Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prelude to a Sinister Outcome | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Background: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (C-SCC) is the second most frequent cutaneous malignancy worldwide and represents a potentially life-threatening condition due to its ability to demonstrate rapid progression, aggressive local invasion, and metastatic spread. Although it is often regarded as relatively indolent, delayed recognition and treatment may result in advanced disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This case series highlights five clinically diverse and often misleading presentations of C-SCC that mimicked benign dermatological conditions, thereby concealing their malignant potential. Emphasis is placed on the urgency of early clinical suspicion, prompt histopathological confirmation, and timely therapeutic intervention, as these measures play a decisive role in modifying disease course, reducing metastatic risk, and improving overall patient outcomes.

 

Objectives: This study highlights the clinical heterogeneity of C-SCC through diverse presentations, emphasising the need for diagnostic vigilance.

 

Methods: A case series of five patients with histopathologically confirmed C-SCC was analysed. Each case was evaluated for site, predisposing factors, morphology, and management outcomes. Case 1 involved a Post-burn scar ulcer (Marjolin’s ulcer) treated with excision and grafting, whereas Case 2 presented as a Groin and penile ulcer with nodal metastasis; the patient succumbed during chemotherapy. Case 3 was a Keratoacanthoma with adjacent SCC on the leg, managed with retinoids. Case 4 had an Inguinal lesion post-hair-plucking trauma; well-differentiated SCC. Case 5 involved Verrucous carcinoma over condyloma acuminata; partial penectomy performed.

 

Results: These five cases illustrate the diverse presentations and histopathological variants of Cutaneous SCC. Lesions arose in varied contexts—over scars, traumatic or infectious sites, and pre-existing dermatoses.

 

Conclusion: This case series highlights the broad and deceptive clinical spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, ranging from chronic non-healing ulcers to aggressive keratinising tumours that are frequently misinterpreted as benign conditions. Importantly, even complicated and advanced presentations of C-SCC demonstrate significant potential for improved outcomes when early intervention is undertaken under histopathological guidance. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management remain critical in offering the best chance for curative outcomes, minimising the risk of metastasis, and enhancing overall prognosis.

 

Recommendations: Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for non-healing, indurated, or atypical cutaneous lesions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharmila Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Fiza Chaudhary
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Sabhya Sehgal
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Aishwarya Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Amishi Rathod
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6746

Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Modalities | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HER2-enriched and triple-negative—that differ in receptor status (ER, PR, HER2), prognosis, and treatment options. Disease risk arises from a mix of non-modifiable factors (age, genetics, reproductive history), modifiable factors (lifestyle, hormonal exposures), and strong environmental and hormonal influences. Early detection and characterisation of tumours—including imaging and biopsy to establish molecular subtype—are critical for guiding therapy.

 

Methods: This review synthesises existing literature on breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies. Sources include peer-reviewed studies on genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA1/2, TP53), hormonal and reproductive risk studies, lifestyle and environmental exposure reports, and clinical trials of therapies such as HER2-directed treatments. Diagnostic and surgical & radiation therapy approaches are compared in the context of evidence for outcomes and side effect profiles.

 

Results: Molecular subtype classification has proven essential: Genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 significantly increase risk and are associated with more aggressive disease in some subtypes. Modifiable risk factors—such as obesity, alcohol use, late first childbirth, and hormone replacement therapy—also substantially impact incidence. Diagnostic imaging modalities (mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and biopsy allow earlier detection. Treatments combining surgery, radiation, and systemic (targeted, hormonal, or chemotherapy) therapies improve survival and reduce recurrence, especially when matched to the specific subtype. However, aggressive subtypes and late diagnosis continue to challenge outcomes.

 

Conclusions: Breast cancer is not a single disease but rather a collection of subtypes with distinct biology, risks, and treatment responses. Advances in molecular understanding and diagnostics have enabled more personalised treatment. Still, substantial work remains: reducing incidence via prevention, improving early detection in all populations, and developing more effective therapies for aggressive subtypes. Overall, integrating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical data is key to reducing the burden of breast cancer globally.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kurupatha Menatha Jayasree
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Alagala Anitha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Chantimalla Narendra Reddy
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Puspha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

R. Charith
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

S. Hema
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6449

Biopsy – As a Diagnostic Tool | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

 A biopsy is the removal of tissue from a living organism for the purposes of diagnosis and therapy. Appropriate training and good hand skills are required for a successful biopsy procedure. Different biopsy procedures exist, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. As a result, in order to achieve a definitive diagnosis, the dental practitioner must choose the appropriate biopsy procedure.

Author(S) Details

K. Nitya
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College & Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. Keerthinarayan
Department of Oral Pathology, Thai Moogambikai Dental College, Tamil Nadu, India.

B. Rajprakash
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adhiparasakthi Dental College & Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. T. Shanmugam
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Best Dental College and Hospital, Madurai, India.

M. Dinesh Dhamodhar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.

Raj Mohan
Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.

M. Karthikeyan
Dept of Dentistry, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, India.

Nancy Solomon
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V15/article/view/5018

A Resemblance to Peritoneal Carcinomatosis – Abdominal Tuberculosis | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

 Tuberculosis is still a major public health concern around the world. Abdominal TB is an unusual manifestation, and because it is extrapulmonary, it may take longer to diagnose and treat. Despite being a treatable condition, the mortality rate linked with treated abdominal TB is 15%. The purpose of this case study was to discuss a typical presentation of abdominal tuberculosis and to emphasise the challenges that can be faced when diagnosing this disease.

Case Presentation: A 56-year-old man was presented to the hospital with a one-week history of generalised stomach discomfort, distention, and vomiting. The chest X-ray was normal, but the abdominal X-ray revealed high levels of air-fluid. A high white cell count of 14,000l was discovered in the laboratory. Multiple tiny whitish deposits in the larger omentum and on the bowel were discovered during laparotomy, along with a frozen abdomen. Histology of gigantic Langhans multinucleated cells with acid-fast bacilli and necrosis, as well as a granulomatous inflammatory process, were seen in biopsies of these whitish deposits. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was started with a mix of medications, and he recovered without complications.

The clinical manifestations of abdominal tuberculosis include acute, subacute, and chronic illness. Our patient's chest X-ray revealed no indication of pulmonary tuberculosis, which is not surprising given that only around half of individuals with abdominal tuberculosis also have pulmonary tuberculosis. Abdominal TB ultrasound results include thickening of the ileum, caecum, and colon walls, as well as ascites. When cancer cannot be ruled out with certainty, a laparotomy with biopsy of any peritoneal lesions, omental lesions, and lymph node biopsy is advised.

Conclusions: A strong index of suspicion and careful use of diagnostic methods may aid in the rapid diagnosis and treatment of abdominal TB. To identify abdominal TB from peritoneal carcinomatosis, a biopsy of peritoneal/omental lesions as well as a mesenteric lymph node is recommended.

Author(S) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda and Department of Surgery, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V15/article/view/4997

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)-Pandora Box- Diagnostic Evaluation by Transvaginal Sonography (TVS), Hysteroscopy and Histopathology as Gold Standard | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

 Background: The term "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)" refers to abnormal genital tract bleeding, which accounts for 10-15% of all Gynecology department outdoor patient visits. Endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, submucous fibroids, and anovulation are all common causes of AUB. The incidence of unnecessary surgical interventions and hysterectomies can be reduced if AUB is correctly diagnosed.

Goals and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the utility of transvaginal sonography (TVS) to hysteroscopy in AUB patients.

Materials and Methods: A one-year prospective and comparative study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology on 100 patients with AUB who attended the OPD. In all of the patients who presented with AUB, TVS and hysteroscopy were performed, and further procedures were performed as needed. The results were evaluated to see how well the TVS pick up rate compared to hysteroscopy, with the biopsy report serving as the gold standard.

Overall, it appears that hysteroscopy provides tissue diagnosis closure, but the p-value is not significant. Conclusion: Combining all three modalities aids in the proper diagnosis of AUB aetiology and improved patient care by decreasing unnecessary hysterectomies.

Author (S) Details

Monika Jindal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MMMCH, Kumarhatti, Solan-173229, India.

Monika Gupta
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MMMCH, Kumarhatti, Solan-173229, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V13/article/view/2723