Lytic Skull Lesions: A Comparative Review of Pathological Entities | Chapter 3 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Background: Skull lesions constitute an uncommon yet diagnostically demanding group of conditions that span traumatic, infectious, benign and malignant etiologies. Despite their diverse origins, these lesions commonly manifest with overlapping clinical features, most notably scalp swellings, osteolytic calvarial defects, and non-specific radiological findings. Such similarities often obscure diagnostic clarity, although their underlying pathophysiological mechanism, therapeutic requirements, and prognostic implications differ substantially. Accurate differentiation is therefore essential to ensure timely and appropriate management.

 

Objectives: This chapter aims to present a structured comparative review of three representative skull lesions—tubercular calvarial osteomyelitis, angiomatous meningioma, and metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma—by integrating individual case presentations with relevant contemporary literature. The goal is to emphasise distinguishing features across epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, histopathology, treatment approaches, and outcomes.

 

Methods: A focused literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 principles for study identification, screening, and reporting. Three illustrative clinical cases were selected: Calvarial tubercular osteomyelitis in a 14-year-old female; Angiomatous meningioma (WHO Grade I) in a 72-year-old male; Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma involving the skull in a 54-year-old female. Each case was analysed in conjunction with published evidence to highlight comparative and contrasting attributes of these pathologies. Key parameters reviewed included epidemiology, disease mechanisms, clinical manifestations, radiological patterns, histopathological hallmarks, treatment strategies, and prognostic outcomes. A diagnostic framework was synthesised to support practical clinical decision-making.

 

Findings: Tubercular osteomyelitis typically affects younger individuals and presents with granulomatous inflammation and lytic skull lesions; Early identification and initiation of anti-tubercular therapy, with or without surgical debridement, generally yield an excellent prognosis. Radiological findings often demonstrate lytic bone destruction without aggressive periosteal reaction. Angiomatous meningioma, a rare WHO grade 1 subtype, shows prominent vascularity and peritumoral oedema. Despite its striking radiological appearance, it remains histologically benign. Complete surgical excision is curative in the majority of cases, with recurrence being exceptionally uncommon when total removal is achieved. Conversely, Skull metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma is an infrequent and clinically aggressive manifestation of differentiated thyroid cancer. Patients typically present with expansile osteolytic lesions and a hypervascular mass. Management requires a multimodal approach including wide surgical excision, radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. Prognosis remains guarded due to the advanced nature of metastatic disease.

 

Conclusion: These three cases exemplify the wide pathological spectrum encompassed by skull lesions and underscore the necessity for meticulous diagnostic evaluation. Although clinical and radiological presentations may overlap, the biological behaviour, therapeutic interventions, and expected outcomes vary markedly among infectious, benign, and metastatic entities. Accurate early diagnosis—supported by detailed imaging and confirmatory histopathology—is vital to guide optimal treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes. This comparative review reinforces the importance of sustained clinical vigilance and structured diagnostic algorithms in the management of rare calvarial lesions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Md. Humayun Rashid
Department of Neurosurgery, East-West Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Munaiba Ahmad
Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Rahad-Ul-Islam
Department of Neurosurgery, East West Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

 

Mushtaq Mutashid Muhib
East West Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

 

Rashed Mahmud
Department of Neurosurgery, East West Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Wasiul Alam Taufique
Department of Neurosurgery, East West Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/7017

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prelude to a Sinister Outcome | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Background: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (C-SCC) is the second most frequent cutaneous malignancy worldwide and represents a potentially life-threatening condition due to its ability to demonstrate rapid progression, aggressive local invasion, and metastatic spread. Although it is often regarded as relatively indolent, delayed recognition and treatment may result in advanced disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. This case series highlights five clinically diverse and often misleading presentations of C-SCC that mimicked benign dermatological conditions, thereby concealing their malignant potential. Emphasis is placed on the urgency of early clinical suspicion, prompt histopathological confirmation, and timely therapeutic intervention, as these measures play a decisive role in modifying disease course, reducing metastatic risk, and improving overall patient outcomes.

 

Objectives: This study highlights the clinical heterogeneity of C-SCC through diverse presentations, emphasising the need for diagnostic vigilance.

 

Methods: A case series of five patients with histopathologically confirmed C-SCC was analysed. Each case was evaluated for site, predisposing factors, morphology, and management outcomes. Case 1 involved a Post-burn scar ulcer (Marjolin’s ulcer) treated with excision and grafting, whereas Case 2 presented as a Groin and penile ulcer with nodal metastasis; the patient succumbed during chemotherapy. Case 3 was a Keratoacanthoma with adjacent SCC on the leg, managed with retinoids. Case 4 had an Inguinal lesion post-hair-plucking trauma; well-differentiated SCC. Case 5 involved Verrucous carcinoma over condyloma acuminata; partial penectomy performed.

 

Results: These five cases illustrate the diverse presentations and histopathological variants of Cutaneous SCC. Lesions arose in varied contexts—over scars, traumatic or infectious sites, and pre-existing dermatoses.

 

Conclusion: This case series highlights the broad and deceptive clinical spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, ranging from chronic non-healing ulcers to aggressive keratinising tumours that are frequently misinterpreted as benign conditions. Importantly, even complicated and advanced presentations of C-SCC demonstrate significant potential for improved outcomes when early intervention is undertaken under histopathological guidance. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management remain critical in offering the best chance for curative outcomes, minimising the risk of metastasis, and enhancing overall prognosis.

 

Recommendations: Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for non-healing, indurated, or atypical cutaneous lesions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharmila Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Fiza Chaudhary
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Sabhya Sehgal
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Aishwarya Patil
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Amishi Rathod
Department of Dermatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6746

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Early Detection of Cutaneous Metastases: Insights from a Tertiary Care Center | Chapter 13 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 7

 

Introduction: Skin metastasis can be the presenting symptom of many malignant tumors. These signs occur a long time before the diagnosis of the primary tumors or their recurrence and sometimes after surgery. These initial cutaneous tumors may aid in the diagnosis of primary tumors.

 

Aim: This study was conducted to identify them and to establish the utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) to diagnose these lesions. As FNAC is a simple, rapid, cost-effective, minimally invasive OPD procedure. No anesthesia or special equipment is needed and it can be practised in a small setup.

 

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care center. Clinical history, presenting features, and FNAC findings of the cutaneous lesions were noted. Immunocytochemistry(ICC) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) from cell block were done when necessary. These findings then corroborated with Histopathological diagnosis.

 

Results: This study includes the cases of cutaneous metastatic deposits from various primary visceral malignancies, Lung, Gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, ovary etc. at different sites. The sites of cutaneous metastasis are the chest wall, scalp, and anterior abdominal wall, all over the body. The patients underwent preliminary investigations and FNAC. After a diagnosis of neoplastic lesions, the patients were referred to the Radiology, surgery, and radiotherapy department for further management.

 

Conclusion: Metastatic skin lesions may develop due to lymphatic and blood spread. It may be the first presenting feature of the malignant tumor or its recurrence. This study also proves the efficacy of FNAC in ascertaining the nature of these lesions. The cytological features along with clinical findings and radiological imaging help the early recognition of the primary lesion or identification of recurrence and thus help the clinicians in planning appropriate management.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Madhumita Mukhopadhyay
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India and JISMSR, West Bengal, India.

 

Ananya Ghatak
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Chhanda Das
Department of Pathology, NRSMCH, Kolkata, India.

 

Subhamoy Saha
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Binata Bandopadhyay
Department of Pathology, Murshidabad Medical College, Berhampore, West Bengal, India.

 

Malabika Baisya
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Rituparna Kayal
Department of Pathology, IPGME&R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Biswanath Mukhopadhyay
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Apollo Multispeciality Hospital, Kolkata, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v7/2345

In-vivo Anti-Angiogenic Activity of 2-Methoxyestradiol in Sarcoma 180 Tumour Cell Line | Chapter 5 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 4

 

Cancer is a complex genetic disease. Since the last few decades, the incidence of cancer has increased in different parts of the world, and now the situation is very alarming. Cancer or tumour cells are disorganized, mitotically uncontrolled, and autonomous race of cell populations, which consistently violate the basic rules of cell division. Most primary tumours arising in humans are benign. Benign tumours are harmless in a sheath of fibrous tissue, with a few exceptions. It cannot spread through other tissues. Some tumour cells may cause clinical problems and harm that migrate to distant body sites, forming secondary tumours. This process is known as metastasis, which is dependent on angiogenesis. The process of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, is a fascinating and critical aspect of tumour growth and metastasis. This intricate process, which involves a complex interplay of factors, is a crucial area of research in the fight against cancer. Most cancer treatments aim to target metastasis. Presently, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone replacement therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy are standard methods of cancer treatment.

 

Low-dose chemotherapy combined with an anti-angiogenic drug therapy presents a promising approach to cancer treatment. The combination treatment of low-dose Cyclophosphamide – a cost-effective chemotherapeutic drug, with 2- Methoxyestradiol – a novel anti-angiogenic component, significantly enhances therapeutic efficacy. This is evidenced by the increased frequency of non-viable cell population, apoptosis, and survivability rate of the tumour-bearing host. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous oestrogen metabolite, has been identified as a significant player in cancer therapy. Its ability to induce antiproliferative and apoptotic activities against proliferating cells and growing tumours, coupled with its dual nature of stimulating and inhibiting tumour angiogenesis and growth, underscores its importance in the field.

 

Therefore, the biology of cancer cells is different than normal cells, and cancer biology research involves the realization of the biology of cancer to develop more avenues to diagnose, prevent, and treat cancer. This study provides an overview of some aspects of cancer biology.

 

Author (s) Details

Srabantika Mallick
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, DPMI Paramedical College, Medinipur, West Bengal, India.

 

Samarendra Nath Banerjee
Department of Zoology, Rammohan College, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v4/1828

 

Exploring the Role of Adrenomedullin in Overcoming Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy in Oncology | Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

This study reviews the physiological and pathological processes mediated by AM, analyzing the advantages that the employment of anti-AM therapy may offer in oncology. The development, maintenance and metastasis of solid tumors are highly dependent on the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones through a series of processes that are respectively known as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Both are mediated by specific growth-stimulating molecules, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (AM), secreted by diverse cell types that involve not only the cancerogenic ones, but also those constituting the tumor stroma (i.e., macrophages, pericytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells). In this sense, anti-angiogenic therapy represents a clinically-validated strategy in oncology. Current therapeutic approaches are mainly based on VEGF-targeting agents, which, unfortunately, are usually limited by toxicity and/or tumor-acquired resistance. AM is a ubiquitous peptide hormone mainly secreted in the endothelium with an important involvement in blood vessel development and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we will introduce the state-of-the-art in terms of AM physiology, while putting a special focus on its pro-tumorigenic role, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target in oncology. A large amount of research has evidenced AM overexpression in a vast majority of solid tumors and a correlation between AM levels and disease stage, progression and/or vascular density has been observed. In general, AM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, and the excessive production of this peptide is associated with poorer prognosis in cancer patients. Moreover, recent reports indicate that AM could be a master regulator upstream of the VEGF pathway and even induce HIF-1a expression, therefore attracting much interest as a therapeutic strategy. The analysis presented here indicates that the involvement of AM in the pathogenesis of cancer arises from: 1) direct promotion of cell proliferation and survival; 2) increased vascularization and the subsequent supply of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor; 3) and/or alteration of the cell phenotype into a more aggressive one. Furthermore, we have performed deep scrutiny of the pathophysiological prominence of each of the AM receptors (AM1 and AM2) in different cancers, highlighting their differential locations and functions, as well as regulatory mechanisms. From the therapeutic point of view, we summarize here an exhaustive series of preclinical studies showing a reduction of tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and growth following treatment with AM-neutralizing antibodies, AM receptor antagonists, or AM receptor interference. The study stated that current clinical trials with adrecizumab will be more than interesting in addressing the feasibility of this strategy in oncology. Nevertheless, the blockade of AM receptors might represent a more suitable alternative. Moreover, the recent FDA approval of the CGRP receptor-targeting erenumab/Aimovig® antibody encourages the application of the anti-AM receptors strategy in oncology. Anti-AM therapy is a promising strategy to be explored in oncology, not only as an anti-angiogenic alternative in the context of acquired resistance to VEGF treatment but also as a potential anti-metastatic approach.

 

Author (s) Details

Ramiro Va´zquez
Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France and Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy.

 

Maria E. Riveiro
Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

 

Caroline Berenguer-Daize
Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Marseille, France.

 

Anthony O’Kane
Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom.

 

Julie Gormley
Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom.

 

Olivier Touzelet
Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom.

 

Keyvan Rezai
Department of Radio-Pharmacology, Institute Curie-René Huguenin Hospital, Saint-Cloud, France.

 

Mohamed Bekradda
Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

 

L’Houcine Ouafik
Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Marseille, France and APHM, CHU Nord, Service de Transfert d’Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v3/2837

Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Institutional Study | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 9

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the expression of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in different grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and determine the association between TAM expression and clinical parameters such as local recurrence and metastasis.

Methodology: The study was conducted on fifty tumor biopsy samples of OSCC in T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 stages. Additionally, ten biopsy specimens of normal oral mucosa, collected during minor oral surgical procedures with patient consent, were included as controls. TAM infiltration was evaluated using Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: The findings revealed that TAMs, particularly those of the M2 phenotype, were associated with local recurrence, metastasis, and survival in OSCC cases. Higher TAM expression was correlated with shorter survival rates and increased aggressiveness of the tumor. A statistically significant correlation was observed between TAM expression and TNM staging (p < 0.0001). TAM infiltration was found to increase from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated OSCC, indicating a potential role in tumor progression. Moreover, a significant difference in TAM expression was noted between OSCC tissues and normal oral mucosa (p < 0.002).

Conclusion: The study highlights the significant role of TAMs in OSCC progression and their potential as prognostic markers. Since metastases are a principal cause of mortality in cancer patients, understanding TAM-mediated tumor invasion and metastasis is crucial for developing new therapeutic targets. Future research should employ advanced diagnostic methods, such as specific IHC markers (e.g., CD68), with larger sample sizes to validate these findings.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sreepreeti Champatyray
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Saurjya Ranjan Das
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Dhiren Kumar Panda
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v9/2475

Characterization of High-Grade Glioma and Solitary Metastasis: An Approach towards Spectroscopy and Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques | Chapter 2 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze different advanced MRI parameters and characterize the efficacy of each one of them in the differentiation of these two pathologies.

 

Background: The differentiation by means of magnetic resonance between high-grade gliomas and intracranial solitary single metastasis is of the utmost importance since they condition both surgical and complementary treatment. For decades, different methods have been devised to try to differentiate both, given that the final result of surgery and complementary treatment differs substantially between the two. What's more, knowing the possible diagnosis in advance would improve the prognosis of both pathologies.

 

Methods: Retrospective study that analyzes the parameters of advanced magnetic resonance imaging: spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion, specifically focused on the differences in the coefficients of the metabolites Cho/Cr, Cho/ NAA and NAA/Cr in peritumoral edema between high-grade gliomas and metastases. The data have been statistically analyzed using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, and cutoff values were obtained.

 

Results: A total of 79 patients with histologically analyzed tumors were analyzed: 49 high-grade gliomas (40 multiform glioblastomas and 9 anaplastic astrocytomas) and 30 metastases. A statistically significant mean difference was obtained in the three metabolite ratios. The area under the curve for the Cho/NAA ratio was 0.958 (CI: 0.903–1), for Cho/Cr 0.922 (CI: 0.859–0.985) and for NAA/Cr 0.163 (CI: 0.068–0.258; p < 0.001). The cutoff values were 1.115 for Cho/NAA (sensitivity 93.87%, specificity 93.33%, global precision 93.67%); 1.18 for the Cho/Cr ratio (sensitivity 89.79%, specificity 93.33% and precision 91.13%) and 1.155 for the NAA/Cr ratio (sensitivity 67.34%, specificity 93.33%, global precision 44.30%).

 

Conclusion:  The results of the study support the premise that spectroscopy at the level of peritumoral edema is able to differentiate between high-grade gliomas and metastases by showing tumor infiltration in peritumoral edema. This difference allows not only tumor diagnosis but also the possibility of performing high-grade glioma surgery guided by spectroscopy to find tumor infiltration in apparently healthy tissue.

Author(s) Details:

Arévalo-Sáenz, Alejandra A.,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Pujante Ferrández, Borja,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Rascón-Ramírez, Fernando J.,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13922

Signalling Cascades in Melanoma: Understanding the Potential of Phytochemicals as Inhibitors | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Melanoma has the highest mortality rate among all the dermatological cancers and shows poor prognosis if metastasis and secondary tumour formation occur. Deregulation of cellular signalling pathways like the phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) / Akt pathway, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kβ) pathway play important roles in development, progression and metastasis of melanomas. This article focuses on how such signalling pathways could be possible therapeutic targets for treatment of melanomas by the use of natural phytochemical compounds. Studies indicate that many natural phytochemical compounds such as all-trans retinoic acid, kaempferol, curcumin, betulinic acid, parthenolide and epigallocatechin gallate appear to have good potential to act as signalling pathway inhibitors for melanoma therapy. As many of these phytochemicals and their plant sources are already a part of human diet, using these natural compounds could help in reducing side effects and lowering treatment costs. Thus, targeting cellular signalling pathways with natural phytochemical compounds could lead to development of effective clinical strategies for melanoma treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Indira Chakraborty,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Aniruddha Banerji,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13760

Harnessing Cellular Innate Nanodomains for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics | Chapter 16 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 Cancer is a debilitating disease, causing millions of deaths annually throughout the world. Due to their adaptive ability to meet nutritional demands, cancer cells often utilize more energy than normal cells. In order to develop new strategies to treat cancer, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of energy metabolism, which is yet largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that cellular innate nanodomains involve in cellular energy metabolism and anabolism; thus have a direct effect on the regulation of immune cell functions. Therefore, harnessing the cellular innate nanodomains may evoke significant therapeutic impact and shift the research focus from exogenous nanomaterials to cellular innate nanodomains, which will have great potential to develop a new treatment modality for cancer. Keeping these points in view, we briefly discuss the impact of cellular innate nanodomains and their potential for advancing cancer therapeutics.

Author(s) Details:

Jianshe Yang,
Tongji University School of Medicine & Gansu Medical College, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9568

Novel Insight into Blocking Cancer Metastasis by Biological Nano Confinement through Altering the Cancer Microenvironment | Chapter 15 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 Cancer is a devastating disease marked by a strong competitive capacity in energy and substance utilization in cancer cells compared to that in normal cells. This is partially due to the ability to adjust their metabolism in response to environmental changes. During the lifespan of a cancer cell, massive energy and substance demands are observed either in carcinogenesis, progress, or metastasis; however, the mechanisms involved are controversial and remain unclear. Understanding how cancer cells seize more energy and substances than normal cells is necessary for developing next-generation cancer therapy, including finding novel drug targets and designing drugs. Recent reports about mitochondrial hijack of cancer cells through self-assembled protein nanotubes connected with normal cells and graded messengers pool in the cytoplasm have evoked great interest. Considering the widely discussed nanodomain in physical and chemical areas in this perspective, biological nano confinement (BNC) was rationally discussed. We discuss various aspects such as the tendency of solid cancer cells to prioritize and utilize energy and substances at hypoxia while creating a lesser nutrition-supplying environment extra- and intra-cellularly, the paradox that chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapies are effective in hematological cancers but less effective in solid tumors, and the fact that CAR-T adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy has synergetic enhancement effects. In addition, we concluded that developing novel inhibitors to depolymerize biological nanoconfinement is urgently needed.

Author(s) Details:

Zunqiang Zhao,
Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China.

Shu Deng,
The Second People’s Hospital of Bengbu City, Bengbu 233400, China.

Qiang Wang,
Basic Medical School, Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China.

Chengyou Jia,
Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Jianshe Yang,
Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China, Basic Medical School, Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9567

A Novel Biological Nano Confinement Inhibits Cancer Metastasis | Chapter 13 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 Cancer is a complex genetic disease hallmarked with a strong competitive capacity in energy and utilization of substances compared to normal cells, which is partially due to the ability to adjust their metabolism in response to environmental changes. During the lifespan of cancer cells, either during carcinogenesis, progress, or metastasis, massive energy and other substances are essential prerequisites, however, the underlying mechanisms are controversial and still remain unclear. Understanding how cancer cells seize much of the energy and other substances than normal cells is of utmost importance for next-generation cancer therapy, along with the finding of novel drug target and drug design. Recent reports about ‘mitochondrial hijack’ of cancer cells through selfassembled protein nanotubes connected with normal cells and ‘graded messengers pool’ in cytoplasm have evoked a great interest. Considering the widely discussed ‘nanodomain’ in physical and chemical areas, we proposed the concept of biological nano confinement (BNC), by which we may rationally elucidate the priorities of solid tumors on utilization of energy and substances at hypoxia, and less nutrition supplying environments both extraand intra-cellular. The ultimate objective was to address the confusion that CAR-T therapies are effective for hematological cancers but less effective for solid tumors and also to reveal the fact that chimeric antigens receptor-T (CAR-T) adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy has synergetic enhancement effects. In turn, developing novel inhibitors to depolymerize biological nanoconfinement is urgently needed.

Author(s) Details:

Sen Lu,
First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200072, China.

Zunqiang Zhao,
Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China and Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital, Gansu TCM University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.

Zhongwei Lv,
Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.

Jianshe Yang,
Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200072, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9564

Ocimum sanctum – A Herb for Chronic Diseases: Diabetes and Cancer | Chapter 35 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases viz. Diabetes and cancer, which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address the minimize glucose levels in diabetic patients and stop the proliferation as well as metastasis in cancer patients through a best combination phytochemical ingredient. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against severe diabetic complications. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.

Author(s) Details:

Ajay Kumar,
Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Chandan Kumar Poddar,

Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12753 

Cancer and Diabetes: More than the Expected Connection | Chapter 4 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Cancer and diabetes are both common diseases that are increasing rapidly worldwide. Convincing evidence including epidemiological study demonstrated that diabetes (mainly type 2 diabetes) is firmly associated with different types of cancer including breast, pancreas, liver, colon and bladder cancers. But whether diabetes triggers cancer progression or cancer causes DM is still not well understood. Diabetes is a heterogeneous type of disease which is often characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Continuous exposure to hyperglycemia and elevated concentrations of circulating insulin might trigger cancer growth and progression, leading to poorer prognosis. However, there are some conflicting results were observed in subgroup analysis in mainly type 2 DM revealed no significant correlation between preexisting type 2 DM and prostate cancer-related mortality. Whereas, a meta-analysis was carried out by Lee et al. determined the incidence of death due to prostate cancer in men suffering from preexisting diabetic. Over the past several decades, cancer and DM remained co-existing illnesses and patients face unique challenges. However, treatment landscapes have changed with the targeted and immunotherapy but still new compounds used during the treatment causes hyperglycemia. Based on heterogeneity, further research needs to be undertaken to open new avenues of intervention for cancer associated diabetes.

Author(s) Details:

Ganesh K. Raut,
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12722

Endogenous Regulators of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Activity in Breast Cancers | Chapter 5 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 Tumour often major and secondary tumour formation are the superior causes behind breast malignancy mortality. Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) verbalization and activity promotes tumour often major and secondary tumour establishment in numerous cancers including feelings cancers. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and membrane type-1 cast metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) are endogenous fragments which regulate MMP verbalization and activity. Our current study analyzes the importance of EMMPRIN (also known as Basigin or CD147) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14) accompanying particular reference to their roles in managing MMP expression and exercise in breast cancers. MT1-MMP and EMMPRIN expression levels are raised in invasive breast cancers and pertain an invasive phenotype and a poor prognosis by various devices including by causing an increase in MMP verbalization and activity. MT1-MMP likewise plays an important role in localization of MMP-2 to the tumour container surface, regulating proteolysis at the cell-ECM connect. Determination of MT1-MMP and EMMPRIN expression levels manage act as possible biomarkers for feelings cancers and may help clinicians to better diagnose the entertainment industry of the cancer. Therapies including inhibition of MMP expression and project to downregulate invasive potential in breast cancers take care of thus include the targeting of not just MMPs but also of their inside inhibitors EMMPRIN and MT1-MMP for increased adeptness.

Author(s) Details:

Anirban Roy,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Aniruddha Banerji,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V5/article/view/12165

Tuberculosis and Cervical Lymphadenopathy: Treatment and Diagnosis | Chapter 11 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 This study aims to decide the prevalence of infection in cases of cervical lymphadenopathy as well as the universal presentations and aetiologies of cervical lymphadenopathy.  Lymphadenopathy is a common dispassionate finding in a patient pursuing oral health management. It may be in a localized, restricted, or generalized form. Malignancies, contaminations, autoimmune disorders, iatrogenic, and other miscellaneous environments are considered as the causes for cervical lymphadenopathy. Unexplained cervical lymphadenopathy is a cause of concern for surgeon and patient because consistently it could be the exhibition of an underlying virulence. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy usually presents with diversified lymph node increase without constitutional sign. Fine annoy aspiration and excisional biopsies are frequently done to form a definitive diagnosis. Commonest performance may be narrow connector swelling (92%), trailed by fever, cold swelling, non-healing abscess, discharging sinus, anorexia and pressure loss.The study was attended from July 2010 to august 2013 at the resection department of Ziauddin Medical University hospital Karachi, Pakistan. Inclusion tests included all sufferers with cervical lymphadenopathy. The data was resolved by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.In total 220 subjects were recruited to compete at the beginning of the study while only 175 sufferers remained in the study till the reviews were done. Hence study comprised of total 175 parties with reaction rate of 79.5%. Age range of the participants was 13-69 age that included146 (83.4%) females and 29 (16.6%) men. The maximum patients were in 21-30 age of age group followed by 11-20 age.Cervical lymphadenopathy is prevalent in Pakistan, accompanying most likely disease as Tuberculosis, as seen in adulthood of the cases. Neck mass, migraine and fever are the most frequent performance of cervical lymphadenopathy. A good follow-up idea is also necessary to monitor the need for additional demonstrative tests in the setting that a patient forsakes to respond to appropriate initial cure.

Author(s) Details:

Farzeen Tanwir,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan and Department of Odontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Saima Mazhar,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Tauqeer Bibi,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Anum Baqar,
Department of Prosthodontics, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ahmed Bin Khalid Khan,
Department of Periodontology, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Yasmeen Mahar,
Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Arsalan Khalid,
Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Surgery, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Hira Ijaz,
Abbassi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Maryam Faiz Quereshi,
Department of Anatomy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.

Areeba Younus,
Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Mahail Khan,
Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Mariya Azam Khattak,
Department of Anatomy, Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Kashmala Zakir,
Department of Anatomy, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Imran Ahmed,
Ziauddin University, Pakistan.

Shahkamal Hashmi,
Ziauddin University, Pakistan.

Sadia Ahmed,
Ziauddin University, Pakistan

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V7/article/view/10576

A Malaysian Case Series on Bleeding and Malignant Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | Chapter 6 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 Introduction: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN) are infrequent cancers originating from the endocrine fabric within the pancreas. These tumours are categorised established their functional (hormonal) traits and malignant weakness. The manifestation of syndromes and signs is influenced by the tumour's hormonal function, breadth, and extent of change. Most cases of PNEN are isolated and non-functioning, accompanying insulinoma being the most common type of working PNEN tumour.Case Series: We present two pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PNEN) cases displaying disparate performances and treatment modalities. One case was resectable, giving as a unique incident of bleeding PNEN, while the additional was unresectable due to extensive metastasis.Conclusion: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN) are a diverse group of disorders that present in differing ways. Effective administration of each patient requires a all-encompassing evaluation and tailored situation approach. This article implies that surgical intervention is the favorite treatment for a unique case of bleeding PNEN, while appropriate medical medicine is beneficial for unresectable metastatic PNEN.

Author(s) Details:

Muthu Viknesh,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Datta Meghe Medical College and Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Nagpur, India.

Faqihuddin Bin Hisham,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Datta Meghe Medical College and Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Nagpur, India.

Padmaan Sankaran,
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Soon Kong Choon,
Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Nik Azim Bin Nik Abdullah,
Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V3/article/view/9784

Adipocytes as a Risk Factor for Metastasis in Patients with Gastric Cancer and Normal Weight | Chapter 5 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 5

 

The study's objective was to determine how the density of cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) influences the presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with gastric cancer (GC) who are normal weight (BMI25) and who have the metastatic process. The instability of the tumor microenvironment caused by an excess of CAA density in tumors limits the capacity of cancer cells to spread and develop metastases. However, the majority of these studies focus on obesity, and nothing is known regarding the potential impact of CAAs on metastasis in individuals with GC who have a BMI of 25 or above. Patients with GC were enrolled in the study, and tumor tissue was examined using immunohistochemical techniques. It was discovered that the frequency of DTC availability in BM increased with a statistically significant probability in patients with GC at BMI 25 and tumors distinguished by an excess of CAAs (P 0.05). According to studies, patients with GC and a BMI below 25 who have tumors with a high CAA content are at a greater risk of spreading. Further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the metabolic symbiosis between cancer cells and CAAs in GC patients with BMI25.

Author(s) Details:

L. Bubnovskaya,
R. E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Vasilkovskaya Str. 45, Kiev-03022, Ukraine.

I. Ganusevich,
R. E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Vasilkovskaya Str. 45, Kiev-03022, Ukraine.

S. Merentsev,
City Clinical Oncological Center, Verchovynna Str.69, Kiev-03115, Ukraine.

D. Osinsky,
City Clinical Oncological Center, Verchovynna Str.69, Kiev-03115, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V5/article/view/7653

Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) Metastases in Breast Carcinoma Whole Slide Image (WSI) through Densenet Deep Learning Network: An Approach towards Clinical Management and Treatment | Chapter 20 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This research proposes a novel sentinel lymph metastasis categorization methodology that will aid pathologists in making quick and accurate diagnoses. DenseNet-161, a CNN-based image classification model for classifying breast lymph node metastases from WSI images, was discussed in this study. Breast cancer has the intention of spreading throughout the body. Locally, cancer cells spread by infecting healthy tissue nearby. It can also spread throughout an area by infecting nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs. The CNN model learns the features from the training data at first. Following that, after successfully fitting the training data, it attempts to generalise and generate correct predictions for new data that it has not seen before. A model that overfits the training data is referred to as overfitting. Even after applying the thresholding pre-processing technique, the noise persists, necessitating additional pre-processing before training the model. Furthermore, data-augmentation will considerably improve the accuracy by expanding the dataset size.

Author(S) Details

Rajasekaran Subramanian
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

R. Devika Rubi
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Abhay Krishna Kasavaraju
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Samayk Jain
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Swathi Guptha
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Suraj Raghavendra Pingali
Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V5/article/view/5913