Technology Assisted Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Quality Assurance Study in a Community Setting | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

Background: Physical inactivity is a significant health risk, particularly in the growing population of elders with chronic neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

 

Purpose: The primary purpose of the study was to determine if individuals with mild to moderate PD could safely achieve intense levels of exercise using novel rehabilitation technology (AlterGR, GlideTrakTM or the NuStepTMT5XR/Vasper) without exacerbating pain or PD signs and symptoms

 

Methodology: Two quality assurance studies, QA I and II, were carried out in a Health and Wellness Centre with individuals >60 years of age, of any gender, with mild to moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III). Participants in QA1 were randomly assigned to daily, intense training (5 days, 40 minutes per session, 200 minutes) on the AlterGR or the GlideTrakTM, with a crossover after 3 months. In QA II, participants trained for 5 weeks, 2x/week, 20 minutes/session, 5 weeks (200minutes) on the NuStepTMT5XR/ Vasper. Mobility and balance measurements were made pre- and immediately post study:10-meter walk, Six-minute Walk, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Five Times Sit to Stand (5XSST). Nonparametric Wilcoxon Tests were applied to test gain scores for statistical significance. At the end of the study, participants self-reported signs, symptoms, training challenges and technology preferences.

 

Results: In QA I, 11 participants safely completed all 5 sessions of body unweighted aerobic training on the AlterG R and the GlideTrakTM without adverse effects. Nine participants achieved a target heart rate of 60-80% of age-relevant maximum, and 2 achieved >3 /10 exertion. In QA II, 9 participants safely completed the training sessions on the NuStepTMT5XR /Vasper without adverse events. Seven participants achieved the target heart rate of 60-80% of age-relevant maximum with 2 achieving >3/10 exertion level. Participants training on the Alter GR or the NuStepTMT5XR /Vasper made significant gains in gait speed, endurance and balance, performing at normative values. Post AlterGR training, the participants net the minimal clinically important differences (MICD) in gait speed and endurance (0.22 m/sec and 82,2 meters). In QA II, the participants met all MCIDs for gain scores in gait speed (0.28m/sec), distance walked in 6 minutes (30.8 m) and balance (-4.1 sec TUG and – 2.9 sec 5XSST). Post study, participants self-reported mild to moderate discomfort (0.5-1.6 on a scale of 0-10), but improved energy and resilience.

 

Conclusion: Novel rehabilitative technology allowed participants with mild to moderate PD to exercise aerobically and improve performance without exacerbating pain or PD signs and symptoms. Participants expressed selective preferences, but recommended technology-assisted equipment to be incorporated into community fitness centres to enable patients with neurodegenerative disease to exercise safely and intensively to maintain health and wellness.

 

Author(s) Details

Nancy Byl
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6546

Therapeutic Effects of Intravenous NAD+ on Parkinson’s Disease Tremors: A Detailed Case Report | Chapter 5| Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 10

 

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Lewy body formation and dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra. With the number of diagnosed cases nearly doubling globally between the years 1990 and 2015, the importance of finding effective therapeutic approaches in disease treatment and prevention is paramount. Current pharmacological dopamine agonists and dopamine replacement therapy for PD treatment have shown adverse effects including hallucinations, cardiovascular complications, psychosis, and further dyskinesia. The co-factor Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) serves a vital role in cell functionality and dopaminergic neuronal replenishment, where NAD+ depletion has been associated with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Additionally, in a previous case study in a PD patient, an intravenous (IV) NAD+ administration protocol showed a rapid and sustained alleviation of PD-related symptoms, providing a rationale for further investigating the positive effects of IV NAD+ through quantifiable measurements on tremors and cognitive function associated with PD. The present case study sought to quantitatively measure and further elaborate on similar symptom alleviation effects found in another PD patient by directly measuring PD symptoms and corresponding symptom changes over a 6-day treatment course of intravenously delivered NAD+.

 

Methods: A 59-year-old male was diagnosed with PD four years prior to entering an outpatient clinic for treatment, reporting to have used PD medications with no alleviation of symptoms. The patient reported the following PD symptoms: gait rigidity (impairment in the ability to walk fluidly), bilateral hand tremors with a more pronounced tremor in the left hand, impaired movement of fingers and hands, difficulty typing, and difficulty opening and closing a fist. The patient received a specific protocol of NAD+ (called BR+NAD) for a total of six days, with two days of 1,500 mg IV NAD+, followed by four days of 500-750 mg IV NAD+. Tremors were recorded in the client’s dominant right and left hands using an accelerometer and gyroscope. Researchers recorded periodic measurements (Hz) beginning on Day 2 through the end of Day 5 with 13 total measurements, on three axes; vertical, horizontal, and anterior-posterior. Following Day 6, the client received sublingual NAD+ tablets (300 mg, twice per day X 14 days) after finishing IV treatment.

 

Results: Vertical axis tremors decreased by 75.9%, horizontal axis tremors decreased by 83.0%, and anterior-posterior axis tremors decreased by 9.1%. The mean tremor on Day 2 was 44.5Hz, while on Day 6 was 20.6Hz, resulting in a decline of 54.7% over the 4-day span. Patient self-report of tremors continued to decline two weeks post-BR+NAD (average 12Hz) with maintenance sublingual supplementation, and application of a relaxation technique.

 

Conclusion: These data show the effectiveness and endurance of the initial IV BR+NAD followed by sublingual tablets (300 mg, twice per day) in maintaining the decline and alleviation of PD symptoms. Additionally, these results substantiate previous research and case study findings, while establishing a protocol for empirically measuring PD symptom changes of IV NAD+.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rutherford, L.

Springfield Wellness Center, Springfield, Louisiana, USA.

Gadol, E.

NAD Research, Inc., Springfield, Louisiana, USA.

Broom, S. L.NAD Research, Inc., Springfield, Louisiana, USA and School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, William Carey University, 710 William Carey Parkway, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, Mississippi, USA.

Olds, T.

Springfield Wellness Center, Springfield, Louisiana, USA and NAD Research, Inc., Springfield, Louisiana, USA.

Mestayer, R. F.

Springfield Wellness Center, Springfield, Louisiana, USA and NAD Research, Inc., Springfield, Louisiana, USA.

Mestayer, P.

Springfield Wellness Center, Springfield, Louisiana, USA and NAD Research, Inc., Springfield, Louisiana, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v10/1050

Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Plant Extracts (Ginkgo biloba, Curcuma longa, and Withania somnifera) in Parkinson’s Disease Models: A Meta-Analysis | Chapter 10 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological illness that deteriorates over a period and usually impairs movement. Natural plant extracts have gained increasing interest in recent times because of their potential to provide neuroprotection. This study performs a meta-analysis of the neuroprotective advantages supplied by natural plant extracts, putting considerable focus on Ginkgo biloba, Curcuma longa, and Withania somnifera, as tested in diverse PD models. A systematic literature exploration was undertaken through electronic databases, together with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, for the period from January 2000 to August 2024. The principal ways in which these substances function have been identified as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and the modulation of neurotransmitter levels. Curcuma longa and Ginkgo biloba each showed remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and Curcuma longa, in particular, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation via curcumin-mediated neuroprotection. The management of mitochondrial function and the balance of neurotransmitters has indicated neuroprotective features associated with Withania somnifera. Dopaminergic neuron loss is a key feature of Parkinson’s disease, and protecting these neurons or boosting dopamine synthesis is critical for neuroprotection. Several included studies found that Ginkgo biloba enhanced dopamine levels in the striatum and therefore modulated dopamine metabolism. Despite successful results in preclinical research, the leap to clinical implementation is challenging due to difficulties with bioavailability and the requirement for standardized extracts. This article highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of natural extracts such as PD-supportive treatments, but it also emphasizes the need for more studies—clinical studies in particular—to determine these extracts' effectiveness in treating human populations.

 

Author (s) Details

Naik GS
AIIMS Mangalagiri, India.

 

Raja Gulfam Shaikh
Department of Neurology, Super Speciality Hospital, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, India.

 

Satish P Dipankar
Department of Physiology, AIIMS Mangalagiri, India.

 

J M Kanthi Thilaka
Aditya University, Surampalem, A.P, India.

 

Heena Sharma
DDMCOP University- HPTU, India.

 

Deep Sharma
DDMCOP, Una University-HPTU, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4833

Reciprocal Amplification of Glial Senescence and α-synucleinopathy in Parkinson’s Disease: The Therapeutic Potential Promise of Senolytics | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 11

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for PD and the complicated intricacies of the pathology are still being worked out. A hallmark of the disease is the abnormal formation of toxic fibrils of α-synuclein, which then clump into Lewy body aggregates. Lewy bodies rob neurons and glia of their function, eventually leading to their death. This chapter presents a current perspective on the interactive roles that α-synuclein and glial senescence have in PD. The self-amplifying and cyclical nature of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, α-synucleinopathy, neuroglial senescence, neuroglial chronic activation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. This progressive, degenerative cycle can be interrupted by using senolytics to specifically target and remove senescent cells. Therefore, the compelling role that senolytics could play as a therapeutic avenue for PD will also be explored and encouraged.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Audrey Gibbs
Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Technology, Endicott College, Beverly, MA, USA.

 

Sean J. Miller
Pluripotent Diagnostics Corp. (PDx), Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA, USA.

 

Robert Logan
Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Technology, Endicott College, Beverly, MA, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v11/3106

Recent Advances in the Prodrug Approach to Parkinson's Disease Therapy | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 3

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses aggressively and depletes the central nervous system of dopamine (DA). Dopamine replacement therapy has several issues, such as poor blood-brain barrier penetration and a progressive decline in treatment responsiveness. The primary components of this treatment are the initial prodrug L-dopa (LD) and actual dopamine. This chapter discusses prodrugs produced and generated chemically, such as amide, dimeric amide, carrier-mediated, peptide transport-mediated, cyclic, and enzyme-model prodrugs. The bioavailability of these kinds of prodrugs in animals was studied. A promising ester prodrug has been invented for intranasal delivery. LD methyl ester is currently in phase III clinical studies. Many amide prodrugs have been developed with better stability than ester prodrugs. Amide and dimeric amide prodrugs offer enhanced pharmacokinetics and greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Linking LD to carbohydrates is one approach that draws advantages from the brain's glucose transport mechanisms. While there isn't a DA prodrug on the market at present, prodrugs seem to have a bright future in Parkinson's disease treatment. Prodrugs that contain LD ester, for instance, demonstrate promises in the intranasal delivery of LD, facilitating the absorption of therapeutic agents by the brain. Most DA prodrugs delivered by amide, cyclic, peptidyl, or chemical routes demonstrated better pharmacokinetic properties.

 

Author (s) Details

Donia Karaman
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Fatma Haddad
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Maryam Sawalha

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Yahya Khawaja

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Anas Najjar
Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Rafik Karaman

Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v3/1157

Dissecting the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Neurodegeneration | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 7

The present study focuses on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), since they vastly affect millions of people in the world, and occur when nerve cells lose functional ability and/or die over time. AD and PD, the likelihood of developing the issues rises dramatically with age. Degenerative nerve illnesses impact speech, breathing, mobility, balance, and heart function in the body. Neurodegenerative diseases can be categorized according to their molecular causes, such as aberrant protein aggregation, cell death, or loss of function of the implicated cell. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to tau, and amyloid-β42 protein accumulation, and Parkinson's disease (PD) is connected with α-synuclein aggregation.

The cause of disease may be genetic, and may also be sporadic. Alcoholism, pesticides, a tumor, or a stroke are sometimes noticed in the disease background. Sometimes the cause remains totally unknown. Neurodegeneration, to date, cannot be cured.

Further, some types of NDD could also be fatal.

Unfortunately, there is no cure at present for them except for some palliative measures to give some comfort to the victims. Increasing our knowledge of the cause(s) of neurodegenerative disorders may aid in the development of novel treatment and preventative strategies. These days, all neurodegenerative diseases can be better understood because of high-throughput technologies like RNA sequencing, network biology, and Omics data. Considering the importance of managing protein aggregates during aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, a detailed understanding of how those aggregates is formed and transferred. New research in the area of brain mechanisms may open a new avenue for disease prevention and treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ashok Chakraborty
Department of Cell Biology Biology, Allexcel, Inc., Shelton, CT, USA.

Dr. Anil Diwan (Executive Chairman, President)
Department of Chemistry, Allexcel, Inc., Shelton, CT, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v7/3618G

Effectiveness of Complementary Therapy: Handheld Tai Chi with Water Ball for Middle-Aged and Advanced Parkinson's Patients | Chapter 3 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 

The purpose of this study was to explore the related factors affecting the functional exercise compliance of patients with Parkinson’s disease through the univariate analysis. This study also investigates the effects and interventions of handheld Tai Chi water resistance fitness balls on older adults with Parkinson's disease using statistical methodologies and a survey. First, the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on exercise compliance for Parkinson's disease patients were examined. Parkinson’s syndrome is common in middle-aged and elderly people and is a neurological degenerative disease, mainly manifested by muscle stiffness, tremors and movement disorders and other symptoms, seriously affecting the quality of life and health of the elderly. A survey was conducted to investigate the current status of exercise compliance among Parkinson’s disease patients, including general information, scoring status, and single and multiple-factor analyses of influencing factors. The results of the study show that through qualitative research, the dimensions and item pools of the questionnaire were initially constructed, and the reliability analysis of the questionnaire was conducted through Delphi expert consultation, with favorable results in terms of its reliability and validity. The research indicates that there is a need for improvement in the existing state of exercise compliance among patients with Parkinson's disease and that there are notable variations in patients' degrees of exercise compliance depending on the situation. Finally, the research results were discussed and conclusions were drawn. The innovation of this study lies in the development of a questionnaire on exercise compliance for patients with Parkinson’s disease and the preliminary qualitative research and Delphi expert consultation conducted on it, providing new ideas and methods for the study of exercise compliance. However, the study also has limitations as it did not examine the effects of other interventions on Parkinson’s disease, so further research should be conducted. We believe that with the continuous development of science and technology and the continuous emergence of innovation, we will be able to bring more hope and possibility to more people in need of help, and jointly create a healthier and better future.

 

Author (s) Details

He Huang
Independent Researcher, 2308 Ruth Ct, Rowland Heights, CA 91748, Los Angeles, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v9/873

Chronic Inflammation by LPS Aggravates Rotenone Neurotoxicity and Circadian Clock Disruption in Rats | Chapter 15 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 In this division, we investigated when aforementioned a condition happens in rats and whether specific low-grade neuroinflammation ability exacerbate rotenone (ROT) neurotoxicity and harm circadian clock gene/protein verbalizations. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily from motor dysfunction. Aging is preeminent supporter risk factor for developing PD. Recent microscopic genetic studies have disclosed that genetic factors, apart from aging and tangible factors, play an main role in the development of the disorder. Parkinson's disease (PD) was persuaded in mice subsequently a single situation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through low-grade neuroinflammation many months later. Three months following in position or time receiving two injections of LPS (2.5-7.5 mg/kg) in male rats, neuroinflammation and dopamine container loss were apparent. Rats were given modest doses of ROT (0.5 mg/kg, sc, 5 opportunities/week for 4 weeks) seven months later receiving a alone injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) to study the effects of inferior neuroinflammation on ROT toxicity. LPS plus ROT produced more distinct non-motor and engine dysfunctions than LPS or ROT alone in Open-field, Elevated plus maze, Y-confusion and Rotarods tests, and decreased mitochondrial complex 1 exercise, together with aggravated neuroinflammation and neuron misfortune. LPS, ROT, and LPS + ROT groups showed lower verbalization of the clock center genes brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1), locomotor amount cycles ruined (Clock), and neuronal PAS domain protein-2 (Npas2). The verbalizations of circadian feedback genes Periods (Per1 and Per2) were still reduced, but Cryptochromes (Cry1 and Cry2) were unchanged. The circadian clock mark genes nuclear receptor Rev-Erb α (Nr1d1), and D-box-binding protein (Dbp) expressions were too decreased. Consistent accompanying the transcript levels, internal clock protein BMAL1, CLOCK, NR1D1 and DBP were also decreased. LPS-inferred chronic inferior neuroinflammation potentiated ROT neurotoxicity and disrupted internal clock gene/protein expression, suggesting a function of disrupted occurring every day in PD development and progression.

Author(s) Details:

Huan Li,
Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China and Nanjing University Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China.

Sheng Song,

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

Shang-Fu Xu,
Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.

Chun Huang,
Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.

Feng Zhang,
Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.

Jie Liu,
Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

Jau-Shyong Hong,

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V1/article/view/11796

The Effectiveness of Exergaming Rehabilitation versus Conventional Physiotherapy on Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Chapter 7 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

 The affiliate collects and analyzes evidence-located information for the presentation of the consequences of quality of history, activities of daily living, material and cognitive function for community with PD, under the use of exergaming rehabilitation against conventional physiotherapy. Parkinson’s ailment (PD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disease from tremor, stubbornness, and bradykinesia, with postural instability in the direction of some sufferers as the disease progresses. Digital games and programmes that hold  subject interaction accompanying the implementation of repetitive working activities are contained in exergaming rehabilitation. Physiotherapy as it is practised today involves a number of alive exercises.  Five electronic databases were searched for fit studies until February 2021. For the mathematical analysis, the mean, standard deviation, and 95% assurance interval were used to reckon effect sizes between groups. To determine variety, statistical index I² was secondhand. A total of 548 participants were contained in 14 studies. Exergaming rehabilitation related accompanying quality of history improvement (p = 0.687, 95% CI: -1.682 to -0.734), balance (p = 0.039, 95% CI: 0.364–13.689), (p = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.446–4.830), and gait (p = 0.005, 95% CI:0.351–1.924). No meaningful difference was establish between groups regarding the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (p = 0.196, 95% CI: -5.970 to 1.225) and for the Timed Up and Go Test (p = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.446–4.830). Exergames as interventional form can be used to specify alternative interactive method accompanying positive results for kind of life in people accompanying PD. The application of more state-of-the-art technological ER systems supports variability of gamification and concurrent combination of exergaming programs that allow the killing of more realistic exercises, raising the physical and touching interaction betwixt the individual and the environment. This gives the opportunity to judge the use and effectiveness of the attack in mental health and inspiration for people accompanying PD, which should be deliberate in future studies.

Author(s) Details:

Papamichael Elena,
Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Solou Demetris,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

Michailidou Christina,
Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Papamichail Marios,
PricewaterhouseCoopers Company Central Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V1/article/view/11063

Using Artificial Neural Network to Discriminate Parkinson’s Disease from other Parkinsonisms by Focusing on Putamen of Dopamine Transporter SPECT Images: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 2 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 It is still troublesome to distinguish Parkinson's disease from nervous system disorder brought on by other disorders at an beginning. To process images from dopamine bearer single-photon emission computerized axial tomography scanner, we used an pretended neural network (ANN) (DAT-SPECT). Training and test sets of abnormal DAT-SPECT figures of individuals accompanying Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism brought on by additional disorders were created. To identify Parkinson's disease from parkinsonism brought on by added disorders, the striatal regions of the representations were segmented using an alive contour model and secondhand as the data for transfer learning on a pre-prepared ANN. For comparison, a support heading machine was prepared using semi-determinable measurement limits such as the specific binding percentage and asymmetry index. The ANN classifier's predicting accuracy (86%) was higher than the support heading machine classifier's (68%). The ANN classifier had a feeling and specificity of 81.8% and 88.6%, respectively, in concluding Parkinson's disease. The ANN classifier performed better than established biomarkers at distinguishing between Parkinson's disease and nervous system disorder brought on by added disorders. At an early stage of the parkinsonian disorders, ANN can be a hopeful biomarker, particularly when it concentrates on the putamen.

Author(s) Details:

Chung-Yao Chien,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan and Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.

Szu-Wei Hsu,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.

Tsung-Lin Lee,
Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.

Pi-Shan Sung,
Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.

Chou-Ching Lin,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan and Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V5/article/view/9885

α‐synuclein Pathology and Treatment in the Enteric Nervous System | Chapter 10 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 9

 Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies (NCDLB) and Parkinson's Disease patients frequently have synuclein (Lewy Body) pathology in their enteric nerve systems (ENS) (PD). Constipation, obstipation, and bowel impaction are examples of bowel immotility symptoms that can result from Lewy body disease in the ENS. It is discussed how synuclein (Lewy Body) disorder affects intestinal function specifically. These symptoms severely lower the patient's quality of life, which is difficult for both the patient and the caregivers. In theory, intestinal immobility in people with Lewy bodies can be considerably reduced or relieved with pharmacological treatment utilising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). The justification for using the cholinergic agonist Donepezil to treat synuclein bowel dysfunction is discussed, along with a breakdown of how it works. The idea that AChEIs can lessen intestinal immotility brought on by Lewy bodies was investigated in longitudinal case studies. Donepezil showed effectiveness for reducing gastrointestinal dysfunction in Lewy body patients during a five-year period.

Author(s) Details:

Charles M. Lepkowsky,
Independent Practice, 1143 Deer Trail Lane, Solvang, CA 93463, United States.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V9/article/view/8353

Metalloenzymes for the Potent Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease: A Review| Chapter 7 | Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol.3

 There has been hypothesis that various amyloidogenic proteins assume a part in the beginning and movement of neurodegenerative illnesses (ND), including Parkinson's sickness and Alzheimer's sickness (PD). Various little mixtures have been made to control the accumulation cycles of these amyloid proteins in endeavor to treat the issues. As well as controlling the collection of amyloidogenic protiens, keeping up with the levels of the proteins in the cerebrum by amyloid debasing catalysts [ADE; neprilysin (NEP), insulin corrupting chemical (IDE), asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), and ADAM10] is crucial for fix AD and PD. Hence, various natural atoms and substance specialists have been analyzed if they would go about as inducers or inhibitors against the levels and exercises of ADE. Albeit the expulsion of amyloidogenic proteins by expanding the movement of ADE might have the potentially negative side-effect aftereffects, it might bring about a somewhat decent procedure for treating AD and PD. Moreover, since the reasons for ND are different, various multi-utilitarian (multi-target) synthetic specialists have been created to control the activities of numerous ND risk factors, for example, amyloidogenic proteins, metal particles, and responsive oxygen species. In any case, large numbers of them were formed without considering how to control ADE levels and ways of behaving. A potential way to deal with treating AD and PD would include consolidating recently delivered compounds with drug medicines that treat ADE. In this part, the ADE and mixtures that have some control over the action and articulation of the ADE are presented.

Author(s) Details:

Namdoo Kim,
Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do 32588, Republic of Korea.

Hyuck Jin Lee,
Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do 32588, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V3/article/view/7966

Investigating Neurological Symptoms of Infectious Diseases Like COVID-19 Leads to a Deeper Understanding of Neurodegenerative Disorders | Chapter 10 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 

Patients with COVID-19 frequently experience neurological symptoms in addition to typical respiratory symptoms. According to studies, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased alpha-synuclein aggregation, created Lewy-body-like pathology, accelerated the senescence of dopaminergic neurons, and aggravated Parkinson's disease symptoms in patients (PD). Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause neuroinflammation, accelerate neurodegeneration in protracted COVID, and increase a person's susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD) or parkinsonism. These results imply that the present COVID-19 pandemic may be followed by a post-COVID-19 parkinsonism. This paper reviewed the neurological symptoms and associated findings of COVID-19, related infectious diseases (influenza, AIDS, and prion disease), and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis), and discussed potential mechanisms underlying the neurological symptoms and the relationship between them. the neurodegenerative illnesses and infectious diseases, as well as the consequences for treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. Over time, alpha-synuclein "prions" and infections with a variety of microorganisms (such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza A viruses, gut bacteria, etc.) may combine to cause Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, a methodical strategy that concentrates on these infections as well as the pathogen-caused neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may offer treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. To treat, manage, or prevent these conditions, antiviral/antimicrobial medications, vaccines, immunotherapies, and novel treatments (such as stem cell therapy) must collaborate. Better SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, new antiviral/antimicrobial medications, efficient immunotherapies (alpha-synuclein antibodies, vaccinations for PD or parkinsonism, etc.), as well as novel therapeutics, are projected to be created and made accessible in the future as medical research and technology evolve.

Author(s) Details:

Jing Zhang,
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, US.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V2/article/view/7750

A Literature Review on Neuroprotective Activities of Curcumin in Parkinson’s Disease | Chapter 11 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 6

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are impacted by Parkinson's disease (PD), a multisystem condition that causes a decrease in dopamine (DA) at their striatal terminals. Levodopa or DA receptor agonists are used to treat Parkinson's disease because they replace the role of diminished DA in the striatum. Extended use of these medications for treatment has variable therapeutic outcomes and may cause undesirable dyskinesia. Therefore, a crucial unmet need in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is to develop novel methods to slow down, stop, or reverse the process of neurodegeneration. Researchers are looking into natural substances with neuroprotective characteristics as potential treatments. A polyphenolic compound called curcumin is obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric). As a potential therapeutic and nutraceutical agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, it has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, mitochondrial protecting, iron-chelating, and MAO inhibitory effects.

 

Author (s) Details

Eslam El Nebrisi

Department of Pharmacology, Dubai Medical College, Dubai 20170, United Arab Emirates.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V6/article/view/7685

Donepezil and α-synuclein Constipation: A Longitudinal Study | Chapter 02 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 In a case study, four patients with -synuclein or Lewy body disorders were diagnosed at various stages of their illness. In persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) Donepezil was used to treat symptoms of constipation, obstipation, and impaction (NCDLB). Obstipation is characterised as severe constipation with bowel motions occurring only once or twice a week. Donepezil was connected to a significant reduction in symptom severity in all four individuals, which was sustained at six, twelve, eighteen, thirty-six, and forty-eight month intervals with no apparent loss in bowel motility or the introduction of new symptoms. According to the findings, the AChEI Donepezil can assist people with -synuclein disorders reduce their constipation, obstipation, and impaction symptoms over time.

Author(S) Details

Charles M. Lepkowsky
Independent Practice, 1143 Deer Trail Lane, Solvang, CA 93463-9519, United States.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V7/article/view/6660

Telomerase Improves PD Symptoms and Pathology | Chapter 6 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

 A telomerase protein called TERT has been shown to protect neurons and the brain.

TERT protein has been demonstrated to accumulate in the mitochondria of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and to protect primary mouse neurons from pathogenic tau in the past. In order to enhance telomerase expression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) overexpressing human wild type -synuclein, we used telomerase activators. Our goal was to see if higher Tert expression levels could help with PD symptoms and stimulate protein degradation.
Despite the fact that telomere length in the examined region remained identical, increased Tert expression in the brain for both activators was linked to significant improvements in motor skills such as gait and motor coordination. Only one activator (TA-65) resulted in a reduction in reactive oxygen species in brain mitochondria. Importantly, we show that total, phosphorylated, and aggregated -synuclein levels in the hippocampus and neocortex of activator-treated mice were much lower, corresponding to increased autophagy markers, implying greater breakdown of hazardous alpha-synuclein. We infer that telomerase activators produce higher Tert expression, which is linked to lower levels of -synuclein protein, either by activating autophagy or by inhibiting or delaying degradation pathways that are compromised during disease progression. This excellent preclinical research could pave the way for novel treatment options for neurodegenerative illnesses like Parkinson's.

Author (S) Details

Tengfei Wan
Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.

Emma J. Weir
Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.

Mary Johnson
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.

Viktor I. Korolchuk
Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.

Gabriele C. Saretzki
Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V12/article/view/2697

Modulation of Apoptotic Cell Death and Neuroprotective Effects of Glutathione—L-Dopa Codrug against H2O2-Induced Cellular Toxicity: A Recent Study | Chapter 11 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 9

 Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterised by the death of dopaminergic neurons, primarily in the substantia nigra, over time. The gold standard medicine for managing Parkinson's disease (PD) and controlling its symptoms is L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (LD). However, the formation of pro-oxidant intermediates resulting from LD's autoxidation could produce disease neurotoxicity. To circumvent this constraint, we created a codrug by conjugating LD to the natural antioxidant glutathione (GSH) (GSH-LD). The effect of GSH-LD on H2O2-induced cellular toxicity was investigated in the undifferentiated and differentiated lymphoma U-937 and dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines, which were used as models to study the involvement of macrophages/microglia and dopaminergic neurons in PD, respectively. We looked studied how GSH-LD affected apoptosis and cellular oxidative stress, two important targets in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In both cell lines, GSH-LD showed a larger effect than LD and GSH in preventing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis. In a neurotoxicity cellular model, GSH-LD was also able to protect cell viability, cellular redox state, gluthation metabolism, and inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a PI3K/kinase B (Akt)-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that the GSH-LD codrug has benefits derived from the synergistic impact of LD and GSH, and that it could be a good PD treatment candidate. Further research into the neuroprotective benefits of GSH-LD in PD in in vivo animal models and its capacity to permeate the BBB is needed to confirm the importance of our findings.

Author (s) Details

Sara Franceschelli
Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Paola Lanuti
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Alessio Ferrone
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Daniela Maria Pia Gatta
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Lorenza Speranza
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Mirko Pesce
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Alfredo Grilli
Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Ivana Cacciatore
Department of Pharmacy, University “Gabriele D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Emanuela Ricciotti
Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Antonio Di Stefano
Department of Pharmacy, University “Gabriele D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Sebastiano Miscia
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Mario Felaco
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

Antonia Patruno
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V9/article/view/2202

Biochemical and Molecular Pathogenetic Mechanisms behind Causation of Parkinson’s Disease | Chapter 16 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.4

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 1 million persons in the United States. It is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance and postural instability. Its pathological features include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta coupled with intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies can also be found in locus ceruleus, nucleus basalis, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cranial nerve motor nuclei, and central & peripheral components of autonomic nervous system. The appearance of Lewy-body-like inclusions in nigrostriatal terminals might be followed by retrograde degeneration, further accumulation of aggregated proteins in nigral cell bodies and, finally, reactive gliosis and cell death. In familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, linked to mutations in α-synuclein, it is proposed that a loss of normal function of this protein, as well as a toxic effect of altered forms of the mutant protein, promote the accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This would result in oxidative stress, leading to the onset of neurodegenerative changes mentioned above. Finally, we review evidence for a role of α-synuclein in synaptic vesicle recycling& suggest that impaired function of this protein might lead to accumulation of dopamine in cytoplasm. This could be the final deleterious event that triggers the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition to prevailing pharmacologic therapies and surgical procedures,Yoga can be one of the most beneficial complementary therapies for PD patients, which canact at molecular level to reduce oxidative stress, improve neuro-cognition, boost their mood, enhance sensory-motor performance, increase dopamine & serotonin secretion and reduce cortisol secretion, thereby collectively enhancing quality of life of PD patients & their care-takers.

Author (s) Details

 C. S. Nagalakshmi
Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, T Begur, Bangalore Rural, Karnataka, India.

N. U. Santhosh
Consultant Neurosurgoen, Aster CMI Hospital, Sahakaranagar, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212