Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Ocular Changes | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 5

 

Background: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri, is characterised by elevated intracranial pressure without an identifiable secondary cause and predominantly affects overweight women of reproductive age. Visual morbidity due to papilledema and secondary optic atrophy remains the most feared complication.

 

Objective: To comprehensively review and synthesise current evidence on ocular structural, vascular, and functional changes associated with IIH, with emphasis on modern imaging biomarkers and their role in diagnosis and disease monitoring.

 

Methods: A narrative review of published literature was performed, focusing on clinical ophthalmic findings, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography (OCT-A), and orbital neuroimaging features in IIH.

 

Results: IIH primarily affects the optic nerve head and posterior segment, with minimal anterior segment involvement. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickening, ganglion cell complex loss, retinal vascular remodelling, and characteristic MRI features such as optic nerve sheath distension and posterior globe flattening are consistently reported. OCT and OCT-A provide quantitative, reproducible biomarkers that correlate with intracranial pressure and visual function.

 

Conclusion: Ocular imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of IIH. Early detection and longitudinal OCT-based surveillance are essential for preventing irreversible vision loss.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ruchi Shukla
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Aparajita Shukla
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v5/6996

 

Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy in Retinal Imaging: Fundus Photography Versus Optical Coherence Tomography | Chapter 8 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 2

Background: According to the World Health Organization, globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment or blindness, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can add to fundus photography (FP) in assessing the condition of the retinal posterior pole.

Methods: We conducted two blocks of analysis: First, the posterior pole of each eye was examined using an FP non-mydriatic imaging device. Second, OCT was used in addition to FP. After consolidating the specific diagnostic criteria, the assessments were evaluated using two blinded independent investigation groups (by optometrists, and by ophthalmologists who were considered the gold standard). Each research investigation group graded the posterior pole of each eye based on the same information provided in the two assessment blocks.  

Results: The sample consisted of 1334 eyes from 667 people. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of FP compared to OCT and found that they had similar sensitivity. FP had a slightly higher specificity (p-value: 0.01), and OCT had a higher kappa coefficient with 0.50 (95% CI: 0.46–0.55) vs. 0.39 (95% CI: 0.34–0.45) for FP.

Conclusions: On the basis that the role of the optometrist in Spain is not to diagnose but to detect lesions and refer patients to an ophthalmologist, the results of this study support the use of OCT, which provided gradable images in almost all examined eyes (97.5%, 1301 eyes) compared to FP (73.5%, 980 eyes). However, optometrists need a detailed and standardized guide in order to conduct evaluations according to the ophthalmologist’s criteria. The addition of OCT to a screening modality with FP could resolve the issue that 1 in 10 eyes with visible abnormalities on OCT images are not identified by the ophthalmologists when the assessment is based on FP alone.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Manuel Moriche Carretero
Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Ana de los Reyes Sánchez Parejo
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Clara Martínez Pérez
Óptica y Optometría, ISEC Lisboa, 1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal.

 

Remedios Revilla Amores
Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, 28702 Madrid, Spain.

 

Ángel Pérez Gómez
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.

 

Marc Biarnés Pérez
OMIQ Research, 08029 Barcelona, Spain.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v2/4028

Exploring Ocular Morphological Alterations in Iron Deficiency Anemia through Optical Coherence Tomography: A Comprehensive Analysis | Chapter 7 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 9

Anemia, characterized by insufficient red blood cells and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity, affects billions globally, with a high prevalence among women and children. This study explores the multifactorial etiology of anemia, focusing on preventable factors such as inadequate diet, poor living conditions, and infections. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), a diagnostic tool offering high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues, is employed to investigate the ocular impact of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Various studies utilizing OCT reveal consistent correlations between IDA and structural changes in the peripapillary retinal fiber layer (RNFL) and macula. These changes are associated with serum ferritin levels, hemoglobin concentrations, and other iron profile parameters. In conclusion, this comprehensive review and study underscore the significance of OCT in evaluating ocular changes associated with iron deficiency anemia. The consistent patterns observed across multiple studies emphasize the potential clinical utility of OCT as a non-invasive tool for monitoring and managing IDA-related ocular manifestations. This research lays the foundation for further exploring and applying OCT in clinical assessments, offering valuable insights for early detection and intervention in preserving ocular health in anemic populations.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Dinesh Kumar,
Department of Physiology, World College of Medical Sciences, Jhajjar, Haryana, India.

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Pragya Dixit,
ESI Health Care Haryana, ESI Hospital Panipat, HR, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V9/article/view/13734

Investigation on the Usefulness of Serum Sorbito land Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Predicting Diabetic Retinopathy as Compared to Optical Coherence Tomography | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.5

 

This study was conducted to investigate the validity of serum sorbitol and Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) in diagnosing DR and differentiating it from diabetes without retinopathy
(DNR). A cross-sectional study included 164 diabetes mellitus patients: 30 patients with no
retinopathy (the control group), 86 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 48
patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). Patients were referred to the Layla Qasim
Diabetic Center between November 2016 and October 2017 and an ophthalmologist established a DR diagnosis using OCT. Serum sorbitol and serum VEGF-A were measured for all patients. By using
study biomarkers, the cut-off values of VEGF-A (124.7 ng/ml) and sorbitol (0.3112 mg/ml) were
established, and their validity parameters. For VEGF-A, the specificity was 73.1 the sensitivity was 80
and 76.2% of the observed agreement. The combined parallel test was applied as negative if both the
tests were negative or as positive if either of the tests was positive: a highly significant statistical
agreement (Kappa test p<0.001) was found with the gold standard diagnosis (OCT), with 85.4% of
observed agreement. A combination of serum sorbitol and VEGF-A for diagnosing DR and for
differentiating DR from DNR patients exhibits a significant agreement with an OCT diagnosis.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sanaa Gadbaan Hama Almandlawi
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

Muhanad Salah Mawlood
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/270