Diagnostic Accuracy of Barium Enema in Colorectal Cancer: A Histopathological Correlation Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Background: Colorectal cancer is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells. Two commonly used strategies for initial evaluation are Double Contrast Barium Enema (DCBE) and diagnostic lower GI endoscopy. Barium enema is easy to perform, does not require sedation, is inexpensive, and is readily available in Bangladesh. However, limited data are available on its diagnostic accuracy in the local population.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to determine the diagnostic value of barium enema in colorectal cancer.

 

Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 50 cases presented with clinical features of colorectal cancer in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH) during the period July 2000 to June 2001. Of the 50 patients, 30 were male, and 20 were female. The mean age of the male patients was 46 ± 10.8 years, while that of the female patients was 44.5 ± 11.2 years. All 50 cases underwent barium enema examination under fluoroscopic control; single-contrast studies were performed in 11 cases, and double-contrast studies were performed in 39 cases. The findings of barium enema examination were confirmed by histologic examination of the specimens obtained by colonoscopy, and in 10 cases, after operation. Moreover, questionnaires, interviews, case history and clinical examinations were conducted to collect all the relevant data and analysed statistically.

 

Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the age and sex of the patients. In Western countries, colorectal cancer typically occurs in late adulthood, most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades of life; however, in this study, the highest incidence was observed in the fourth and fifth decades, followed by the sixth decade. Males predominate over females, and the rectum is more involved than the colon. It was found that 96% of patients took meat and fat, and one patient had a family history of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer was more common (44%) in better socio-economic conditions than in low (4%). Constipation (70%) and per rectal bleeding (64%) were predominant symptoms, and 68% cases had abnormality in per rectal examination. Out of 40 cases, colonoscopy detected a lesion in 33 cases, one was a false positive, and 7 cases were negative; of them, 3 cases were false negatives, and 4 were true negatives. In 50 cases, barium enema detected a lesion in 42 cases; 2 were false positives. 8 cases were negative in barium enema, of them 5 were false negatives, and 3 were true negatives. Histologically, 45 (90%) cases proved to be adenocarcinoma, among them 4 (8%) cases were mucinous adenocarcinoma. Five cases were histologically negative. The sensitivity and accuracy of barium enema were 88.9% and 86%, and those of colonoscopy were 91.4% and 90%, respectively.

 

Conclusion: Though colonoscopy has greater sensitivity and accuracy, it is less acceptable to the patients, has a high cost, is not easily available, requires sedation and expertise and the entire colon is not seen in 2-40% of patients. The study concluded that barium enema may be considered a suitable initial investigation for the diagnosis of clinically suspected colorectal cancer. However, as this was a single-centre study with a small sample size, future research should include larger sample sizes and multicenter studies to validate these findings.

 

Author(s) Details

Md. Abdul Gafur
Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7108

A Prospective Comparative Study of Diagnostic Accuracy between TrueNat and GeneXpert for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis |Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), primarily transmitted via airborne particles. The currently recommended methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) include molecular-based tests that can detect both TB and drug-resistant forms of the disease. Enhancing access to reliable and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for global TB control. Molbio Diagnostics has developed the TrueNat point-of-care molecular assays for detecting TB and rifampicin (RIF) resistance. Until 2020, the Xpert system was the only WHO-recommended option for rapid molecular detection of both TB and rifampin-resistant TB. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of GeneXpert with TrueNat, using the MGIT test as the gold standard.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study involved 350 patients with suspected pulmonary TB at the Intermediate Reference Laboratory in the Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, India. Sputum samples were collected in pre-sterilised tubes, transported at 2–8°C to the reference laboratory, and processed using the NALC-NaOH method, with aliquots allocated for microscopy, culture, TrueNat, and Xpert testing, while excess was stored at –80°C. The BACTEC-MGIT-960 test is used to detect the growth of M. tuberculosis in drug-containing and drug-free tubes. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis diagnosis were calculated for TrueNat and GeneXpert and compared to the MGIT results. Data analysis was performed using MedCalc Software Ltd., specifically the Odds Ratio Calculator (Version 23.1.6).

 

Results: Among the 350 patients, 296 (84.57%) tested positive for TB with GeneXpert, while 280 (80.00%) tested positive with TrueNat. For the GeneXpert assay in detecting pulmonary TB in sputum samples, the sensitivity was 98.66%, the specificity was 96.15%, the PPV was 99.32%, the NPV was 92.59%, and the accuracy was 98.29%. In comparison, the TrueNat technique had a sensitivity of 93.22%, specificity of 90.91%, PPV of 98.21%, NPV of 71.43%, and accuracy of 92.86%. The agreement between the TrueNat assay and the GeneXpert method, using the BACTEC-MGIT-960 method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary samples, was significant, with Kappa values of 0.76 (S.E.: 0.05) for TrueNat and 0.93 (S.E.: 0.03) for GeneXpert.

 

Conclusion: Overall, the GeneXpert assay demonstrated greater sensitivity than TrueNat in respiratory samples. It is advisable to interpret TrueNat negative results cautiously and to correlate them closely with the patient's clinical and treatment history.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Balasundaram Revathi Mani
Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary’s College, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Usharani Brammacharry
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Venkateswari Ramachandra
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Muthuraj Muthaiah
Department of Microbiology, State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6786

Spectral Analysis for Circadian Rhythms: A Perspective on Theory, History and Practice | Chapter 5 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 3

The present study highlights maximum entropy spectral analysis for circadian rhythms. These periodicities are studied in systems ranging from intracellular fluorescence to complex behaviors such as running wheel activity; data acquisition and format vary accordingly. There is an array of numerical techniques available to estimate the period of circadian and other biological rhythms. When selecting a method, one must consider factors such as resilience to stochastic noise, sensitivity to weak rhythms, resolution of numerous periodicities or signals embedded in noise, and accuracy in measuring periods. Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) has proven itself excellent in all regards. The MESA algorithm fits an autoregressive model to the data and extracts the spectrum from its coefficients. MESA has proven itself superior to standard Fourier analysis as it does not produce artifacts resulting from the various manipulations needed absent a model for the function. Both resolution and sidelobe suppression are also superior to standard Fourier analysis. Entropy in this context refers to "ignorance" of the data and since this is formally maximized, no unwarranted assumptions are made. Computationally, the coefficients are calculated efficiently by the solution of the Yule-Walker equations in an iterative algorithm. MESA is compared here to other common techniques. It is normal to remove high-frequency noise from time series using digital filters before analysis. The Butterworth filter is demonstrated here and a danger inherent in multiple filtering passes is discussed.

 

Author(s) Details

Harold B Dowse
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Biology and Ecology, 5751 Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v3/1586

Development and Evaluation of a Multiplex LAMP Assay for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Clinical Samples | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

It is crucial to rapidly and accurately diagnose tuberculosis (TB) to reduce morbidity, mortality, and the risk of transmission. A simple, cost-effective diagnostic test to rapidly detect M. tuberculosis in clinical samples is essential. We evaluated an in-house diagnostic test based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targeting the M. tuberculosis 16S rRNA gene. It was compared with the Genotype and phenotype assay for diagnosing TB in India. Out of 874 samples processed, the overall sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy were found to be 97.06% (with a confidence interval of 95.69-98.09%) and 97.03% (95.67-98.05%), respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy of the LAMP assay against the GenoType MTBDRplus and MGIT assay were 96.41% (94.61-97.73%) and 98.74% (96.36-99.74%), and 96.38% (94.61-97.69%) and 98.74% (96.38-99.74%), respectively. The kappa values were approximately 0.64 and 0.40 for the genotypic and phenotypic assays. Based on these findings, the LAMP assay could be a suitable point-of-care test for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in resource-limited laboratory settings.

 

Author (s) Details

P. Gunavathy
Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi College of Arts and Science, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, India.

 

B. Usharani
Department of Biomedical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

M. Anbazhagi
Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasarcode, Kerala, India.

 

R. Venkateswari
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

B. Revathi Mani
Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary’s College, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

M. Muthuraj
State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1768

Determining the Role of Nuchal Translucency for Detection of Chromosomal Aberration in Vietnam | Chapter 8 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3

In order to identify chromosomal abnormalities, the current study examines the sensitivity and specificity of various nuchal translucency criteria. The sensitivities of nuchal translucency alone as a screening test for chromosomal abnormality with various cut-offs in a Vietnamese population are being compared for the first time in this study. This is a long-term study of pregnant women who had first trimester screening and ultrasound at the national hospital for obstetrics and gynecology's diagnostic prenatal centre. In order to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, the threshold of 2.5 mm for enhanced foetal nuchal translucency showed a sensitivity-specificity average of 87.25 percent and an OR of 242.799(95 percent CI: 60.004-982.465). In terms of diagnosing Down syndrome, it had an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 86.85 percent. The average sensitivity-specificity ratio was 87.75 percent when used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities specific to gender. In the diagnosis of other chromosomal aneuploidies, it showed an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 85.95 percent. It exhibited an average sensitivity-specificity of 84.3 percent and an OR of 62.424 (95 percent CI: 15.583-768.096) for the diagnosis of structural chromosomal rearrangement. More than half of the chromosomally defective group among Vietnam's foetuses with enhanced nuchal translucency had abnormalities other than trisomy 21. (52.2 percent ). The cutoff criterion for diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities is 2.5 mm, with an average sensitivity and specificity of 87.25 percent.

Author(s) Details:

Long Hai Nguyen,

Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam.

Cuong Danh Tran,

Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Anh Toan Ngo,

National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V3/article/view/7386

Determination of Parameter Sensitivity Maps of Surface Nonlinear and Focussed Geoelectric Arrays | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 The study's goal is to provide parameter sensitivity maps for nonlinear and focused electrode arrays. To comprehend geoelectric arrays, you must first understand parameter sensitivity maps. These maps are displayed as anomalies caused by electric dipoles developing on opposing sides of an elementary cube beneath the subsurface at three distinct depths, and they indicate not only the dipole's entire influence, but also the effect of its components. In general, non-linear array parameter sensitivity maps feature (1) more equal sensitivity values in the x and y directions, (2) more opportunities for antisymmetry axis, and (3) a smoother lateral distribution of sensitivity values than linear array parameter sensitivity maps. We suggest employing parameter sensitivity maps in a systematic manner in geoelectric prospecting, both in terms of planning and analysing field findings.

Author(s) Details:

S. Szalai,
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, H-9401 Sopron POB 5, Hungary.

L. Szarka,
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, H-9401 Sopron POB 5, Hungary.

M. K. Baracza,
Research Institute of Applied Earth Sciences, University of Miskolc, Hungary.

P. Szucs,
University of Miskolc, Institute of Environmental Management, Hungary and  MTA-ME Geoengineering Research Group, Miskolc Hungary.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-4/article/view/7116

Determination of Parameter Sensitivity Maps of Surface Linear Geoelectric Arrays | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 This study shows parameter sensitivity maps of surface linear geoeletric arrays and how they might be used in practise. Geoelectric responses in the measurement plane (at the surface) caused by an elementary cube beneath the subsurface at three distinct depths are specified as metre sensitivity maps. Three component and total responses of electrical dipoles created on opposing cube surfaces are presented. These maps are provided for 14 distinct linear electrode arrays in this paper. An companion chapter on nonlinear and focused arrays follows this one. Parameter sensitivity maps are utilised to describe all known geoelectric arrays in these two chapters. With numerous examples, we illustrate how to apply them in the planning and interpretation of field measurements.

Author(s) Details:

S. Szalai,
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, H-9401 Sopron POB 5, Hungary.

L. Szarka,
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, H-9401 Sopron POB 5, Hungary.

M. K. Baracza,
Research Institute of Applied Earth Sciences, University of Miskolc, Hungary.

P. Szucs,
University of Miskolc, Institute of Environmental Management, Hungary and MTA-ME Geoengineering Research Group, Miskolc Hungary.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-4/article/view/7114

Determination of Bacteriological Profile of Nosocomial Infections in Visceral Surgery at CNHU-HKM, Republic of Benin | Chapter 12 |Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.4

 The goal of this study is to identify the bacteria that cause these suppurations, investigate their antibiotic resistance profiles, and assess the role of the nurses who care for these patients. The production and buildup of pus in the soft tissue of a wound is known as wound suppuration. In most cases, the normal inflammatory reaction subsides after three to five days, and the wound heals, causing pus to accumulate, slowing the healing process and potentially leading to significant repercussions. From May 15 to June 21, 2013, the research was carried out at the Menontin zone hospital. Fifty-one patients of all ages and genders with surgical and traumatic discharge wounds were sampled, as well as 30 hand samples from nurses' hands before and after dressing. 76 microorganisms were detected from the results, comprising 35 cocci and 41 bacilli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 29% of the microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus in 28%, Escherichia coli in 14%, and miscellaneous bacteria in 14%. 10 bacteria were identified from hand samples, including 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 Staphylococcus DNase-negative. 1 Staphylococcus aureus and 2 Klebsiella spp. The isolates were highly resistant to the antibiotics tested, particularly -lactamβ, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, and Colistin. Ciprofloxacin and Fosfomycin sensitivity is high in the majority of strains. It was determined that patients and nurses should be aware of the presence of these germs, take proper antibiotics, ideally after an antibiotic test, wash their hands often, and use sterile materials before and after any dressing.

Author(s) Details:

Aïkou Nicolas,
Department of Human Biology, National University of Sciences, Engineering and Mathematics, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Microbiology, Benin.

A. Ahoyo Theodora,
Abomey Calavi University, General Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene Abomey Calavi Politechnical School, Human Biology Engineering, Benin.

Degbe Sah Cyriaque,
Regional Institute of Public Health Ouidah, Benin.

Coulibaly Founzégué Amadou,
Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Cote-d’ivoire.


Sezan Alphonse,
FAST/UAC, Benin.


Edorh A. Patrick,
FAST/UAC, Benin.


R. A. Lapo,
Inter-State School of Science and Veterinary Medicine, Dakar, Senegal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V4/article/view/6267

Technology and Materials for Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance | Chapter 2 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 4

 This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and manufacturing technologies for sensitive elements for surface plasmon resonance sensors (SPR).

The statistical statistics presented in this research show that the number of publications in scientific journals devoted to the SPR sensor issue has been steadily increasing by the exponential law, reaching around 6,000 by the end of 2015. It indicates the relevance of further research targeted at developing and manufacturing novel analytical devices based on the SPR concept. The key directions for developing technology and construction of current SPR sensors to boost their sensitivity and measurement accuracy are discussed in the paper. It has been demonstrated that by reducing the roughness of the plasmon carrying layer and adding an extra dielectric layer with a developed surface, the sensitivity of the sensitive element (SE) and the researched substance may be improved more than twofold. Thermal annealing is the most common technological method for reducing surface roughness, with the best results achieved at a temperature of 120°C. The narrowing of the reflection characteristic R(, which may be achieved by decreasing the roughness of the metal layer due to changing the geometry of mutual arrangement of the substrate and evaporator, is a viable technical technique to improve measurement accuracy and sensitivity. The surface roughness of the SE metal layer is reduced by 2.5 times when the substrate is situated at a 45° angle between its normal and the direction to the evaporator and the SE metal layer is deposited multiply: from 2 to 0.8 nm. Metal oxides such as Al2 O3, TiO2, SiOx, and ZnO, as well as nitrides such as InN, are frequently used as an extra dielectric layer. The existence of this extra dielectric layer lowers the detection limit when measuring changes in the examined substance's refraction index down to 1x10–9, which corresponds to binding the complementary pair antigene–antibody with a concentration of antigene of 1 fg/mL. This detection limit is one order lower than that of commercially available SPR-based analytical equipment (for example, 3.10–8, which is typical for commercial Biacore T200). The application of multilayer graphene coatings and polymer layers created by polymerization in a high-frequency plasma of inert gas are discussed in this paper as prospective approaches for the development of sensorics based on SPR. Further development of SPR sensors, in our opinion, will focus on improving selectivity, wear resistance of the sensitive element surface, and receptor renewal mechanisms for multiple uses of the sensitive elements.

Based on a survey of the literature, we believe that developing SPR-sensors in the infrared range of the spectrum is promising for biological research and immunosensors.

Author(S) Details

Hanna Dorozinska
National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 37, Prosp. Peremohy, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine.

Glib Dorozinsky
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, 41, Nauki Ave., Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine.

Natalia Kachur
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, 41, Nauki Ave., Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine.

Volodymyr Maslov
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, 41, Nauki Ave., Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V4/article/view/4794

The Four Prominent Indicators of Diagnostic Testing: Consistency among their Values Reported in Saudi Medical Journals

 We present a novel way for validating any purported set of the four most important diagnostic testing markers (Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value) by noticing that they are three rather than four independent entities. This finding has been nearly unheard of in the medical literature. We created two consistency criteria: one tests consistency for any set of four numerical values claimed to be the four basic diagnostic indicators, and the other checks consistency for any set of four numerical values claimed to be the four fundamental diagnostic indications. The majority of the data we found in several Saudi medical publications matched our criteria for consistency, but there were a few clear and unexplainable errors. We apply our current findings to the broader challenge of detecting and dealing with faulty, falsified, or incorrect data. We remark that the field of study dealing with the detection of erroneous data is still in its infancy, and we hope that it will mature soon.

Author(S) Details

Hamzah Abdul Majid Serag
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4677

Study on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Breast Lump: A Comparative Approach | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 1.To compare the results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological study of biopsy in detecting breast cancer in suspicious breast lumps in an outpatient setting; 2.To investigate the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing various breast lumps; 3.To determine whether cancer patients can be managed solely based on FNAC diagnosis without histological study.

Methodology: This was a hospital-based retrospective study that used data from the Department of Pathology at Mysore Medical College in Mysore during August and September 2016.

The study lasted two months, and the sample size was 50 patients.

Results: FNAC had a sensitivity of 50%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 88.37 percent in this study. FNAC is very specific in this scenario, with a strong positive predictive value.

Conclusion: Benign breast neoplasms are more common than malignant breast neoplasms. The current investigation found a high specificity and maximum positive predictive value for FNAC correlation with histology. When compared to biopsy, FNAC has a lower sensitivity. However, in an outpatient context, FNAC can be utilised as a suggestive diagnostic (one stop) for breast cancer evaluation. The accuracy of the FNAC allows you to decide whether or not to proceed with surgery. In the vast majority of situations, it bridges the gap between clinical evaluation and ultimate surgical pathological diagnosis. It allows the doctor to make a diagnosis in a high percentage of cases with little time and money spent, and to avoid unneeded surgery in many circumstances.

Author (S) Details

K. B. Chetan
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

N. Sreenivas
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V6/article/view/2763

MyVisualField©Static Test the Visual Field Test Performed with a Smartphone and a Virtual Reality Visor: An Advance Study | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 15

 The goal of this research is to see if virtual reality can be used to build a perimetric test that can be used with a smartphone app while still keeping the important aspects of perimetry. Glaucoma is a type of optic neuropathy that causes the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as well as usual visual field deficits. It is now considered the greatest cause of permanent blindness in the world, affecting more than 60 million people. The MyVisualField (MVF) test mimics a static perimetry test by employing a fixed focal point and variable intensity light objects. Despite the limitations imposed by the system's lack of clinical certification, the specified goals – to use virtual reality to conduct a test that offers a graphic readout of sensitivity and the difference between diseased and normal – were met.

Author (s) Details

Daniela Paoli
Former Head of Glaucoma Center, Monfalcone Hospital Gorizia, Italy and National Glaucoma Patients Association (ANPIG), Italy.

Luca Chittaro
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Udine, Italy.

Paolo Brusini
Department of Ophthalmic, Clinic in Udine, Italy.

Lorenzo Michelin
National Glaucoma Patients Association (ANPIG), Italy and Healthcare Management and Economics, University of Bologna, Medical Direction Rizzoli Orthopedic Hospital, Italy.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V15/article/view/2465

A Prospective Study on Evaluation of Salivary Gland Tumors: An Approach to Clinical Radiology and Pathology | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Due to their overlapping appearances, salivary gland cancers are difficult to identify based purely on clinical presentation or cytological results. Inadequate cytology samples can make preoperative diagnosis difficult. The gold standard for diagnosing these malignancies is histopathology. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical, radiological, and cytological features of these tumours and compare them to histopathological diagnosis accuracy. Between 2007 and 2009, 52 patients with salivary gland swellings were enrolled in a prospective study. The study did not include those with inflammatory edoema. Data on demographics, clinical history, ultrasonography, cytology, and histopathology were gathered and analysed prior to surgery. The parotid gland was involved in the majority of cases (65.38 percent). The most frequent benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma, which accounted for 80.76 percent of all benign tumours. Malignant tumours made up 19.23% of the total. Malignant tumours such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were frequent. The most common clinical manifestation was local edoema, with no facial nerve involvement described. The hard palate was the most commonly afflicted minor salivary gland by benign tumours. Fine-needle aspiration cytology had the highest diagnosis accuracy of 96.15 percent, followed by clinical and other tests. 92.31 percent and 86.54 percent radiological diagnosis accuracy, respectively. A significant agreement was found between clinical and histological diagnosis (p=0.1336) and FNAC and histological diagnosis (p=0.4975) using McNemar's test. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a highly precise, sensitive, and specific screening method. Although minimally invasive, it is safe and reliable. Ultrasonography-guided cytology, in combination with clinical and radiographic data, could improve the accuracy of pre-operative diagnosis of salivary gland cancers.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Namita Mishra
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dr. Neeta Sharma
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V10/article/view/2263

A Study on the Contribution of Contact Interface Area on Sensitivity of PEDOT: PSS Films to Jasmine Aroma | Chapter 13 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 9

 This paper examines the contributions of various areas in a sensor, such as surface area, which is largely determined by the sensing material's properties, and metal to sensing film contact area, which is determined by the type of contact formed, either ohmic or rectifying depending on the sensing material's work function. In general, a sensor's sensitivity is proportional to its surface area. As the surface area grows, so does the sensitivity. However, the contact interface area of some sensors contributes more to sensitivity than the sensor's surface area. With a bigger contact interface, the depletion region around the interface expands, resulting in a larger change for the same input sample. Charge transport benefits from a broad interfacial area. When the contact interface area between the film and the copper electrode is raised while the sensing surface area remains the same, the sensitivity of PEDOT: PSS films improves. When the contact interface is expanded by roughly four times, the sensitivity improves by around two times. Operating the sensing films at various flat band frequency response areas reveals poor sensitivity at low frequencies (f5KHZ) due to the electric field effect at the contact interface, and low sensitivity at high frequencies (3MHz) due to complete bypass of contact interface capacitance. For greatest sensitivity, a frequency of 10KHz is found to be optimal. The overall absorbance spectra of the scent components examined using UV-photospectrometry are found to have a linear relationship with the sensor's response. The sensor developed will let jasmine growers precisely analyse the quality of jasmine aroma and set a fair price for the blooms, resulting in higher economic returns.

Author (S) Details

P. Rekha
Department of ECE, BNM Institute of Technology, India.

S. Bindu
Department of ECE, BNM Institute of Technology, India.

Subodh Kumar Panda
Department of ECE, BNM Institute of Technology, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V9/article/view/1985

Procalcitonin as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Sepsis: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Centre | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 Introduction: Despite advances in diagnostic methods, sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is still difficult to distinguish between sepsis and non-infectious disease conditions. The procalcitonin (PCT) test is useful for diagnosing sepsis, but the cut-off levels differ depending on the clinical situation. The goal of this study was to correlate serum PCT levels with cultures in order to determine the appropriate cut-off values for PCT with high sensitivity and specificity. Methodology: This prospective study included 305 patients from various hospital wards; the patients were divided into three groups: group I: controls (n = 46), group II: culture-negative sepsis (n = 76), and group III: sepsis (n = 76). PCT levels were significantly higher in groups II and III when compared to group I. The best PCT cut-off point in group II was 1.3 ng/ml, with 87.30 percent sensitivity and 78.26 percent specificity (area under curve 0.86). The best cut-off value in group III was 2.20 ng/ml, with 98.47 percent sensitivity and 89.13 percent specificity (AUC 0.96). Conclusion: Procalcitonin is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis because it can distinguish between culture-negative and culture-positive sepsis from non-infectious diseases.

Author (S) Details

Shefali Gupta
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Pradeep Jaswani
Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Raj K. Sharma
Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Suraksha Agrawal
Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Narayan Prasad
Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Chinmoy Sahu
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Amit Gupta
Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Kashi N. Prasad
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V3/article/view/1605

Review on the Actively-Controlled Colloidal Dampers and Investigations on a Colloidal Damper Rendered Controllable under the Variable Magnetic Field Generated by Moving Permanent Magnets| Chapter 10 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 7

 Following a study of the operating principle of a colloidal damper rendered controllable (CDRC), this Chapter presents a review of different types of controlling devices and their sensitivity. The controllability of a new form of colloidal absorber, rendered controllable under varying magnetic fields, is then experimentally tested. This absorber is made up of a water-based ferrofluid (FERROTEC MSG-W10) and a liquid-repellent nanoporous solid body made up of gamma alumina and/or silica gel particles. Permanent neodymium annular magnets are positioned either on the piston head (axial magnetic field) or on the exterior surface of the cylinder to control the dynamic properties (radial magnetic field). The quantity of the displaced liquid by the magnets through the damper's filter and through the nanoporous solid body was estimated after flow visualisations inside a transparent model damper were done. The fluctuation of the magnetic flux density at the magnet surface with the magnet's height and versus the target distance was measured experimentally. The appropriate magnet geometry was chosen based on this information. The trial colloidal damper's three-dimensional structural model, created with Solidworks, and the excitation test rig are then shown. Excitation studies on a ball-screw shaker revealed that the proposed absorber had greater damping capacities than a standard colloidal damper, as well as the ability to modify the damping coefficient depending on the excitation type.

Author(s) Details

Barenten Suciu
Department of Intelligent Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V7/article/view/1297

Review on the Actively-Controlled Colloidal Dampers and Investigations on a Colloidal Damper Rendered Controllable under the Variable Magnetic Field Generated by Moving Permanent Magnets| Chapter 10 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 7

 Following a study of the operating principle of a colloidal damper rendered controllable (CDRC), this Chapter presents a review of different types of controlling devices and their sensitivity. The controllability of a new form of colloidal absorber, rendered controllable under varying magnetic fields, is then experimentally tested. This absorber is made up of a water-based ferrofluid (FERROTEC MSG-W10) and a liquid-repellent nanoporous solid body made up of gamma alumina and/or silica gel particles. Permanent neodymium annular magnets are positioned either on the piston head (axial magnetic field) or on the exterior surface of the cylinder to control the dynamic properties (radial magnetic field). The quantity of the displaced liquid by the magnets through the damper's filter and through the nanoporous solid body was estimated after flow visualisations inside a transparent model damper were done. The fluctuation of the magnetic flux density at the magnet surface with the magnet's height and versus the target distance was measured experimentally. The appropriate magnet geometry was chosen based on this information. The trial colloidal damper's three-dimensional structural model, created with Solidworks, and the excitation test rig are then shown. Excitation studies on a ball-screw shaker revealed that the proposed absorber had greater damping capacities than a standard colloidal damper, as well as the ability to modify the damping coefficient depending on the excitation type.

Author(s) Details

Barenten Suciu
Department of Intelligent Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V7/article/view/1297

A Detailed Uncertainty Analysis of the Displacement Sensors with Three-point Method | Chapter 1 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 9

 We investigated an autonomous zero-difference calibration method in the three-point method using three displacement sensors for measuring surface straightness (i.e. the difference between zero values of each sensor probe, which introduces a significant error to the measurement values). The following is a description of the calibration procedure. (1) For calibration of the zero-difference between the three sensors, a simple disc gauge made by a CNC turning unit, etc. is used. (2) the gauge for the disc rotates a few times and travels parallel to three built-in displacement sensors in a holder. (3) At each predetermined movement of the sensors, the geometrical parameters between the sensors and the disc gauge are simultaneously acquired, and the zero-differences are calculated by our established algorithm. The three-point approach is used in this paper to suggest a detailed uncertainty study of the displacement sensors of a surface straightness measurement device using a simple mathematical method. The linearity, sensitivity, zero-value, and repeatability of the sensor measurements are considered the key uncertainty components. The coefficient elements of the uncertainty, in particular. The impact of components arising from the systematic effect, which cannot be reduced to zero even if both the sampling number for calibrating the device and that for measuring the shape of an object surface are rendered infinitely high, on measurement uncertainty is investigated. With some numerical simulations, the derivation and analysis of the equation that describes the extended uncertainty U of the measured form considering the above uncertainty components are studied in detail.

Author (s) Details
 
Ikumatsu Fujimoto
Okuwa Technical Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan

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Investigation on the Usefulness of Serum Sorbito land Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Predicting Diabetic Retinopathy as Compared to Optical Coherence Tomography | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.5

 

This study was conducted to investigate the validity of serum sorbitol and Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) in diagnosing DR and differentiating it from diabetes without retinopathy
(DNR). A cross-sectional study included 164 diabetes mellitus patients: 30 patients with no
retinopathy (the control group), 86 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 48
patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). Patients were referred to the Layla Qasim
Diabetic Center between November 2016 and October 2017 and an ophthalmologist established a DR diagnosis using OCT. Serum sorbitol and serum VEGF-A were measured for all patients. By using
study biomarkers, the cut-off values of VEGF-A (124.7 ng/ml) and sorbitol (0.3112 mg/ml) were
established, and their validity parameters. For VEGF-A, the specificity was 73.1 the sensitivity was 80
and 76.2% of the observed agreement. The combined parallel test was applied as negative if both the
tests were negative or as positive if either of the tests was positive: a highly significant statistical
agreement (Kappa test p<0.001) was found with the gold standard diagnosis (OCT), with 85.4% of
observed agreement. A combination of serum sorbitol and VEGF-A for diagnosing DR and for
differentiating DR from DNR patients exhibits a significant agreement with an OCT diagnosis.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sanaa Gadbaan Hama Almandlawi
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

Muhanad Salah Mawlood
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

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