A Prospective Comparative Study of Diagnostic Accuracy between TrueNat and GeneXpert for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis |Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), primarily transmitted via airborne particles. The currently recommended methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) include molecular-based tests that can detect both TB and drug-resistant forms of the disease. Enhancing access to reliable and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for global TB control. Molbio Diagnostics has developed the TrueNat point-of-care molecular assays for detecting TB and rifampicin (RIF) resistance. Until 2020, the Xpert system was the only WHO-recommended option for rapid molecular detection of both TB and rifampin-resistant TB. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of GeneXpert with TrueNat, using the MGIT test as the gold standard.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study involved 350 patients with suspected pulmonary TB at the Intermediate Reference Laboratory in the Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, India. Sputum samples were collected in pre-sterilised tubes, transported at 2–8°C to the reference laboratory, and processed using the NALC-NaOH method, with aliquots allocated for microscopy, culture, TrueNat, and Xpert testing, while excess was stored at –80°C. The BACTEC-MGIT-960 test is used to detect the growth of M. tuberculosis in drug-containing and drug-free tubes. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis diagnosis were calculated for TrueNat and GeneXpert and compared to the MGIT results. Data analysis was performed using MedCalc Software Ltd., specifically the Odds Ratio Calculator (Version 23.1.6).

 

Results: Among the 350 patients, 296 (84.57%) tested positive for TB with GeneXpert, while 280 (80.00%) tested positive with TrueNat. For the GeneXpert assay in detecting pulmonary TB in sputum samples, the sensitivity was 98.66%, the specificity was 96.15%, the PPV was 99.32%, the NPV was 92.59%, and the accuracy was 98.29%. In comparison, the TrueNat technique had a sensitivity of 93.22%, specificity of 90.91%, PPV of 98.21%, NPV of 71.43%, and accuracy of 92.86%. The agreement between the TrueNat assay and the GeneXpert method, using the BACTEC-MGIT-960 method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary samples, was significant, with Kappa values of 0.76 (S.E.: 0.05) for TrueNat and 0.93 (S.E.: 0.03) for GeneXpert.

 

Conclusion: Overall, the GeneXpert assay demonstrated greater sensitivity than TrueNat in respiratory samples. It is advisable to interpret TrueNat negative results cautiously and to correlate them closely with the patient's clinical and treatment history.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Balasundaram Revathi Mani
Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary’s College, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Usharani Brammacharry
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Venkateswari Ramachandra
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Muthuraj Muthaiah
Department of Microbiology, State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Intermediate Reference Laboratory, Government Hospital for Chest Diseases, Puducherry, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6786

A Sustainable Fluorescent SCDs-MPs Probe for Dopamine Insight Recognition in Human Fluids with Cytotoxicity Evaluation | Chapter 5 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 4

This research presents a novel sensing platform for detecting dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter, in biological fluids. The platform combines a signal-transducing element with a selective recognition component to achieve highly sensitive and specific dopamine detection. The sensing mechanism relies on the interaction between the target analyte (Dopamine) and the platform, resulting in a detectable change in signal. The developed sensor demonstrates a low detection limit and excellent recovery in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, biocompatibility assessments confirm the platform's suitability for potential biological applications. This approach offers a promising tool for diagnosing neurological disorders and advancing our understanding of dopamine-related processes. 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Komal Murugan
Centre for Sustainable Materials and Surface Metamorphosis, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

 

Abirami Natarajan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603 203, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v4/4520

Developing an Analytical Method and Validation for Estimation of Residual Solvents in Gliclazide Using Gas Chromatography| Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The current work discusses developing a novel method for estimating residual solvents in gliclazide using gas chromatography and determining its consistency, reliability, and reproducibility through validation. A Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, column DB-624 (60 m x 0.32 mm x 1.8 µm) with Nitrogen as carrier gas was used and the column temperature was 40°C (hold for 15 mins) and increased to 240°C at 20°C per min. According to the protocol, the solutions were made using N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) diluent and suitably administered in the order specified. System appropriateness, Specificity, Linearity and Range, Accuracy, Precision, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation, Ruggedness and Robustness were the validation parameters examined. Each validation parameter's test data has been compiled and documented. It was discovered that each parameter's results were combined with the specified acceptance criteria. As a result, the established method was regarded as reproducible, reliable, and consistent. The analysis method was determined to be dependable, consistent, and reproducible. It conforms with all parameters examined.

Author(s) Details:

Burhanuddin Madriwala,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru - 560054, Karnataka, India.

Judy Jays,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru - 560054, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V9/article/view/8673

Determining the Role of Nuchal Translucency for Detection of Chromosomal Aberration in Vietnam | Chapter 8 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3

In order to identify chromosomal abnormalities, the current study examines the sensitivity and specificity of various nuchal translucency criteria. The sensitivities of nuchal translucency alone as a screening test for chromosomal abnormality with various cut-offs in a Vietnamese population are being compared for the first time in this study. This is a long-term study of pregnant women who had first trimester screening and ultrasound at the national hospital for obstetrics and gynecology's diagnostic prenatal centre. In order to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, the threshold of 2.5 mm for enhanced foetal nuchal translucency showed a sensitivity-specificity average of 87.25 percent and an OR of 242.799(95 percent CI: 60.004-982.465). In terms of diagnosing Down syndrome, it had an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 86.85 percent. The average sensitivity-specificity ratio was 87.75 percent when used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities specific to gender. In the diagnosis of other chromosomal aneuploidies, it showed an average sensitivity-specificity ratio of 85.95 percent. It exhibited an average sensitivity-specificity of 84.3 percent and an OR of 62.424 (95 percent CI: 15.583-768.096) for the diagnosis of structural chromosomal rearrangement. More than half of the chromosomally defective group among Vietnam's foetuses with enhanced nuchal translucency had abnormalities other than trisomy 21. (52.2 percent ). The cutoff criterion for diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities is 2.5 mm, with an average sensitivity and specificity of 87.25 percent.

Author(s) Details:

Long Hai Nguyen,

Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam.

Cuong Danh Tran,

Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Anh Toan Ngo,

National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V3/article/view/7386

The Four Prominent Indicators of Diagnostic Testing: Consistency among their Values Reported in Saudi Medical Journals

 We present a novel way for validating any purported set of the four most important diagnostic testing markers (Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value) by noticing that they are three rather than four independent entities. This finding has been nearly unheard of in the medical literature. We created two consistency criteria: one tests consistency for any set of four numerical values claimed to be the four basic diagnostic indicators, and the other checks consistency for any set of four numerical values claimed to be the four fundamental diagnostic indications. The majority of the data we found in several Saudi medical publications matched our criteria for consistency, but there were a few clear and unexplainable errors. We apply our current findings to the broader challenge of detecting and dealing with faulty, falsified, or incorrect data. We remark that the field of study dealing with the detection of erroneous data is still in its infancy, and we hope that it will mature soon.

Author(S) Details

Hamzah Abdul Majid Serag
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4677

Study on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Breast Lump: A Comparative Approach | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 1.To compare the results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological study of biopsy in detecting breast cancer in suspicious breast lumps in an outpatient setting; 2.To investigate the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing various breast lumps; 3.To determine whether cancer patients can be managed solely based on FNAC diagnosis without histological study.

Methodology: This was a hospital-based retrospective study that used data from the Department of Pathology at Mysore Medical College in Mysore during August and September 2016.

The study lasted two months, and the sample size was 50 patients.

Results: FNAC had a sensitivity of 50%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 88.37 percent in this study. FNAC is very specific in this scenario, with a strong positive predictive value.

Conclusion: Benign breast neoplasms are more common than malignant breast neoplasms. The current investigation found a high specificity and maximum positive predictive value for FNAC correlation with histology. When compared to biopsy, FNAC has a lower sensitivity. However, in an outpatient context, FNAC can be utilised as a suggestive diagnostic (one stop) for breast cancer evaluation. The accuracy of the FNAC allows you to decide whether or not to proceed with surgery. In the vast majority of situations, it bridges the gap between clinical evaluation and ultimate surgical pathological diagnosis. It allows the doctor to make a diagnosis in a high percentage of cases with little time and money spent, and to avoid unneeded surgery in many circumstances.

Author (S) Details

K. B. Chetan
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

N. Sreenivas
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V6/article/view/2763

A Prospective Study on Evaluation of Salivary Gland Tumors: An Approach to Clinical Radiology and Pathology | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Due to their overlapping appearances, salivary gland cancers are difficult to identify based purely on clinical presentation or cytological results. Inadequate cytology samples can make preoperative diagnosis difficult. The gold standard for diagnosing these malignancies is histopathology. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical, radiological, and cytological features of these tumours and compare them to histopathological diagnosis accuracy. Between 2007 and 2009, 52 patients with salivary gland swellings were enrolled in a prospective study. The study did not include those with inflammatory edoema. Data on demographics, clinical history, ultrasonography, cytology, and histopathology were gathered and analysed prior to surgery. The parotid gland was involved in the majority of cases (65.38 percent). The most frequent benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma, which accounted for 80.76 percent of all benign tumours. Malignant tumours made up 19.23% of the total. Malignant tumours such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were frequent. The most common clinical manifestation was local edoema, with no facial nerve involvement described. The hard palate was the most commonly afflicted minor salivary gland by benign tumours. Fine-needle aspiration cytology had the highest diagnosis accuracy of 96.15 percent, followed by clinical and other tests. 92.31 percent and 86.54 percent radiological diagnosis accuracy, respectively. A significant agreement was found between clinical and histological diagnosis (p=0.1336) and FNAC and histological diagnosis (p=0.4975) using McNemar's test. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a highly precise, sensitive, and specific screening method. Although minimally invasive, it is safe and reliable. Ultrasonography-guided cytology, in combination with clinical and radiographic data, could improve the accuracy of pre-operative diagnosis of salivary gland cancers.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Namita Mishra
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dr. Neeta Sharma
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V10/article/view/2263

Enzyme and Lectin Relationships in Cell Biology (Not Only Microbiology But Also Mammals and Plants) | Chapter 12 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 Inter- and intramolecular relationships and directions in co-functioning lectins and enzymes are identified and ordered. The regularities of these relationships are highlighted and used as additional parameters for lectins and lectinic enzymes that are “true.” The findings point to the significance and potential of lectin-enzyme/ enzyme-lectin relationships in molecular and clinical cell biology, microbiology, medical biotechnology, and industry (enzyme-biotics as lectins, lectin-biotics as enzymes, lectin-enzyme complexes and assemblies with controlled specificities). Relationships between lectins and enzymes provide a larger platform/base for further research and development of advanced multi-functional agents that influence an organism's interactome and support medical and biotech developments.

Author (s) Details

Vladimir Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Mikhail Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Valeriy Davydkin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Vladimir Alyoshkin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V5/article/view/875

Investigation on the Usefulness of Serum Sorbito land Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Predicting Diabetic Retinopathy as Compared to Optical Coherence Tomography | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.5

 

This study was conducted to investigate the validity of serum sorbitol and Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) in diagnosing DR and differentiating it from diabetes without retinopathy
(DNR). A cross-sectional study included 164 diabetes mellitus patients: 30 patients with no
retinopathy (the control group), 86 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 48
patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). Patients were referred to the Layla Qasim
Diabetic Center between November 2016 and October 2017 and an ophthalmologist established a DR diagnosis using OCT. Serum sorbitol and serum VEGF-A were measured for all patients. By using
study biomarkers, the cut-off values of VEGF-A (124.7 ng/ml) and sorbitol (0.3112 mg/ml) were
established, and their validity parameters. For VEGF-A, the specificity was 73.1 the sensitivity was 80
and 76.2% of the observed agreement. The combined parallel test was applied as negative if both the
tests were negative or as positive if either of the tests was positive: a highly significant statistical
agreement (Kappa test p<0.001) was found with the gold standard diagnosis (OCT), with 85.4% of
observed agreement. A combination of serum sorbitol and VEGF-A for diagnosing DR and for
differentiating DR from DNR patients exhibits a significant agreement with an OCT diagnosis.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sanaa Gadbaan Hama Almandlawi
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

Muhanad Salah Mawlood
Department of Clinical Analysis, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Region Government, Erbil, Iraq.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/270