Role of Adiponectin in the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Other Metabolic Disorders | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 10

Adiponectin (APN) has been thoroughly investigated for its role in various human disorders. It is fascinating to note that this peptide plays an essential role as a therapeutic agent to cure a plethora of disorders. The aim of the study is to elucidate this peptide's applications and therapeutic potential of this peptide, demonstrating its involvement in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other metabolic disorders. APN has been correlated with many ocular disorders and metabolic disorders. The localization and expression of APN in various tissues were the first markers of its local actions. Screening this peptide on a wider platform helps to confirm its application as a novel peptide in various diseases. Altered levels of APN have been well elucidated in the progression of metabolic disorders, and its targeted administration has resulted in combating dysregulation of biochemical and molecular pathways involved in disease pathology. A close association of oxidative stress is also known to contribute to the onset of retinal disorders. Among various treatments, APN has demonstrated a promising response in the context of wet AMD, however, further studies are required to fully elucidate its potential in humans.

 

Author (s) Details

Anusha Singh
Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.

 

Nalini S Bora
Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

 

Puran S Bora
Pat & Willard Walker Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v10/3201

 

Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy in Retinal Imaging: Fundus Photography Versus Optical Coherence Tomography | Chapter 8 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 2

Background: According to the World Health Organization, globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment or blindness, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can add to fundus photography (FP) in assessing the condition of the retinal posterior pole.

Methods: We conducted two blocks of analysis: First, the posterior pole of each eye was examined using an FP non-mydriatic imaging device. Second, OCT was used in addition to FP. After consolidating the specific diagnostic criteria, the assessments were evaluated using two blinded independent investigation groups (by optometrists, and by ophthalmologists who were considered the gold standard). Each research investigation group graded the posterior pole of each eye based on the same information provided in the two assessment blocks.  

Results: The sample consisted of 1334 eyes from 667 people. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of FP compared to OCT and found that they had similar sensitivity. FP had a slightly higher specificity (p-value: 0.01), and OCT had a higher kappa coefficient with 0.50 (95% CI: 0.46–0.55) vs. 0.39 (95% CI: 0.34–0.45) for FP.

Conclusions: On the basis that the role of the optometrist in Spain is not to diagnose but to detect lesions and refer patients to an ophthalmologist, the results of this study support the use of OCT, which provided gradable images in almost all examined eyes (97.5%, 1301 eyes) compared to FP (73.5%, 980 eyes). However, optometrists need a detailed and standardized guide in order to conduct evaluations according to the ophthalmologist’s criteria. The addition of OCT to a screening modality with FP could resolve the issue that 1 in 10 eyes with visible abnormalities on OCT images are not identified by the ophthalmologists when the assessment is based on FP alone.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Manuel Moriche Carretero
Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Ana de los Reyes Sánchez Parejo
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Clara Martínez Pérez
Óptica y Optometría, ISEC Lisboa, 1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal.

 

Remedios Revilla Amores
Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, 28702 Madrid, Spain.

 

Ángel Pérez Gómez
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Marc Biarnés Pérez
OMIQ Research, 08029 Barcelona, Spain.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v2/4028

A Case Report of Retinal Changes in Mucopolysaccharidosis I | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 

Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis 1 (HURLER'S DISEASE) is a rare, life-threatening, autosomal recessive lysosomal metabolic inborn defect with ocular symptoms.

The goal of this study was to detect and document retinal abnormalities in a Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 case.

Subjects and Methods: A 12-year-old male child born out of consanguinity was referred to the Ophthalmology OPD at Goa Medical College for evaluation due to impaired vision. He underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination.

Fundus-Pseudopapillitis with retinal pigment epithelial changes and hypopigmented lesions in the parafoveal region.

ILM-RPE central subfield thickness: 281m OCT- Increased retinal thickness with GAG buildup in outer retinal layers; ILM-RPE central subfield thickness: 281m

Conclusions: MPS patients should have ophthalmological exams on a frequent basis to diagnose, monitor, and treat ocular issues. During an ophthalmological examination, signs of elevated intracranial pressure, such as papilledema, might be identified. Regular ophthalmological checkups may help to improve the quality of life for these youngsters.

Author (S) Details

Vishaka Devidas Naik

Department of Ophthalmology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India.

Ugam P. S. Usgaonkar

Department of Ophthalmology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India.

Vedvati Hemant Albal

Department of Ophthalmology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4192

Overview of the Centrifugal Visual System in Mammalian Species | Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 It is well known that the retina and the central nervous system have a bidirectional neural connection. The classical visual system and the retinohypothalamic tract make up the retinofugal link. There are various subsystems that make up the retinopetal linkages. The centrifugal visual system refers to a group of routes that originate from various parts of the central nervous system. The structures that give rise to the centrifugal visual system The forebrain and brainstem are where they're found. Through the optic nerve, centrifugal visual fibers penetrate the retina's optic nerve layer. Some fibers reach the ganglion cells and end there. Others enter the inner nuclear layer via the inner plexiform layer and end up on the amacrine and displaced ganglion cells. The cells of origin of the centrifugal visual system were shown to contain several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. The subsystems serve quite varied purposes. It is very dependent on the structure from which the fibers originate.

Author (s) Details

Viktoria Vereczki
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.

Ágnes Csáki,
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.

Prof. Katalin Köves
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V1/article/view/1182

A Brief Review on Sensing Magnetic Directions in Birds: Radical Pair Processes Involving Cryptochrome | Chapter 12 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 Birds may use the geomagnetic field to find their way around. Behavioral experiments, often with migrating passerines, revealed three characteristics of the avian magnetic compass: (1) it works spontaneously only in a narrow functional window around the intensity of the ambient magnetic field, although it can adapt to other intensities; (2) it is a "inclination compass," based on the axial course of the field lines rather than the polarity of the magnetic field; and (3) it is a "inclination compass," based on the polarity of the magnetic field rather than The Radical Pair-Model of magnetoreception proposes spin-chemical processes in photopigments as the underlying mechanism to explain these properties. The use of radio frequency fields, a diagnostic method for radical pair processes, suggests that a radical pair mechanism is involved in avian magnetoreception: when applied to the geomagnetic field, they disrupted orientation, possibly by interfering with receptive processes. Cryptochrome molecules have been proposed as receptors. Birds' eyes contain five different forms of cryptochromes. In chickens and robins, the most likely candidate is Cry1a, which is found at the membranes of the discs in the outer segments of the UV-cones. It is enabled by the wavelengths of light that enable birds to use their magnetic compass, according to immunohistochemical studies. The radical pair formed during re-oxidation appears to be the most important for magnetoreception within the cryptochrome photocycle.

Author (s) Details

Roswitha Wiltschko
Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Wolfgang Wiltschko
Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/844