A Sustainable Fluorescent SCDs-MPs Probe for Dopamine Insight Recognition in Human Fluids with Cytotoxicity Evaluation | Chapter 5 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 4

This research presents a novel sensing platform for detecting dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter, in biological fluids. The platform combines a signal-transducing element with a selective recognition component to achieve highly sensitive and specific dopamine detection. The sensing mechanism relies on the interaction between the target analyte (Dopamine) and the platform, resulting in a detectable change in signal. The developed sensor demonstrates a low detection limit and excellent recovery in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, biocompatibility assessments confirm the platform's suitability for potential biological applications. This approach offers a promising tool for diagnosing neurological disorders and advancing our understanding of dopamine-related processes. 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Komal Murugan
Centre for Sustainable Materials and Surface Metamorphosis, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

 

Abirami Natarajan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603 203, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v4/4520

Recent Advances in the Prodrug Approach to Parkinson's Disease Therapy | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 3

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses aggressively and depletes the central nervous system of dopamine (DA). Dopamine replacement therapy has several issues, such as poor blood-brain barrier penetration and a progressive decline in treatment responsiveness. The primary components of this treatment are the initial prodrug L-dopa (LD) and actual dopamine. This chapter discusses prodrugs produced and generated chemically, such as amide, dimeric amide, carrier-mediated, peptide transport-mediated, cyclic, and enzyme-model prodrugs. The bioavailability of these kinds of prodrugs in animals was studied. A promising ester prodrug has been invented for intranasal delivery. LD methyl ester is currently in phase III clinical studies. Many amide prodrugs have been developed with better stability than ester prodrugs. Amide and dimeric amide prodrugs offer enhanced pharmacokinetics and greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Linking LD to carbohydrates is one approach that draws advantages from the brain's glucose transport mechanisms. While there isn't a DA prodrug on the market at present, prodrugs seem to have a bright future in Parkinson's disease treatment. Prodrugs that contain LD ester, for instance, demonstrate promises in the intranasal delivery of LD, facilitating the absorption of therapeutic agents by the brain. Most DA prodrugs delivered by amide, cyclic, peptidyl, or chemical routes demonstrated better pharmacokinetic properties.

 

Author (s) Details

Donia Karaman
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Fatma Haddad
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Maryam Sawalha

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Yahya Khawaja

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Anas Najjar
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Rafik Karaman

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v3/1157

Neuromediators Implicated in Orthodontic Treatment: A Review | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

Millions of people around the world undergo orthodontic treatment to treat craniofacial disorders, correct their bites, and ultimately achieve a beautiful smile. However, orthodontic treatment has many significant challenges that require a better understanding of the molecular-biochemical mechanisms involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic treatment is a multifactorial process, occurring with the participation of many signaling molecules and the involvement of different metabolic pathways. Orthodontic treatment is the finely regulated, continuous process of bone remodeling, which occurs through the highly coordinated interaction of different types of bone cells: osteoblasts, which participate in bone formation, and osteoclasts, which destroy bone. The true picture of the processes mentioned remains to be investigated, but more and more information suggests the possible role of individual neurochemical players in the above-mentioned processes.

 

This review aims to summarize the available data regarding the various neurochemical regulators and receptor systems involved in orthodontic treatment processes.

Author(s) Details:

Eleonora R. Ghazaryan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Gayane S. Vardanyan,
Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Michail I. Aghajanov,
Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Hrant Y. Ter-Poghosyan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Mikayel S. Nalbandyan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V3/article/view/13709

Use of Over-oxidized Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole for the Sensitive Detection of Dopamine in Human Serum | Chapter 2 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 6

Low concentrations of dopamine in the central nervous system cause several neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. A simple electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection, based on molecularly imprinted and electropolymerized over-oxidized polypyrrole (OPPy) is designed. It is based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of the template molecule, dopamine (DA). The square wave voltammetry (SWV) is used for the detection of dopamine in a buffer solution. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is formed in the presence of a target molecule and, after extraction, a complementary cavity is formed, with a chemical affinity for the target molecule which favors its adsorption. The current peak obtained at the MIP electrode was proportional to the logarithm of the DA concentration in the range of 10-11 to 5x10-8 M and a detection limit of 10-11 M is obtained. The proposed sensor was used for the detection of DA in spiked blood serum, satisfactory results were obtained, showing the possible application of this dopamine sensor in biological fluids. MIP-OPPy has demonstrated high sensitivity compared to published dopamine electrochemical sensors based on polypyrole. This sensor can be easily manufactured at low cost and can be applied for the determination of dopamine in human serum.

Author(s) Details:

Sarra Slimi,
Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.

Chama Mabrouk,
Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.

Houcine Barhoumi,
Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Interfaces, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.

Nicole Jaffrezic,
Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V6/article/view/13248

Idiopathic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia | Chapter 2 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

Idiopathic various ventricular tachycardia (IPVT) is a life-threatening arrhythmia sparked by short-coupled premature ventricular shortenings (PVC) and is a rare cause of unexplained death in patients with structurally common hearts. It is a diagnosis of exclusion place ischemia and other fundamental heart diseases, apart from channelopathies should be ruled out. Although an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is marked to prevent unexplained death, many patients require secondary antiarrhythmic drugs or ablation of PVCs initiating IPVT/VF.

Author(s) Details:

Hussein Rabah,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Georges Khattar,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Ali Rabah,
Beirut Cardiac Institute, Division of Electrophysiology, Beirut, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V2/article/view/11798

Noradrenaline-immunoreactive Neurons in Cat Dorsal Vagal Complex, Following Administration of Pargyline, Parachlorophenylalanine or Colchicine | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Using immunohistochemistry for NA, dopamine—hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine (DA), and tyrosine hydroxylase, the location and chemical nature of neurons immunoreactive to noradrenaline (NA) in the cat dorsal vagal complex (DVC) were investigated under various situations. In non-treated animals, the location of NA-immunoreactive (-ir) and DBH-ir neurons was largely overlapping. They were predominantly discovered in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), with a few in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The bulk of NA-ir / DBH-ir neurons were found in the commissural and ventral subnuclei of NTS. In the area postrema, a limited number of weakly stained NA-ir cell bodies coexisted with numerous brightly marked DBH-ir cell bodies. The injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), increased NA immunoreactivity and the quantity of DVC cells and axons. After treatment with MAOI + parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of tryptophan and phenylalanine hydroxylases, both DA and NA immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in a large number of axons, while NA immunoreactivity in DVC cell bodies remained visible. NA immunoreactivity was enhanced solely in cell bodies in the areas specified above, where NA and DBH immunoreactivity was weak or undetectable. The physiological repercussions were examined using prior reports as a reference.

Author(S) Details

Kunio Kitahama
Sleep Disorders Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8585, Japan.

Keiko Ikemoto
Department of Psychiatry, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Fukushima, 973-8555, Japan.

Michael Geffard
Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, UMR5123 CNRS/UCBL Lyon1. Bat Raphaël Dubois, Campus La Doua, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.

Yves Tillet
Laboratoire PIOM-EPHE, CNRS-UMR5501, Université Bordeaux I, France.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V9/article/view/4588

An Autopsy Case of Disorganized Type of Schizophrenia: Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area | Chapter 18 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 The pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been linked to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, we show DA-containing neuronal structures in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of an autopsy case of disorganised form of schizophrenia (75-year-old female). To investigate a wide range of architectures of TH-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons, researchers used a free floating approach with 50-m cryostat sections and the three-dimensional imaging analyzer AvioVision. When compared to a control postmortem case with no obvious neurological or mental illnesses, TH-ir neuronal cell bodies in the present instance varied in shape and size, and TH-ir neuronal processes had variable thickness, straightened shape, or curved shape with numerous corners (64 year-old male). In the VTA of drug-naive schizophrenia, the mean volume of nerve cells is reduced. The mechanisms driving the morphological properties of DA neurons in schizophrenia brains should be investigated further, both epigenetically and genetically.

Author(S) Details

Keiko Ikemoto
Department of Psychiatry, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan.

Tatsuro Oda
Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.

Akiyoshi Nishimura
Department of Forensic Medicine, Health Bioscience Institute, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.

Katsuji Nishi
Department of Legal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4660

Two Clinical Cases with Paranoid-hallucinatory State: Explained by “D-cell Hypothesis” of Mental Illnesses | Chapter 14 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 The "D-cell hypothesis," which was derived from post-mortem brain studies on schizophrenia patients, demonstrates the biochemical and cellular aetiology of the paranoid-hallucinatory state. Two psychotic examples are shown to support the "D-cell hypothesis" in describing the pathophysiology of stress-induced paranoid-hallucinatory state due to NSC suppression.

Author(S) Details

Keiko Ikemoto
Department of Psychiatry, Iwaki City Medical Center 16, Kusehara, Mimaya-machi, Uchigo, Iwaki-city, 973-8555, Japan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4656

Study on Trace Amine-associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Ligand Neuron, D-neuron | Chapter 20 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 SEP-363856, a novel non-D2-receptor-binding medication, was found to be effective in a recent psychopharmacological research for the treatment of schizophrenia. The chemical is a full agonist for the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) as well as a partial agonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamin 1A (5-HT 1A) receptor. The TAAR1 ligand neuron, D-neuron, was discovered in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (Acc), a neuroleptic active location, in the human brain, but not in the monkey brain's analogous area. A total of 154 post-mortem brains were used to research human D-neuron functions, and a modified immunohistochemistry approach using high-quality antibodies against monoamine-related chemicals was used. In post-mortem brains with schizophrenia, the number of D-neuron in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and Acc was reduced. In Acc., the drop was statistically significant (p0.05). I suggested the "D-cell hypothesis of schizophrenia," which states that NSC dysfunction-based D-neuron decrease represents the cellular and molecular foundation of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) hyperactivity, progressive pathogenesis, and the therapeutic potential of TAAR1.

Author(S) Details

Keiko Ikemoto
Department of Psychiatry, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V4/article/view/4185

Biochemical and Molecular Pathogenetic Mechanisms behind Causation of Parkinson’s Disease | Chapter 16 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.4

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 1 million persons in the United States. It is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance and postural instability. Its pathological features include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta coupled with intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies can also be found in locus ceruleus, nucleus basalis, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cranial nerve motor nuclei, and central & peripheral components of autonomic nervous system. The appearance of Lewy-body-like inclusions in nigrostriatal terminals might be followed by retrograde degeneration, further accumulation of aggregated proteins in nigral cell bodies and, finally, reactive gliosis and cell death. In familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, linked to mutations in α-synuclein, it is proposed that a loss of normal function of this protein, as well as a toxic effect of altered forms of the mutant protein, promote the accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This would result in oxidative stress, leading to the onset of neurodegenerative changes mentioned above. Finally, we review evidence for a role of α-synuclein in synaptic vesicle recycling& suggest that impaired function of this protein might lead to accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This could be the final deleterious event that triggers the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition to prevailing pharmacologic therapies and surgical procedures,Yoga can be one of the most beneficial complementary therapies for PD patients, which canact at molecular level to reduce oxidative stress, improve neuro-cognition, boost their mood, enhance sensory-motor performance, increase dopamine & serotonin secretion and reduce cortisol secretion, thereby collectively enhancing quality of life of PD patients & their care-takers.

Author (s) Details

 C. S. Nagalakshmi
Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, T Begur, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka, India.

N. U. Santhosh
Consultant Neurosurgoen, Aster CMI Hospital, Sahakaranagar, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212