Versatile Ralstonia insidiosa C1: A Cold-Adapted Bacterium with Dual Capabilities in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Degradation and Synthesis | Chapter 9 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 12

Over the past three decades, the uncontrolled use of plastics in various sectors, including packaging, transportation, industry, and agriculture, has resulted in a significant challenge of plastic waste disposal. There is a growing interest in replacing traditional plastics with bioplastics to improve overall sustainability in plastics production. However, most research on bioplastic degradation has focused on downstream environments, such as human habitats, rivers, and oceans. This study explores the potential degradation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable plastic, in upstream areas like alpine regions. As the use of biodegradable plastics grows, the concern of bioplastic pollution is expected to extend to alpine regions, including the Antarctic and high-altitude mountains. An intriguing aspect of this research is the potential application of microorganisms isolated from high mountain environments, given their unique characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to isolate microorganisms capable of biodegrading PHB from high mountain environments. In addition, the isolate was further investigated to assess its ability for bioplastic production. The Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis was conducted to compare the bacterial flora from a residential area (campus soil) with that of an alpine region (Mt. Kurodake soil). Additionally, considering the potential removal of anthropogenic polymer contamination in the alpine area, we aimed to analyze the alpine soil, focusing on bacterial flora involved in decomposing fallen wood, a key component of the organic matter cycle. The study objective was to examine potential differences in bacterial flora between the soil and wood debris. For this study, we collected 20 samples (10 sites) from the campus, 14 soil samples (7 sites) from Mt. Kurodake, along with a significant amount of decaying wood. PHB-degrading microorganisms were isolated by clear-zone methods using PHB-containing agar plates. These microorganisms produced clear zones on the agar plates. The results indicated a greater diversity of bacterial flora in campus soil compared to samples from the alpine region. The wood sample from Mt. Kurodake showed close similarity to the soil samples from the same region, suggesting the presence of similar microbial communities. Notably, all the samples contained strains from the genera Sphingomonas, Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Comamonas, and Streptomyces, a known PHB-degrading bacteria. Among the isolates from the Alpine region, strain C16 showed the highest PHB degradation activity and was identified as Ralstonia sp. C1 (Accession no. LC779623), closely related to Ralstonia insidiosa AU2944T (AF488779) with a high sequence identity of 99.7% (1432/1436). Notably, strain C1 exhibited the capability to degrade not only PHB but also PBAT, P(3HB-co-3HV), PHBH, and PCL. Strain C1 was able to degrade up to 3% of the PHB polymer. Furthermore, strain C1 could utilize 3-HB (a degradation product of PHB), sugar, and fatty acids to produce PHB and P(3HB-co-3HV). In this case, the PHB production using glucose was notably high at 55.5% (PHA production (%)). Therefore, R. insidiosa C1 will be the first report capable of producing and degrading PHB. The PHA extracted from bacterium C1, incubated with glucose, was employed to ascertain its structure and physical properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses indicated that the main component of PHA is PHB. In addition, TGA, and DSC analyses were conducted and the results showed that the thermal properties of the produced PHA were similar to those of commercially available standard PHB. These findings propose a novel green material circulation model employing biochemical methods crucial for achieving the goals of the green circular economy, including zero emissions.

 

Author (s) Details

Young-Cheol Chang
Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v12/1799

Evaluating the Relationship of Visceral Adiposity Index with Different Metabolic Phenotypes and Cardiovascular Markers in Non-Diabetic Subjects | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 9

Background: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a gender-specific mathematical model, which originates from observation in a healthy normal/overweight population of a linear relationship between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). VAI provides information of visceral adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the relationship of VAI with different metabolic phenotypes and cardio metabolic risk markers in non-diabetic subjects.

Methods: A total of 183 health clinical subjects from 30 to 50 years of age, with normal weight and with obesity grade I were recruited. Anthropometric measures were taken and quantified glucose, lipids, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and adiponectin concentrations. Unhealthy phenotype was defined according to the criteria; Visceral Adiposity index (VAI) was calculated. To analyze the differences between VAI quartiles and the metabolic variable, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test were used. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between VAI with insulin levels, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose, adjusted by sex and BMI.

Results: In the study group, four groups were found according to their metabolic state, which includes MHNO (metabolically healthy non-obesity), MUNO (Metabolically unhealthy non-obese subject), MUO (metabolically unhealthy obese subject) and MHO (metabolically healthy obese). Among others, 40% were MHO, they showed lower serum glucose, triglycerides, insulin, hs-CRP levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR than MUO. Metabolically unhealthy non-obese subjects (MUNO) showed higher serum triglycerides, insulin levels, HOMA-IR than the metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO) subjects. MUNO and MUO subjects had higher VAI values than MHNO and MHO subjects. In a logistic regression analysis using the cut-offs of VAI quartile 4, >2.25 in women and >1.86 in men found a strong association with glucose, HOMA-IR and adiponectin concentrations. In ROC analysis using these cut-off determined for glucose concentrations >100 mg/dL, an area under the curve of 0.83 in men and 0.71 in women; for HOMA-IR 0.78 only in men, and for adiponectin 0.69 in men and 0.91 in women.

Conclusion: VAI estimates visceral fat distribution, and it is a useful determinant of the phenotype change and substituted the necessity to take high-cost imaging studies, thereby making the prediction much more practical in daily clinical practice and population studies for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Therefore, VAI is a useful indicator to evaluate the metabolic risk both of non-obese and obese individuals.

 

Author (s) Details

Monica I Cardona-Alvarado
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Gabriela Lopez-Moreno
Division of Health Sciences and Engineering, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya, Mexico.

 

Herlinda Aguilar-Zavala
Division of Health Sciences and Engineering, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya, Mexico.

 

Nicte FigueroaVega
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Elva Perez-Luque
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v9/4590

Alkali Element Modification of Glucose Molecules as a Method to Dissolve Cancer Cells | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 The present study highlights about alkali element modification of glucose molecules as a method to dissolve cancer cells. The central regulation of the mechanisms governing cell proliferation has little effect on cancer cells. Cancer cells are entirely independent of the central command and divide and proliferate on their own, making it challenging to activate their response mechanism. Precisely, this is the reason why they are at risk to the health of humans and/or any biological entities. Instead of trying to reconnect the central command of the growth control mechanism to cancer cells that are already out of the range, we present a method of using the cancer cell’s own irresponsive and uncontrolled growth mechanism to their disadvantage and destroy the cancer cells. We found that this is achievable in an atomic/molecular level study of the glucose molecule, which is the primary food source used for growth and energy generation by all cells in the body, including the cancer cells. Testimonials of the clinical trial of the supplement provide proof of dramatic recovery from the advanced stage of cancer in seven days. Finding the most effective number “Y” of the alkali element in the glucose molecule in such a way that the cancer cells cannot recognize the modification will be a very important scientific task to investigate and to perform further research to amplify the efficacy of the alkali-element-modified glucose molecule for cancer treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Eue-Jin Jeong,
EJ Cancer Pharma, Austin, TX, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V4/article/view/14047

Ocimum sanctum – A Herb for Chronic Diseases: Diabetes and Cancer | Chapter 35 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases viz. Diabetes and cancer, which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address the minimize glucose levels in diabetic patients and stop the proliferation as well as metastasis in cancer patients through a best combination phytochemical ingredient. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against severe diabetic complications. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.

Author(s) Details:

Ajay Kumar,
Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Chandan Kumar Poddar,

Department of Zoology, K. S. College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12753 

Role of Homeopathic Medicine in Diabetes | Chapter 33 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Diabetes is a condition that happens when a person’s blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when person pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when person body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Most forms of diabetes are chronic (lifelong), and all forms are manageable with medications and/or lifestyle changes. So many health problems can develop with diabetic people like heart diseases, kidney diseases, eye problems etc. Homeopathic medicine like Abroma Augusta, Jambolanum or S. Cumini (Black Plum), Uranium, Nitricum, Conium, Phosphoric Acid Phosphorus, Argentum Metallicum, Cephalandra Indica, Natrum Mur control the blood glucose levels in diabetes.

Author(s) Details:

Sumit Kumar Kolay,
Department of Zoology, C.M. Science College, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12751

Production of Glucose from Cassava Using Rice | Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Cassava and edible grain are abundantly readily free for use as appropriate in form(s) that concede possibility be desired; hence it should to provide news on a novel approach that would support and boost the production of glucose maple syrup and other related output through the use of glucose created using cassava starch as substrate and glucoamylase as catalyst sourced from edible grain. The enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at best conditions of pH 5 and temperature  under sane atmospheric pressure. The use of cassava vigor from TMS 30572 cassava tuber variety in Nigeria disclosed that enzyme (glucoamylase) garnered from rice could be promoted in hydrolysing the cassava starch to produce high yield of organic compound composed of carbon that could likely support the glucose syrup and different related commerces. The production of glucose was establish to be optimal at a particular reaction speed of 0.00205 ± 0.00005 0.00005gDper litre −min per subtrate concentration % w⁄v. This worth was reported expected close with the values acquired using model Equations 1 and 2.

Author(s) Details:

Olosunde William Adebisi,
Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

Antia Orua Okon,
Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12312

Epigenetic Expression of Brown and White Tissue Development and Thermogenesis in the Wistar Fatty Rat | Chapter 6 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 The basic physiologic function of brown fatty tissue (BAT) is immediately known to provide  to processes of energy payment in the form of heat in response to alterations in diet and surroundings. BAT depots have been noted in cadaveric examples by anatomists for hundreds of age and is now famous to be a basic peripheral fabric in the expression of non-shaking thermogenesis in answer to perturbations in diet and environment in homeothermic class including brother and animals. The Wistar Fatty Rat (WFR) is an animal model of corpulence, insulin resistance (IR) and NIDDM and expresses the (-fa) corpulence trait in an NIH/Wistar practice. This stain has been connected to NIDDM and an impaired hot response to diet and atmosphere parameters in the corpulent phenotype. From 22 to 30 weeks of age, groups of lean and corpulent male WFR rats were kept in dangling wire-depend steel cages and augment a nutritionally complete diet containing 54% CHO as equal parts cornstarch (ST) and and oxygen (SUC) (50:60 w/w) plus vitamins, minerals, fiber, and essential micronutrients. Body burden was measured, and inactive and norepinephrine-stimulated VO2 were determined. Animals were sacrificed by killing and the Interscapular BAT depot (IBAT) and basic white fatty tissue (WAT) depots removed in their entirety for measures of heaviness including adipocyte capacity and number per IBAT and WAT depots. Obese people had considerably higher definitive body weights, net weight gain, and relative weight than lean people during the whole of the study, with defeater in competition increase in WAT cell lipid content and adipocyte number in the VRP station. IBAT cell number, container lipid content of IBAT tissues and IBAT:BW ratio of corpulent >> lean littermates. Fasting glucose was identical in both phenotypes, but abstaining insulin and the Insulin: Glucose (I: G) ratios were greatly elevated in corpulent+NIDDM animals. Resting VO2 and the thermic answer to NE of lean >> Obese+NIDDM. A robust NE answer in plasma hydrogen concentrations occurred in two together phenotypes following NE with defeater in competition increase in the obese+NIDDM phenotype. The verdicts of this study imply that, while the development of IBAT and WAT bulk and cellularity became embellished via hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the corpulent-NIDDM animals, the superimposition of early eating disorder and the NIDDM stigmata which likely contains the development of meaningful IR is a contributing determinant. The elevations in I: G and IR of the Obese+NIDDM phenotype may further simplify adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy in both WAT and BAT depots and concede possibility further compromise the capacity of the corpulent diabetic animals to sufficiently express BAT-mediated gifts to NST. Furthermore, increased BAT bulk and cellularity in Obese+NIDDM patients was not a trustworthy predictor of warm responses to diet and environment.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, BWI, MSR1110, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V4/article/view/9835

Estimating the Hydrolysis of Glucose from Bamboo with Micro Controller PID Type Arduino UNO and Fuzzy Method | Chapter 04 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 12

 Glucose demand has increased dramatically each year, while glucose production has declined, due to limited raw material availability, with bamboo being one of the raw material alternatives to glucose. Bamboo plants are plants that can grow fast and easily in many parts of Indonesia, and are selected based on cellulose levels that range from 42.4 percent to 53.6 percent. The goal of this study on the hydrolysis of bamboo using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) microcontroller is to use the Fuzzy approach and the Delphi programming simulation language to digitally process hydrolysis in identifying appropriate temperature and glucose levels. The application of microcontrollers PID using the Fuzzy method and simulation language Delphi programming, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in The temperature profile, levels of cellulose hydrolysis time function, and the function time of glucose hydrolysis levels are all examples of research findings. At the time of the detailed set point temperature profile 97°C, the result of the PID process control with fault temperature below ten°C, the temperature as measured 94,696°C, and hydrolysis time 20 seconds is shown at an early stage. As the hydrolysis process control progressed, the PID indicated that the temperature measured was 96.59°C, and after 137 seconds, the measured temperature was 97°C, following the temperature set point, and was utilised as a basis to build tools in the hydrolysis process. The optimization of cellulose levels as a function of hydrolysis time is 18.7%, while the optimization of glucose levels as a function of hydrolysis time is 23,6%. The optimum levels of glucose were produced using a process design that included the manufacture of glucose from bamboo using a microcontroller equipped with hydrolysis and a PID temperature controller.

Author(S) Details

Ni Ketut Sari
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dira Ernawati
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Intan Yuniar Purbasari
Department of Informatics, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Basuki Rahmat
Department of Informatics, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V12/article/view/3838

Carbohydrates| Chapter 10 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.8

 

 Carbohydrates are organic molecules that exist naturally in plants and animals. Animals and plants use them as a source of energy. Carbohydrates can be found in one form or another in every natural product we consume. Carbohydrates include molecules such as glucose, fructose, cane sugar, starch, and cellulose, which are extensively dispersed in plants and are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The role of carbohydrates in plants and animals is discussed in this chapter. The taxonomy and structure of carbohydrates are explained. It is also suggested that glucose and fructose have a ring shape. Epimer, mutarotation, inversion, and reducing and non-reducing sugars are all well-defined concepts. The reactions of glucose with acids, bases, and oxidising reagents are also well discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Vijay J. Naukudkar,
BOS Member, S. P. P. University, Pune, K.V. N. Naik Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha’s, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Canada Corner, Nashik, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V8/article/view/6289

Investigating the Association of VO2 and VCO2 Rate Variability with Serum Glucose, Insulin and Glucose Intolerance | Chapter 8 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 5

The variability of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2), as well as the relationship between serum glucose and insulin and the energy spectral density (ESD) of VO2 and VCO2, were used to assess variations in cellular metabolism.

Materials and Methods: The study included ten non-glucose intolerant and ten glucose intolerant patients between the ages of 21 and 70. For three hours, glucose, insulin, VO2 and VCO2 levels, as well as VO2 and VCO2 levels, were assessed every 10 minutes. The ESD of VO2 and VCO2 was estimated and correlated with glucose and insulin levels.

Results: At post-load glucose state compared to basal state, there was statistical significance in glucose levels, insulin, and ESD of VO2 and VCO2 among non-glucose intolerant subjects, and glucose and insulin among glucose intolerance subjects. Furthermore, glucose levels in glucose intolerance patients were considerably greater than non-glucose intolerant subjects in both the basal and post-load glucose stages.

Conclusions: These data reveal an increase in ESD of VO2 and VCO2 in non-glucose intolerant people during the post-load glucose state, hinting that their measurement could be a crucial signal of cellular metabolic activity variability and help confirm glucose metabolism abnormalities. More research is required to fully comprehend the precise behaviour of ESD of VO2 and VCO2 in a wider group of diabetes people.


Author (S) Details


Julián Satué-Rodríguez

Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, Cardiology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, México City, Mexico.

José D. Méndez

Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, Cardiology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, México City, Mexico.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V5/article/view/3970

Estimating the Hydrolysis of Glucose from Bamboo with Micro Controller PID Type Arduino UNO and Fuzzy Method | Chapter 4 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 12

Glucose demand has increased dramatically each year, while glucose production has declined, due to limited raw material availability, with bamboo being one of the raw material alternatives to glucose. Bamboo plants are plants that can grow fast and easily in many parts of Indonesia, and are selected based on cellulose levels that range from 42.4 percent to 53.6 percent. The goal of this study on the hydrolysis of bamboo using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) microcontroller is to use the Fuzzy approach and the Delphi programming simulation language to digitally process hydrolysis in identifying appropriate temperature and glucose levels. The application of microcontrollers PID using the Fuzzy method and simulation language Delphi programming, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in the hydrolysis process of the microcontroller equipped PID type Arduino UNO, in The temperature profile, levels of cellulose hydrolysis time function, and the function time of glucose hydrolysis levels are all examples of research findings. At the time of the detailed set point temperature profile 97°C, the result of the PID process control with fault temperature below ten°C, the temperature as measured 94,696°C, and hydrolysis time 20 seconds is shown at an early stage. As the hydrolysis process control progressed, the PID indicated that the temperature measured was 96.59°C, and after 137 seconds, the measured temperature was 97°C, following the temperature set point, and was utilised as a basis to build tools in the hydrolysis process. The optimization of cellulose levels as a function of hydrolysis time is 18.7%, while the optimization of glucose levels as a function of hydrolysis time is 23,6%. The optimum levels of glucose were produced using a process design that included the manufacture of glucose from bamboo using a microcontroller equipped with hydrolysis and a PID temperature controller.

Author (S) Details 

Ni Ketut Sari
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dira Ernawati
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Intan Yuniar Purbasari
Department of Informatics, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Basuki Rahmat
Department of Informatics, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V12/article/view/3838

Comparative Analysis of the Sugar Utilization effect of Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain during Alcoholic Fermentation | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Non-Saccharomyces yeast strains eat a wide variety of carbohydrates and can produce ethanol in varying amounts and concentrations. In Nigeria, wild type indigenous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae that can compete with commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae are uncommon. The goal of this study was to compare Meyerozyma guilliermondii's ability to ingest sugars (fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, and molasses) and convert them to ethanol during fermentation with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Different quantities of fructose (5g/L, 10g/L, 20g/L, 30g/L) were added to broth containing yeast extract (6g/L), peptone (10g/L), and malt extract (6g/L). galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose are the sugars galactose, glucose, lactose, and sucrose, respectively. A refractometer was used to quantify sugar usage after 96 hours of incubation at 120 rpm and 30oC. Meyerozyma guilliermondii had a considerably greater alcoholic production utilising molasses (9.20.45 mg/ml) than Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain T (4.81.15 mg/ml) at 96 hours. For M. guilliermondii, ethanol production from fructose as the sole carbon source was 2.1, 3.0, 8.11, and 9.06 (mg/ml) compared to 1.08, 3.12, 8.06, and 6.0 (mg/ml) for S. cerevisiae. At all doses tested, both strains showed equivalent adaptability to galactose metabolism. At 1.0 percent (4.15, 3.18 mg/ml) and 2.0 percent glucose (4.25, 3.3 mg/ml), M. guilliermondii produced more glucose than S. cerevisiae. M. guilliermondii and S. cerevisiae produced 8.15 and 9.08 mg/ml ethanol, respectively, at 3.0% glucose broth concentration. At 3.0% sugar supplement, M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae yielded 10.18 mg/ml ethanol, compared to 7.06 mg/ml for M. guilliermondi and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Meyerozyma guilliermondii shown its versatility as a non-Saccharomyces yeast specie capable of making ethanol from a wide range of sugars found in local feedstock as a viable alternative.

Author (S) Details

Gidado Rose Suniso Maxwell
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

Isah Abraham
Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, North West, Nigeria.

Iweajunwa Sarah
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V1/article/view/3174

A Brief Discussion on High Glucose with Insulin Induces Cell Cycle Progression and Activation of Oncogenic Signaling of Bladder Epithelial Cells Cotreated with Metformin and Pioglitazone | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 Metformin and pioglitazone are two common oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes. According to new research, these drugs may contribute to bladder cancer. There is substantial evidence linking diabetes to breast, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to look into the molecular mechanisms that underpin the effects of metformin and pioglitazone on bladder epithelial carcinogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Human bladder epithelial cells (HBlEpC) were treated with metformin or pioglitazone in the presence of high glucose and insulin levels. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and a cell viability and proliferation assay were used to assess cell viability and proliferation. The bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay was used to examine cell cycle regulatory factors and oncogene expression, while western blotting was used to examine cell cycle regulatory factors and oncogene expression. Metformin and pioglitazone inhibited cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was reversed by high glucose with or without insulin. In HBlEpC co-treated with pioglitazone and metformin, prolonged exposure to high glucose and insulin levels increased cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), and Cdk2 expression while suppressing cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15/16. Under high stress, the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and cav-1 were downregulated, while the oncogenic protein c-myc was upregulated. Supplementation of glucose and insulin in HBlEpC patients receiving pioglitazone and metformin. In drug-treated cells, prolonged exposure to high glucose with or without insulin decreased the expression of B cell lymphoma 2-associated X (Bax) and failed to increase the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). These findings imply that hyperglycemic and insulinemic conditions promote cell cycle progression and oncogenic signaling in drug-treated bladder epithelial cells, and that uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are likely to be more cancer risk factors than diabetes drugs. Furthermore, our findings shed light on how these conditions enhance the carcinogenic effect in drug-treated bladder epithelial cells and suggest that uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in diabetics are likely more dangerous than TZD administration or PPAR stimulation in a clinical setting.

Author (S) Details

Daejin Kim
Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.

Byul-Nim Ahn
T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Disease, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Yeong Seok Kim
Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.

Dae Young Hur
Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.

Jae Wook Yang
T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Disease, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea and Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Ga Bin Park
Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea.

Jung Eun Jang
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Eun Ju Lee
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Min Jeong Kwon
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Tae Nyun Kim
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Mi Kyung Kim
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Jeong Hyun Park
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Byoung Doo Rhee
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

Soon Hee Lee
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V6/article/view/1669

Study on Unexpected Capability of Melanin to Split the Water Molecule and the Alzheimer’s Disease | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

Because the incidence and prevalence of the three major causes of blindness had not altered in the previous forty years, we initiated a study in 1990. Twelve years later, we learned that the human retina's principal source of energy is water, not ATP. This holds true for the entire human body. Water is the primary source of energy. We were unaware of eukaryotic cells' extraordinary capacity to break or dissociate the water molecule because it requires 2000°C to dissociate water in a laboratory environment, and it was previously thought that only plants could do so. this is it. Water isn't just for washing away filth and toxins; it's also a cleaning and a fundamental solvent that we consume on a daily basis. As our bodies dissolve the water molecule, hydrogen may supply energy to cells (Hydrogen is the energy carrier that Nature uses the most). Water is our primary source of energy. We'd have to eat between 50 and 170 kilograms (110 and 374 lbs.) every day if our bodies couldn't get enough energy from water. When a systemic breakdown occurs in any system, we must immediately suspect energy. Generalized failures include Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. That clarifies why it isn't. Patients rarely improve considerably when the human photosynthesis process is pharmacologically stimulated. Keep in mind that energy is required not only for the brain to expand and perform functions, but also to preserve its structure and structure. The most abundant source of energy for human cells is hydrogen. Low levels of water dissociation over time in Alzheimer's disease reflect a persistent energy shortage, which can show in a variety of ways as the disease progresses.

Author (s) Details

Maria del Carmen Arias-Esparza
Human Photosynthesis Study Center, Research, Development and Innovation Department, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Ruth Isabel Solís Arias
Human Photosynthesis Study Center, Research, Development and Innovation Department, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Paola Eugenia Solís Arias
Human Photosynthesis Study Center, Research, Development and Innovation Department, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Martha Patricia Solís Arias
Human Photosynthesis Study Center, Research, Development and Innovation Department, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Arturo Solís-Herrera
Human Photosynthesis Study Center, Research, Development and Innovation Department, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

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