Role of Adiponectin in the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Other Metabolic Disorders | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 10

Adiponectin (APN) has been thoroughly investigated for its role in various human disorders. It is fascinating to note that this peptide plays an essential role as a therapeutic agent to cure a plethora of disorders. The aim of the study is to elucidate this peptide's applications and therapeutic potential of this peptide, demonstrating its involvement in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other metabolic disorders. APN has been correlated with many ocular disorders and metabolic disorders. The localization and expression of APN in various tissues were the first markers of its local actions. Screening this peptide on a wider platform helps to confirm its application as a novel peptide in various diseases. Altered levels of APN have been well elucidated in the progression of metabolic disorders, and its targeted administration has resulted in combating dysregulation of biochemical and molecular pathways involved in disease pathology. A close association of oxidative stress is also known to contribute to the onset of retinal disorders. Among various treatments, APN has demonstrated a promising response in the context of wet AMD, however, further studies are required to fully elucidate its potential in humans.

 

Author (s) Details

Anusha Singh
Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.

 

Nalini S Bora
Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

 

Puran S Bora
Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v10/3201

 

Evaluating the Relationship of Visceral Adiposity Index with Different Metabolic Phenotypes and Cardiovascular Markers in Non-Diabetic Subjects | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 9

Background: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a gender-specific mathematical model, which originates from observation in a healthy normal/overweight population of a linear relationship between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). VAI provides information of visceral adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the relationship of VAI with different metabolic phenotypes and cardio metabolic risk markers in non-diabetic subjects.

Methods: A total of 183 health clinical subjects from 30 to 50 years of age, with normal weight and with obesity grade I were recruited. Anthropometric measures were taken and quantified glucose, lipids, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and adiponectin concentrations. Unhealthy phenotype was defined according to the criteria; Visceral Adiposity index (VAI) was calculated. To analyze the differences between VAI quartiles and the metabolic variable, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test were used. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between VAI with insulin levels, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose, adjusted by sex and BMI.

Results: In the study group, four groups were found according to their metabolic state, which includes MHNO (metabolically healthy non-obesity), MUNO (Metabolically unhealthy non-obese subject), MUO (metabolically unhealthy obese subject) and MHO (metabolically healthy obese). Among others, 40% were MHO, they showed lower serum glucose, triglycerides, insulin, hs-CRP levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR than MUO. Metabolically unhealthy non-obese subjects (MUNO) showed higher serum triglycerides, insulin levels, HOMA-IR than the metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO) subjects. MUNO and MUO subjects had higher VAI values than MHNO and MHO subjects. In a logistic regression analysis using the cut-offs of VAI quartile 4, >2.25 in women and >1.86 in men found a strong association with glucose, HOMA-IR and adiponectin concentrations. In ROC analysis using these cut-off determined for glucose concentrations >100 mg/dL, an area under the curve of 0.83 in men and 0.71 in women; for HOMA-IR 0.78 only in men, and for adiponectin 0.69 in men and 0.91 in women.

Conclusion: VAI estimates visceral fat distribution, and it is a useful determinant of the phenotype change and substituted the necessity to take high-cost imaging studies, thereby making the prediction much more practical in daily clinical practice and population studies for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Therefore, VAI is a useful indicator to evaluate the metabolic risk both of non-obese and obese individuals.

 

Author (s) Details

Monica I Cardona-Alvarado
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Gabriela Lopez-Moreno
Division of Health Sciences and Engineering, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya, Mexico.

 

Herlinda Aguilar-Zavala
Division of Health Sciences and Engineering, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, University of Guanajuato, Celaya, Mexico.

 

Nicte FigueroaVega
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Elva Perez-Luque
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v9/4590

Effects of Short-Term Almonds and Walnuts Intake on Serum Fatty Acid Composition, Metabolic Profile and Adiposity on Obese Adults | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 2

Background: Obesity has emerged as a serious public health threat in the 21st century. According to the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey of the Mexican population, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 72.5% in adults aged 20 and older.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate changes in serum fatty acids, metabolic profile and inflammation markers after a dietary intervention of 15g of walnuts and 15g of almonds for 8 weeks in obese subjects.

Patients and Methods: A total of 48 sedentary obese grade I subjects (13 men and 35 women) of 30 to 50 years old without evidence of chronic degenerative, infectious, or neoplastic diseases, was studied. Anthropometric measures, body composition, serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, lipocalina-2, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), adiponectin, and fatty acids profile were analyzed at the baseline and after 8 weeks of dietary intervention. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The anthropometric and metabolic data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Differences between groups were examined using the paired t-test. Non-parametric variables were transformed into logarithms. In order to examine the size effect of each anthropometric and metabolic parameter, we used the Cohen d. The statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: A significant decrease in all measures of obesity (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, and fat mass, p<0.0001) was found. The adiponectin (30.4%, p=0.007), lipocalin-2 concentrations (17.9%, p=0.014), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) percentage (1.6% p=0.040) significantly increased after intervention, particularly the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid percentages were increased marginally. A significant decrease in saturated fatty acids levels (3%, p=0.001), in particular the myristic acid (C:14), and palmitic acid (C:16), in total cholesterol (6.7%, p=0.01), and LDL (11.4%, p=0.002) levels, and in all measures of obesity (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI and fat mass, p<0.0001) were found. The effect size for the intervention was large for all measures of obesity, and moderate for BMI, adiponectin, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid.

Conclusion: In conclusion, a significant increase of 30% in adiponectin and LCN2 (17.9%) concentrations were found. Additionally, a significant decrease in all measures of obesity, total cholesterol, and LDL concentrations after the intervention was observed. The SFA percentage significantly decreased, in particular, the myristic acid (C:14), and palmitic acid (C:16). The total PUFAs percentage significantly increased, and particularly the percentages of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C:20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C:22:6 ω-3) marginally increased. The effect size was large for all measures of obesity, except for BMI as well as for adiponectin which was moderate. Only in baseline, significant positive correlations of total saturated fatty acids, lauric and stearic acids with hsCRP concentration, and Myristic acid with triglycerides were found. This study data show that the consumption of almonds and walnuts for a short time may improve the metabolic state and measures of obesity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mónica I. Cardona-Alvarado
Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Francisco J. Ortega
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.

 

Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Guanajuato, México.

 

María Elizabeth Tejeroa
Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico.

 

Jorge Molina-Torre
Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato. Guanajuato, México.

 

José M. Fernández-Real
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.

 

Elva L. Perez-Luque
Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, Campus Leon, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v2/3536

Pivotal Roles of APN/AdipoRs Signaling in Maintaining Ocular Homeostasis and Protecting against Eye Ailments | Chapter 10 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 This comprehensive review critically examines the latest findings and breakthroughs that underscore the pivotal roles of APN/AdipoRs signaling in maintaining ocular homeostasis and protecting against eye ailments. Explaining the complex interactions between ocular diseases and the flexible fat-associated adipokine adiponectin (APN) has garnered a lot of attention in recent years. Discovering the complex connection between aging eye problems and adipocytokine and its receptors (AdipoRs) has become an exciting area of medical research. Here, we meticulously explore the intriguing mechanisms by which APN protein influences retinal function and overall visual acuity. Drawing from an extensive array of cutting-edge studies, the article highlights APN’s multifaceted functions, ranging from anti-inflammatory properties and oxidative stress reduction to angiogenic regulation within retinal and macula tissues Targeting common aging eye diseases with treatment approaches could be made possible by the role that APN/AdipoRs play in mediating these effects. Furthermore, the interaction between APN signaling pathways and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is unraveled in this review. The single-cell RNA-seq results validate the expression of both the receptor isoforms (AdipoR1/R2) in retinal cells. The transcriptomic analysis showed lower expression of AdipoR1/2 in dry AMD pathogenesis compared to healthy subjects. The inhibitory adiponectin peptide (APN1) demonstrated over 75% suppression of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), whereas the control peptide did not exert any inhibitory effect on CNV. The elucidation of these relationships fosters a deeper understanding of adipose tissue’s profound influence on ocular health, presenting new prospects for personalized treatments and preventative measures. Because APN1 inhibits CNV and leakage, it can be used to treat human AMD. In conclusion, this review provides a captivating journey into the enthralling world of APN, intertwining the realms of adipose biology and ophthalmology in aging. The remarkable connection between fat, in the form of adiponectin, and t654r4dexzsight opens exciting avenues for advancing eye health and improving patient outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

Mayank Choubey,
Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.

Munichandra B. Tirumalasetty,
Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.

Nalini S. Bora,
Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, 4301 West Markham, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

Puran S. Bora,
Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, 4301 West Markham, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13958

BMI and Circulating Adipocytokine Markers in Insulin Resistance Females with Type 2 Diabetes | Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The present study determines to assess by means of what Insulin Resistance females accompanying Type 2 diabetes' levels of resistine, fasting blood glucose, and adiponectin distinguished to their BMI. Obesity has emerged as a community health crisis in many peoples including Sudanese. Adipose fabric produces several adipokines, one of bureaucracy is adiponectin which has engaged much attention by way of its antidiabetic and antiatherogenic belongings. A total of 205 Sudanese women betwixt the ages of 35 and 64 were recruited to participate in this explanatory cross-sectional study. Adiponectin and resistine concentrations were contingent upon ELISA Kits, and plasma levels of level of glucose in blood were determined by utilizing the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay order Cobas C-311®.  Observed from these results significant dissimilarity between the resources of fasting level of glucose in blood (FBG), adiponectin, resistine and BMI classified in accordance with WHO body mass index categorization (underweight, active weight, corpulent, obesity and dissociate obesity). In this study, the results show powerful negative Correlation between the levels of serum Adiponectin and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.worth = 0.013, r = -7.9), Adiponectin and Resistine. (P.value = 0.019, r = -6.6). In the opposite strong certain Correlation between the levels of antitoxin Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose. (P.value = 0.015, r = 6.0). Observed from this results negative Relationship between the mean of BMI distinguished with the record of the patient/ years.The study told that BMI had an impact on the levels of adipocytokines and raised the risk of insulin resistance in women with Type 2 diabetes by increasing the level of resistin, abstaining blood glucose, and lowering adiponectin in various groups top-secret according to WHO frame mass index (BMI) classification.

Author(s) Details:

Salah Eldin Omar Hussein,
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE and University of Sciences and Technology, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10876

Beneficial Role of Adiponectin in Reproduction| Chapter 8 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 7

 Adipocytokines are fatty fabric derivative biologically alive proteins. These are fat hormones that play critical role in generative any branch of natural science. The equalized aggregation of the adipocytokines organizes complex elaborate pathways that link insulin fighting and generative process. Adiponectin, an adipocyte derived adipocytokine is deliberate as the new manager of female generative arrangement. Its finding had managed to the broad analyses of biological function of Adiponectin that augments insulin sense, skipped to the developing function on redness and human duplication. An twisted interplay of the adipocytokines ensues right from adolescence to pregnancy, accompanying more affect ovulatory process.

Author(s) Details:

K. A. Arul Senghor,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Meera,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. M. Vinodhni,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Anuradha,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V7/article/view/9230

The Comparative Study Showing of the Effect of Telmisartan and Ramipril on Diabetic Profile in Hypertensive Pre-Diabetic Patients | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Background: Hypertension, a prevalent cardiovascular disease, is rapidly being linked to other co-morbid disorders such as diabetes mellitus, which worsens its prognosis. Telmisartan and ramipril are both antihypertensive medications. The efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril in managing or avoiding the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes in stage 1 hypertension patients is compared in this study. It also seeks to compare the effects of Telmisartan and Ramipril on FBS and HbA1C in males and females across a 12-month treatment period.

Methods: A 12-month prospective, randomised, single-center, comparative observational study on stage 1 hypertension patients with pre-diabetes is done. A total of 60 individuals are enlisted and assigned to one of two therapy groups. They were given the designated medicine for a 12-month period and were followed up on. Blood pressure was taken and a diabetes profile was checked at each appointment.

The results of this study demonstrated that both telmisartan and ramipril efficiently regulated blood pressure. In stage 1 hypertension individuals with pre diabetes, telmisartan reduced the progression of fasting blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin better than ramipril.

Conclusions: Both telmisartan and ramipril had an effect on blood pressure regulation. In stage 1 hypertension patients with pre diabetes, telmisartan has a statistically significant benefit in delaying the progression of prediabetes to diabetes mellitus when compared to ramipril.

Author (s) Details

Abdullah Ansari
Department of Pharmacology, Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Moinabad, Telangana, India.

Ayesha Raoof
Department of Medicine, HAL Medical Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2213

Effects of Methylmercury and Theaflavin Digallate on Adipokines in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: A Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity around the world, and it is frequently associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other inflammatory diseases associated with aging. Environmental factors such as metals and persistent organic pollutants, in addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, may increase the severity or lower the threshold of these conditions. Methylmercury is toxic to adipocytes in cell culture and may affect adipokine secretion. The effects of different concentrations of theaflavin digallate on methylmercury-exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cell culture were investigated in this study. Resistin, adiponectin, and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were all secreted. Lipid (Oil Red O) staining was used to evaluate the treatment of adipocytes. When compared to control cells, methylmercury exposure increased the levels of resistin, adiponectin, and 4-HNE. Cells treated with methylmercury had fewer adipocytes and clumped lipid droplets. These findings suggest that methylmercury causes reactive oxygen species to be produced, resulting in the development of an inflammatory response. Methylmercury was reduced by theaflavin-3,3′-digallate. maintaining adipocyte morphology and adiponectin, resistin, and 4-hydroxynonenal secretion patterns Other anti-inflammatory and signaling agents could be tested at the biochemical level using this experimental model system before being studied in animal models. To gain a better understanding of the anti-oxidative effects of polyphenolic compounds, different TF-3 concentrations can be used.

Authoor (S) Details

Shubhangi Chauhan
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

Kriya Dunlap
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

Lawrence K. Duffy
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1435

A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study on Interplay of Adipokines in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension in Ghana | Chapter 5 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 6

 Background: Mechanistic risk factors for hypertension are the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), endothelial dysfunction and the sympathetic nervous system. The research sought to elucidate the interplay of adipokines in essential hypertension pathogenesis. Methodology: 200 confirmed hypertensive KATH patients and 50 age-matched normotensive patients were recruited in this comparative cross-sectional study. Blood pressure, anthropometric and socio-demographic data of the participants were obtained voluntarily. The participants' serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and resistin were quantified using ELISA. It also analysed the renal function, lipid profile and glycemic status of all subjects. Results: A significantly higher anthropometric adiposity index was observed for hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients, CI (p<0.0001), BAI (p<0.0001) and AVI (p=0.002). In hypertensive patients, adiponectin (p < 0.0001) levels were significantly lower than in normotensive patients. In addition, significantly higher serum leptin concentrations (p = 0.016) and leptinadiponectin ratio (p = 0.001) were observed in the hypertensive population compared to the normotensive group. In addition , the study found a direct association between serum leptin and weight (r = 0.111, p = 0.022), BMI (r = 0.129, p = 0.009) and WHtR (r = 0.098, p = 0.045), but an inverse relationship between hypertensive height (r = 0.134, p = 0.006). Serum leptin among hypertensive patients has a significant negative correlation with HDL-C (r = 0.174, p = 0.013). As predicted by resistin and adiponectin, the total aOR for hypertension was 1.12 (95% Cl, 1.02–1.25); p = 0.019) and 0.93 (95% Cl, 0.91–0.95); p = 0.0001) respectively. Conclusion: In the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, we found that elevations in serum levels of leptin and resistin and low levels of adiponectin may play a role. Therefore, as potential indicators for early and accurate detection of high blood pressure, adipokines may offer themselves. At the same time, the conclusions regarding the correlation between leptin and obesity are also confirmed by our current results. To investigate the physiological and pathological functions of adipokines in hypertension, further longitudinal studies in a larger population are warranted.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Osei Asibey
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi, Ghana.

Francis Agyemang Yeboah
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.

W. K. B. A. Owiredu
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.

Emmanuel Acheampong
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana and School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia.

Enoch Odame Anto
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana and School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia.

Isaac K. Owusu
Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi, Ghana.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/313