance and the value of immunophenotyping in routine diagnostic practice. Canine lymphoma is a treatable neoplasm with single-agent or multiple-agent chemotherapy; thus, the early diagnosis ensures longer survivability with appropriate therapy.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mohanapriya, T
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Salem, India.

 

M. Thangapandiyan
PDDSL, Namakkal, India.

 

R. Sridhar
Central University Laboratory, Madhavaram, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6542

Pathology in Autopsy: From Ancient to Modern Era | Book Publisher International

 

The prime focus of this book is to make understand the basic pathology in the form of gross and microscopic findings in pathological and medicolegal autopsy cases. How these findings make sense when coupled with sound knowledge of pathogenesis was discussed in depth. A comprehensive review of all the factors that affect the pathological findings has been enumerated in detail. This book depicts the pathological spectrum of four major organ system in the form of various gross and histopathological pictures of diseases with their key points. A significant part of the book is about the ancient forensic practice in India. Book was written for a lucid and crisp understanding of the subject, excellent for the orientation. All the essential points of the book have been given followed by the examination questions. It will be a hand book for the postgraduate students of pathology, forensic medicine and for the students of Agad Tnatra from the Ayurvedic stream.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Arvind Kumar
Additional Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Dehradun, Uttarakhand – 249203, India.

 

Dr. Dezy Singh
Govt. Medical Officer, Ayurvedic & Unani Services Govt. of Uttarakhand, India.

 

Dr. R. C. Tiwari
Prof. and HOD, Department of Agad Tantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyak, UAU, Rishikul, Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, PIN-249401, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-991363-3-5

 

Dexterity with Hysterectomies, a form of Art that a Surgeon Passes Down to his Disciples | Chapter 10| Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 11

 

Objective: This study examines the indications, complications, and final histopathology reports of all hysterectomies performed under our care at Jordan University Hospital during the study period. The overarching aim is to underscore the critical importance of honing surgical skills during practice and follow-up. This objective should be a cornerstone in teaching hospitals that implement educational residency programs.

 

Background: Proper Supervised practice is fundamental for obtaining any handsome skill. The decision is the crucial part as via the physiological functions, the female is given an exclusive function of pregnancy and childbirth through the uterus to maintain human offspring, and this is crucial and exclusive for femininity.

 

Methods: This retrospective study encompasses all patients who underwent hysterectomy from January 2017 to January 2020.

 

Results: During the study period, 245 patients underwent hysterectomy. The leading indication was abnormal vaginal bleeding, followed by malignancy. The most frequent intraoperative complication was bladder injury, while postoperative complications were primarily wound infections and hematomas. Histopathological findings predominantly showed benign conditions, with malignancies being less common.

 

Conclusion: Hysterectomy is a frequently performed surgical procedure that can significantly enhance health and well-being and, in some cases, be lifesaving. Given the potential for serious complications, it is imperative that patients scheduled for this procedure undergo thorough and meticulous preoperative evaluation. Refining and perfecting surgical skills through dedicated practice and experience is essential in reducing complication rates. The gradual accumulation of surgical expertise is mirrored in a corresponding decline in the frequency of complications.

 

Author(s) Details

Kamil M. Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Farah Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Rand Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Banan Tarawneh
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan

 

Mahmoud Eid
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Tala Dabit
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Juman Lahham
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

 

Basel Massad

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Sanad Abdallat
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Haider Chichan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Akram Al-Hadidi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Haya Barake
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Noor Tarawneh
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v11/1646

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Early Detection of Cutaneous Metastases: Insights from a Tertiary Care Center | Chapter 13 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 7

 

Introduction: Skin metastasis can be the presenting symptom of many malignant tumors. These signs occur a long time before the diagnosis of the primary tumors or their recurrence and sometimes after surgery. These initial cutaneous tumors may aid in the diagnosis of primary tumors.

 

Aim: This study was conducted to identify them and to establish the utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) to diagnose these lesions. As FNAC is a simple, rapid, cost-effective, minimally invasive OPD procedure. No anesthesia or special equipment is needed and it can be practised in a small setup.

 

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care center. Clinical history, presenting features, and FNAC findings of the cutaneous lesions were noted. Immunocytochemistry(ICC) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) from cell block were done when necessary. These findings then corroborated with Histopathological diagnosis.

 

Results: This study includes the cases of cutaneous metastatic deposits from various primary visceral malignancies, Lung, Gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, ovary etc. at different sites. The sites of cutaneous metastasis are the chest wall, scalp, and anterior abdominal wall, all over the body. The patients underwent preliminary investigations and FNAC. After a diagnosis of neoplastic lesions, the patients were referred to the Radiology, surgery, and radiotherapy department for further management.

 

Conclusion: Metastatic skin lesions may develop due to lymphatic and blood spread. It may be the first presenting feature of the malignant tumor or its recurrence. This study also proves the efficacy of FNAC in ascertaining the nature of these lesions. The cytological features along with clinical findings and radiological imaging help the early recognition of the primary lesion or identification of recurrence and thus help the clinicians in planning appropriate management.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Madhumita Mukhopadhyay
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India and JISMSR, West Bengal, India.

 

Ananya Ghatak
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Chhanda Das
Department of Pathology, NRSMCH, Kolkata, India.

 

Subhamoy Saha
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Binata Bandopadhyay
Department of Pathology, Murshidabad Medical College, Berhampore, West Bengal, India.

 

Malabika Baisya
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Rituparna Kayal
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Biswanath Mukhopadhyay
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Apollo Multispeciality Hospital, Kolkata, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v7/2345

Determination of Anti-inflammatory Properties of Asparagus officinalis Extract | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 10

Aim: The present work was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of Asparagus officinalis (AO) extract on liver inflammation CGN-induced.

 

Background: Inflammation itself results in more hepatic cell damage, and a flow of cytokines and chemokines called inflammatory mediators is released, which in turn leads to the accumulation of leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages in the inflammation site.

 

Materials and Methods: Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided randomly into four groups, 10/each. The first group acted as untreated control, the second group was treated daily with an oral dose of (500 mg/kg) AO extract for one week, the third group was treated with a single dose of 2%W/V carrageenan (CGN) intraperitoneally, and left for one week, the fourth group treated with carrageenan as a third group and AO extract as the second group.

 

Results: CGN injection resulted in a significant increase of WBCs and platelets, elevation of liver enzymes, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-              α and IL6). Morphological features of the tails showed severe necrosis, and histopathological examination of tail tissue displayed a heavy incidence of inflammatory cells in the dermis layer and liver revealing severe inflammation, steatosis, and ballooning. The present study showed that a single dose of carrageenan could induce severe hepatic inflammation represented by an increase in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP) which due to hepatocellular degeneration leads to the draining of enzymes in the bloodstream. Several studies declared that AO extracts improved the elevated liver enzymes by bisphenol A. Meanwhile, post-treatment with AO extract after CGN showed a significant decrease in WBCs, platelets, and physiological parameters. Histopathological analysis revealed less incidence of inflammation in the tail and liver tissue besides improvement of tissues and pathological score.

 

Conclusion: Post-treatment with AO extract after CGN injection showed significant improvement manifested by lowering liver enzymes, cytokines, and liver inflammation.

 

Author(s) Details

Doaa M. Elnagar
Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Egypt and Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v10/1975

Validation of Anderson Score for Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis by Histopathology: A Prospective Observational Study | Chapter 5 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Background: Appendicectomy is a very common operation performed. Because of advances in ultrasonography and CT Scanning, there is improvement in the diagnosis of appendicitis, but still, clinical observation and experience of the surgeon matters a lot. Removing normal appendix leads to multiphasic problems. Furthermore, appendix has proved to be a useful structure in reconstructive surgeries.

Aim: This study evaluates the validation of the Anderson score for diagnosis of acute appendicitis by histopathology.

Methods: This prospective observational study was performed in the Surgery Department at SGT Medical College, Gurugram, Haryana. The study included a total of 100 patients. Informed consent was taken for examination and investigations giving due respect to maintain the patient’s privacy and keep them comfortable. A detailed history was taken, clinical examination and investigations were done. All patients were subjected to Anderson's score. Appendix was sent for Histopathology examination. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were found out. Statistical analysis was carried out using statistical SPSS version 23 software by using the Chi-square test.

Results: In 70 patients, Anderson score was >8, which was in favor of acute appendicitis. It means these patients should require surgery. In 30 patients score was <8. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and overall accuracy of clinical examination have been found to be 63.2%, 81.8%, 62.2% and 70.8% respectively. The most common histopathology finding was acute appendicitis then diffuse suppurative appendicitis followed by gangrenous appendicitis still followed by diffuse suppurative appendicitis with peri appendicitis.

Conclusions: The study found out that if Anderson's score is ≥8, appendicectomy should be done. But if Anderson's score is 0-4, the patient should be managed conservatively, if the score is 5-8, the final decision will depend on further investigations, observations and a second opinion.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Kanwar Singh Goel
Department of General Surgery, SGT Medical College, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

 

Sapna Goel
Department of Pathology, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nuh, Haryana, India.

Nikhil Goel
Department of Psychiatry, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nuh, Haryana, India.

 

Tarun Aggarwal
Department of General Surgery, SGT Medical College, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2871

Recent Advances in Forensic Toxicology | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 4

Forensic toxicology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, revolutionising the field of medicolegal death investigation. This chapter explores the major technological developments in forensic toxicology and their implications in determining the cause and manner of death. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have greatly enhanced the detection and quantification of various substances, including novel psychoactive substances, in biological samples. Dried blood spot (DBS) analysis has emerged as a valuable tool that offers reliable results from minimal and easily stored samples. The integration of metabolomics and toxicogenomics has provided a comprehensive understanding of biochemical changes caused by toxic exposure, enabling the identification of specific biomarkers associated with toxins or drugs. These advancements have led to a more accurate determination of the cause and manner of death, particularly in cases involving complex drug interactions, metabolic disorders, and environmental factors. However, the interpretation of toxicological data remains challenging, requiring a multidisciplinary approach and consideration of factors such as postmortem redistribution and individual variations in drug metabolism. Histopathology plays a crucial role in confirming toxicological findings, identifying target organs affected by toxicity, and providing insight into the nature and duration of toxic exposure. The combination of analytical techniques and microscopic examination has proven to be invaluable in drug-related fatalities and other forensic investigations. As the field continues to evolve, standardised protocols, continuous education, and collaboration among forensic experts are essential to ensure the accurate and reliable determination of the cause of death.

 

Author (s) Details

Balaji D
Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

 

Surya Kiran Panga
Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

 

Harshita Dubey
Lab Oncology, Dr. BRA Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, India.

 

Garima Anandani
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

 

Sathya Veera Merla
ll India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

 

Shilpa Anupurba
Department of Pathology, IMS and Sum Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India.

 

Mansi Modi
Department of Biochemistry, BHR Hospital, Delhi, India.

 

Harshita Dubey
Lab Oncology, Dr. BRA Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, India.

 

Anil Sharma
Department of Pathology, SKS Medical College, Mathura, UP, India.

 

Amar Ranjan
Lab Oncology, Dr. BRA Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, India.

 

Abhishek Yadav
Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

 

Namita Kumari
Department of Pathology, IG Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.

 

Gyanendra Singh
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

 

Gyanendra Swaroop Mittal
Department of Surgery, Rama Medical College & Hospital, Hapur. U.P., India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v4/5451

Salivary Duct Cyst: A Rare Case Report | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

Salivary gland non-neoplastic cysts account for 2-5% of all salivary gland lesions and are quite infrequent. Mostly, they are salivary duct cysts or mucoceles. In contrast to a mucocele, which has granulation tissue around it, the salivary duct cyst has epithelium lining it. Salivary duct cysts are rare, reactive ductal lesions of the major salivary glands that are likely caused by obstruction and are lined by true ductal epithelium. It is more common in the oral minor salivary glands and rarely occurs in the major salivary glands, shows a marked predilection for the superficial lobe of the parotid, and represents 10% of all salivary gland cysts. Although they are very rare in children and mostly occur in the fourth decade of life, still the possibility of occurrence should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Neoplastic differentiation of the lining of the salivary duct cyst has been reported. A case of a salivary duct cyst of the left parotid gland, with a review of radiographic and histopathologic features, was reported. The possibility of occurrence in children as well as the probability of malignant changes in the cystic lining should also be considered, making prompt and early diagnosis a priority. Imaging plays a significant role in diagnosing parotid gland duct cysts and ultrasound should be the first modality in its screening.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Divya Vinayachandran
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Saravana Karthikeyan Balasubramanian
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sibyl Siluvai
Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Victor Rakesh Lazar
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SRM Medical Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. Kalaivani
Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Suresh Mitthra
SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Rajakumar
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v2/2258

Effect of Exposure and Withdrawal of Disodium Arsenate Heptahydrate on Gills of Highly Nutritious Catfish Clarias batrachus.: A Histopathology and Histochemical Study | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

Gills, the main respiratory organs of Clarias batrachus; local name MANGUR are studied after long-term exposure (90 days) and withdrawal (90 days) of sublethal concentration (1 ppm; 1/10th of LC50 for 96 hours) of disodium arsenate heptahydrate using histopathological and histochemical techniques. Gills of C. batrachus are lodged in suprabranchial chamber located on either side of the head and hence always remain in direct touch with external aquatic stressors including the arsenic salts. Following exposure, extensive congestion and wear and tear in the blood channels of the secondary gill lamellae are noticed. Normal ladder like configuration of vascular component of the gills gets dismantled leading to haemorrhages and oozing of blood on the gill surface. Damaged gills often show the fusion of adjacent primary gill lamellae at certain places. Density and area occupancy and staining properties of mucous cells are altered and show extensive periodic fluctuations at various periods of exposures. The staining property of the mucous cells and their secretions on surface is however more inclined towards the sulphated glycoproteins indicating their requirements for metal binding and removal. Ninety (90) days of exposed fish when returned to normal tap water showed significant but incomplete recovery among the gill filaments. Epithelial cell hyperplasia still persists. Mucogenic properties of gills continued to remain altered.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ajai Kumar Singh
Post Graduate Department of Zoology, R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Ulhasagar-421 003, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4149

Influence of Surgical Experience in Performing the Abdominal Hysterectomy and Improving the Linear Curve of Skills | Chapter 10 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 7

Objectives: This study aimed to highlight the influence of surgical experience in performing the abdominal hysterectomy and improving the linear curve of skills.

Background: Hysterectomy is the most frequently conducted major gynecological surgical procedure. Several approaches to hysterectomy are available to surgeons. It may be performed by an abdominal incision (total abdominal hysterectomy [TAH]) or by less invasive approaches, including vaginal hysterectomy (VH), total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), or robotic hysterectomy (RH).

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 245 women who underwent hysterectomy at Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan, from January 2017 to 2019. The gravidity, parity, age, body mass index, the cause and type of the hysterectomy, duration of surgery, need for blood transfusion, estimated blood loss, time of hospital stay, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and the histopathology results were extracted from records of the participants and analyzed.

Results: This study showed that the leading cause of hysterectomy in participants was abnormal vaginal bleeding. The most common type of hysterectomy was a simple abdominal hysterectomy with a mean operation time of 1 hour 12 minutes. In total, 25.6% of women received packaged red blood cells, the main cause of which was preoperative anemia (17.5%). These results reflect an improvement in the linear curve of learning surgical skills. Increasing the learning curve in teaching hospitals will help patients and be implemented for benign or malignant situations, particularly with the stability of the medical team. Interestingly, the effect of the acquired skills grew by practice and proved to be preferential over previous years.

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated how performing abdominal hysterectomy improved surgical technique expressively, resulting in shorter operating times than when using a traditional technique, lower overall surgical costs, and fewer surgical threads needed for each procedure. Numerous clinical metrics, such as mean operative time, complication rates, and other outcome variables, can be used to evaluate surgical expertise. These outcomes were directly caused by the medical team's perseverance and the development of surgical abilities.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kamil Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

 

Farah Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Rand Fram
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Eman Sadaqa
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Mahmoud Eid
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Zaid Sunna
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

 

Rana Haddad
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v7/667

Choosing between FNAC and Core Needle Biopsy: A Battle in Breast Carcinoma Diagnosis | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

The present study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital to evaluate the role of FNAC and CNB in diagnosis of suspicious breast cancer by keeping mastectomies- surgical excision (SE) as gold standard. Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy worldwide. The management of breast carcinoma relies heavily on the diagnostic parameters. Over the years there has been a steady decline in the usage of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) over more popular core needle biopsy (CNB). This was a prospective study done in the department of Pathology of a tertiary care teaching hospital catering to the urban as well as rural population in northern part of India. A total of 60 patients were subjected to simultaneous on site FNAC and CNB. Histopathological correlation (SE) was available in half of the cases only (30 cases). While the Cytological grading was done according to Robinson grading system; the histopathological grading was done by Nottingham Modification of Scarff-Bloom Richardson method. FNAC diagnosed 29 cases whereas CNB diagnosed only 26 cases as malignant with 3 cases signed out as non-diagnostic for malignancy owing to non-sampling from the representative areas. On comparing, FNAC and CNB; agreement was not statistically significant (p=0.14) Comparison of CNB and SE; in 17 cases agreement were noted for both CNB and SE and statistically the values were highly significant (p=0.0001). On comparison of FNAC and SE in 13 cases agreement was noted for both FNAC and SE and the data was statistically significant (p=0.035). It is concluded that FNAC gives 100% results, it is quite reliable investigation and CNB should be done as an adjunct if needed especially for grading of the tumor and for immunohistochemistry.

Author(s) Details:

Parul Garg,
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, India.

Harjot Kaur,
Department of Pathology, SGRDIMSR, Sri Amritsar, India.

Neetu Kukar,
Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, India.

Ishwer Tayal,
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13356

Kimura's Disease: An Unusual Cause of Chronic Neck Lympadenopathy | Chapter 2 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

This chapter highlights about diagnostic and management of Kimura's disease, an unusual cause of chronic neck lymphadenopathy. Kimura’s disease (KD) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, primarily seen in young Asian males. The disease is characterized by painless subcutaneous swelling in head and neck region, accompanied by regional lymphadenopathy and frequent salivary gland enlargement. Blood and tissue eosinophilia, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, are common associations. This study present a case of 20 year old male who presented with nodular swellings in the bilateral post auricular region. The diagnosis of KD was done based on characteristic histopathologic finding in conjunction with peripheral eosinophilia. A systematic multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to rule out the other common causes of post auricular lymphadenopathy. As a cervicofacial swelling that mimics malignancy, it is of high importance that otorhinolaryngologists be aware of this condition to provide early and appropriate treatment. The diagnosis of KD can be difficult and misleading and patients with this disease are often evaluated using avoidable procedures by just not being aware of KD.

Author(s) Details:

Chandre Gowda Bendiganahalli Venkate Gowda,
Department of ENT, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Madhuri Gandham,
Department of ENT, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13210

Colposcopic Evaluation of Cervical Erosion in Symptomatic Women | Chapter 15 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This unit evaluate about Colposcopy and Colposcopic guided biopsies in the indicative patients with cervical deterioration and correlated these judgments with cytology and histopathology.Cancer Cervix is the 2nd most universal cancer in women in Low and middle earnings countries due to weak screening. Many screening orders have been recommended for cervical cancers among which food smear, HPV DNA, Visual Inspection after Acetic acid (VIA), Visual Inspection later Lugol’s Iodine (VILI) and colposcopy are commonly used and urged.This study is a prospective observational study that was carried out at J. K. Hospital, a tertiary care clinic, from January 2014 to December 2016, with prior consent from Institute ethical panel. All patients coming to Gynec OPD accompanying complaints of white discharge per vulva, itching in private parts, uneven bleeding, inter-menstrual extorting and post-coital bleeding were subjected to itemized history and gynecological test.Majority of women came accompanying the complaint of white discharge per vulva (55%). Out of 120 patients, 85 women (70.9%) had angering pap smear and 35 mothers (29.1%) had abnormal pap besmirch. All patients met with colposcopic examination and out of 120 sufferers, 67(55.8%) showed normal colposcopic verdicts and 50 women (41.6%) had abnormal colposcopic judgment and biopsy was taken. 3 daughters had unsatisfactory colposcopy. Histopathology confirmed 24 (48%) wives with CIN I and 12 (24%) CIN II and 6 (12%) CIN III and 2(4%) wives with carcinoma narrow connector. The colposcopy findings and histopathology correlated in 88%.

Author(s) Details:

Pooja Patil,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, L. N. Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Priyanka Sharma,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sitadevi Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V5/article/view/12567

Intra-Operative Frozen Section with Histopathological Diagnosis in Surgical Biopsies | Chapter 8 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 This affiliate aimed to evaluate the depiction and limitations of stopped sections in the intraoperative evaluation of thyroid, bosom, gastric, ovarian, central central nervous system and lower extremities biopsies. Frozen division is a specimen of tissue that has existed quick-frozen, cut by microtome, and tainted immediately for expeditious diagnosis of possible diseased lesions. A specimen processed in this place manner is not acceptable for detailed study of the cells, but it is valuable cause it is quick and gives the surgeon next information regarding the virulence of a piece of fabric. Frozen section plays an important duty in the management of surgical patients still it must be used cautiously to avoid the indiscriminate habit of this important method.A cross-sectional study of stopped sections was done over a ending of one and half year. All Intraoperative stopped sections of bosom, thyroid, and gastric, ovarian, central central nervous system tumours performed at Asram medical institution of higher education, Eluru over a period of individual and half years from 2013 to 2014 were studied. Fine tease aspiration cytology, stopped and biopsy acted for various tumours in thyroid, breast, stomachic, ovary, CNS and lower limb were studied.Out of 21 cases, 19 cases of stopped sections coexisted with histopathological diagnosis and 20 cases of fine annoy aspiration cytology coexisted with histopathological diagnosis. In our study demonstrative accuracy for bosom specimens was 50%.False negative result in stopped section in our study was that of intraductal/in situ malignant growth of breast.Frozen portion aides the surgeon to select the best therapeutic approach and in speedy diagnosis of a unhealthy process. Newer techniques like MRI scan, CT scan, ocular imaging, intra-active cytology, and immunohistochemistry methods are also helpful in diagnosing cancers.

Author(s) Details:

Gudeli Vahini,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

B. A. Ramakrishna,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

Suma Kaza,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

N. Rama Murthy,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V4/article/view/12477

Innovative Diagnostic Method Using Immunocytochemistry (Estrogen Receptor) for Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer | Chapter 15 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

This study proposed to evaluate the influence of Immunocytochemistry (ICC) on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) using estrogen receptor (ER), in diagnosing conscience lesions, equating them to success standard Core Needle Biopsy with Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A total of 50 samples were composed and analyzed utilizing both FNAC and Core Needle Biopsy methods.For FNAC, the results demonstrated superior depiction: Sensitivity=100%, Specificity=100%, Diagnostic Accuracy=100%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV)=100%, and Negative Predictive Value (NPV)=100%.Similarly, the results for ICC using ER were too favorable: Sensitivity=100%, Accuracy=100%, Positive Predictive Value= 100% and Negative Predictive Value=100%.These verdicts suggest that ICC utilizing ER could be a part of a trustworthy alternative to the gold-standard demonstrative tests. This technique substantiates particularly valuable in positions where capability disadvantages prevent the use of the standard test. However, it is necessary to note that further studies with a best sample size are essential to generalize these results.Furthermore, this study complicated the utilization of theme dossier analysis on FNAC reports. The study revealed that nearly 11.35% of the dataset contained beneficial words, signifying that normalization processes can abridge the data and manage valuable for assisting dispassionate chart reviews and clinical resolution support systems.

Author(s) Details:

Rohith R. Nair,
J.S.S. Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka- 570015, India.

Sonali Nandish,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysore, Karnataka - 570006, India.

R. J. Prathibha,
Department of Information Science and Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysore, Karnataka - 570006, India.

N. M. Nandini,
Department of Pathology, JSS Medical College and Hospital, Constituent of JSSAHER, Mysore, Karnataka - 570004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V9/article/view/11699