Effects of Mentha spicata L. Extracts on Morphological Deformations of Culex molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Background: Mentha spicata (family Lamiaceae) holds significant medicinal value and functions as an effective mosquito repellent, making it particularly important for combating some of the aquatic stages and controlling the adult stages.  By controlling mosquito populations, it can help lower the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, protecting public health. Additionally, using natural plant-based solutions offers a cost-effective and environmentally safe approach to pest management.

 

Objectives: This study highlights the potential of Mentha spicata L. extracts as eco-friendly and biodegradable mosquito larvicides, reducing reliance on chemical insecticides.

 

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, in March 2017. To evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extracts and chloroform of the leaves, stems and roots of Mentha spicata, (10) larvae/replications of the fourth-instar larvae were taken, with 3 replications for each concentration. They were transferred to 100 ml plastic containers containing the above-mentioned extracts at concentrations of (1, 5, 10) mg/ml for the aqueous extract, and (0.25, 0.5, 1) mg/ml for the chloroform extract with breadcrumbs. The cumulative mortality rate of the fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults of the house mosquito Culex molestus was calculated when treating the fourth instar larvae noting the appearance of morphological deformities of the above-mentioned stages During the treatment of the fourth instar larvae of the insect, morphological deformations were quantified or described qualitatively. Distilled water and solvent were used in the comparison experiments, and the mortality rate was recorded in the fourth instar larvae and the pupal stage (resulting from the treatment of the fourth instar larvae) until they reached the adult stage.

 

Results: The results of treating the fourth larval instar of the insect with cold and boiled water extract of the stems and leaves of the mint plant showed the greatest effect compared to the cold and boiled water extract of the plant roots, and the effect of the cold and boiled water extract of the stems was more effective than the cold and boiled water extract of the leaves in the percentage of cumulative death of the insect stages. As for treating the fourth larval stage of the insect with chloroform extract, the extract of the mint leaves showed a great effect in the percentage of cumulative mortality of the insect stages compared to the extract of the stems and roots of the mint plant, with the observation of the appearance of morphological deformities in the insect stages as a result of treatment with these extracts.

 

Conclusions: The results showed that mosquitoes are medicinal insects that transmit many pathogens to humans, and cause inconvenience through their bites, rapid reproduction, and production of large numbers of eggs. Therefore, this study investigated the cumulative mortality rate of insect stages treated with aqueous extract and chloroform of the mint plant, and its potential application in mosquito control programs. The morphological abnormalities of mosquitoes resulting from treatment with mint extracts were calculated, and the active groups in the extracts were identified using the thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.) technique.

 

Author (s) Details

Sarah Kadhim Al-Rahimy
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq.

 

 

Rafid Abbas Al-Essa
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5552

Antibacterial Activity of Commercially Available Plant Extracts on Relevant Campylobacter Jejuni Strains Isolated from Both Human and Poultry | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 

Food contaminated with bacterial pathogens is still a problem worldwide.  Campylobacter jejuni causes over 99% of the foodborne infections associated with Campylobacter in the United States. This study involves the evaluation of commercially available plant extracts of oregano, green tea, hawthorn, and curcumin against four isolates of C. jejuni.  In this study, four different strains of C. jejuni were used: one human strain (81176) and three poultry strains isolated from different stages of poultry processing including a pre-chilled chicken carcass (PRCC), a post-chilled chicken carcass (POCC) and a retail chicken carcass (RECC).  Initial studies were first carried out in broth cultures to determine the general effectiveness of the extracts.  The study then was carried out on chicken breast meat to determine the effect of the plant extracts in marinades.  Cell counts were determined at intervals of 0, 2, 6 and 24 hours and bacterial viability was determined using different concentrations of the above extracts.  Both oregano and green tea extracts were found to be antibacterial even at low concentrations in broth cultures and killed all bacteria in 24 hours. But as marinades on chicken breast meat, the extracts were found to be effective only at higher concentrations.  No significant differences were found in the antibacterial effects of the extracts on different C. jejuni strains.  These results demonstrate that commercially available plant extracts such as oregano and green tea have the potential to reduce and/or eliminate C. jejuni in chicken meat. Combinations of plant extracts have to be explored to resolve the problem of the high concentration required to inhibit C. jejuni strains in meat.

 

Author(s) Details

G. S. Kumar-Phillips
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.

D. O. Sivasankaran
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.

N. C. Rath
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA and Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

J. Marcy
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.

M. F. Slavik
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v5/257

Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Plant Extracts (Ginkgo biloba, Curcuma longa, and Withania somnifera) in Parkinson’s Disease Models: A Meta-Analysis | Chapter 10 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological illness that deteriorates over a period and usually impairs movement. Natural plant extracts have gained increasing interest in recent times because of their potential to provide neuroprotection. This study performs a meta-analysis of the neuroprotective advantages supplied by natural plant extracts, putting considerable focus on Ginkgo biloba, Curcuma longa, and Withania somnifera, as tested in diverse PD models. A systematic literature exploration was undertaken through electronic databases, together with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, for the period from January 2000 to August 2024. The principal ways in which these substances function have been identified as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and the modulation of neurotransmitter levels. Curcuma longa and Ginkgo biloba each showed remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and Curcuma longa, in particular, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation via curcumin-mediated neuroprotection. The management of mitochondrial function and the balance of neurotransmitters has indicated neuroprotective features associated with Withania somnifera. Dopaminergic neuron loss is a key feature of Parkinson’s disease, and protecting these neurons or boosting dopamine synthesis is critical for neuroprotection. Several included studies found that Ginkgo biloba enhanced dopamine levels in the striatum and therefore modulated dopamine metabolism. Despite successful results in preclinical research, the leap to clinical implementation is challenging due to difficulties with bioavailability and the requirement for standardized extracts. This article highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of natural extracts such as PD-supportive treatments, but it also emphasizes the need for more studies—clinical studies in particular—to determine these extracts' effectiveness in treating human populations.

 

Author (s) Details

Naik GS
AIIMS Mangalagiri, India.

 

Raja Gulfam Shaikh
Department of Neurology, Super Speciality Hospital, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, India.

 

Satish P Dipankar
Department of Physiology, AIIMS Mangalagiri, India.

 

J M Kanthi Thilaka
Aditya University, Surampalem, A.P, India.

 

Heena Sharma
DDMCOP University- HPTU, India.

 

Deep Sharma
DDMCOP, Una University-HPTU, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4833

Determining the Nematicidal Effects of Some Plant Extracts on Egg Hatchability and Control of Meloidogyne spp. in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] | Chapter 7 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 The Current case was undertaken to judge the nematicidal activity of five plant class: Luffa cylindrica (Linn) MJ Roem, Momordica charantia Linn, Euphorbia hirta Linn, D. scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. and Starchytarpheta cayennensis L.C. Rich (Schau), forest ash and a artificial insecticide (L. cyhalothrin) on cell hatachability and control of Meloidogyne spp. in cowpea. The effects of five test plants (Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Euphorbia hirta, Desmodium scorpiurus, and Stachytarpheta cayennensis), forest ash from Gmelina aborea, a artificial insecticide (Karate-Lambda cyhalothrin), and not cooked water from faucet (control) were assessed against the seed hatchability and control of Meloidogyne spp. in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in the laboratory and hothouse. The experiments were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) accompanying 13 treatments (Hot water extracts (HWE) and pessimistic person extracts (CWE) of L. cyclindrica; E. hirta, D. scorpiurus, S. cayennesis, M. charantia, forest ash, L. cyhalothrin and control) copied 3 times. The result of the lab experiment showed that the uncertain water extracts of L. cylindrica and HWE of M. charantia significantly (p < 0.05) shy the hatching of nematode cells. Results got from the Greenhouse indicated that HWE of E. hirta, CWE of S. cayennesis, CWE and HWE of L. cylindrica considerably improved cowpea yield, (p< 0.05). The liquid extracts reduced the number of galls on the ancestries, nematode populations in the root and soil. The results acquired G. aborea extracts did not vary considerably with the artificial nematicide – L. cyhalothrin. The leaf extracts of the test plants have potential as sources of horticultural nematicides to reduce the trenchant effects of plant-like a parasite nematodes in cowpea fields. There is need for review course especially in the region of nematode population density that take care of cause significant damage. Also, the influence of plant extracts in a field environment endure also be determined.

Author(s) Details:

C. C. Ononuju,
Department of Plant Health Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

P. O. Nzenwa,
Department of Plant Health Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V7/article/view/9103

In-vitro Effect of Some Plant Extracts and Synthetic Fungicide in the Control of Cocoyam Leaf Necrotic Fungi in Nigeria | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

The goal of this study was to see how various plant extracts and synthetic fungicides worked in vitro to reduce cocoyam leaf necrotic fungus in Nigeria. Farmers' fields in two communities in Anambra State's Ekwulobia local government area yielded cocoyam leaves of two tropical crops: taro (old cocoyam, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) and blue or purple taro (new cocoyam tanier, Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott). Among the communities were Ula and Okpo. Cocoyam leaves and petioles with microscopic dark-brown or black lesions were used to isolate the causal pathogen. The fungus discovered on the damaged cocoyam leaves was identified as Aspergillus niger. Wounds created by harvesting instruments and bugs may have allowed this bacteria to enter these cocoyam leaves. The antifungal effects of ethanol, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of lemon grass leaves and stalks (Cymbopogon citratus) and fruits of pepper fruit (Dennettia tripetala) on Aspergillus niger growth were investigated in vitro at concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2 g/ml, with the synthetic fungicide (Apron plus) serving as a control. The data was analysed using the ANOVA method. In a completely randomised design with three replications, split – split – plots were used, and means were separated using least significant difference (LSD) at a 5% probability level. The findings of this study revealed that phytochemical antifungal activity increases with increasing concentration, with 2.0 g/ml having the highest percentage growth inhibition value on day 1, and this pattern continued throughout the culture. All plant extracts and Apron plus were found to be effective in suppressing the fungus. Apron plus had the highest level of inhibition (75%) followed by lemon grass (49.04%) and pepper fruit had the lowest level of inhibition (25%). (39.48 percent ). The study also discovered that the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition, with synthetic fungicides having the maximum inhibition (72.58 percent) at 2g/ml. The extract of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) exhibited a higher % inhibition value during the culture days, although Soxhlet extraction using Pet ether as the extracting solvent had the highest level of inhibition (53.03 percent ). As a result, the plant extracts employed in this study could be recommended as a substitute for synthetic fungicides. More research into the active ingredients of these plant extracts should be conducted in order to facilitate commercial production and availability to farmers, as these extracts are expected to be biodegradable and may reduce the rate of application of synthetic fungicides, which are harmful to human health and persist in the environment.

Author (s) Details

Dr. C. C. Iwuagwu
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria


A. C. Nwogbaga
Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.


F. C. Onejeme
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.


U. F. Nduka
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.


D. E. Iheaturu
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V5/article/view/6566

The Potential of Combinatorial Small Molecules as Effective Breast Cancer Treatments: A Clinical Approach | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

 The capacity of breast cancer cells to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic medications, as well as off-target cytotoxicity of these drugs on normal cells, are major roadblocks in current breast cancer therapy efficacy, resulting in debilitating side effects. The metabolism of cancer cells differs significantly from that of normal cells during carcinogenesis, as cancer cells have changes in glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism. The following are the goals for each book chapter:

1. Educate yourself on the disease of breast cancer.

2. Distinguish between breast cancer and normal mammary cells in terms of metabolism.

3. Explain how alternative breast cancer treatment strategies based on the use of phytochemicals in combination with DNA-targeting agents could be more effective than DNA-targeting drugs.

To do so, we examine the anti-breast cancer capabilities of three specific phytochemicals, namely cinnamaldehyde, chlorogenic acid, and arctigenin, as a basis for developing a new (Western) strategy to breast cancer treatment by refining an age-old (Eastern) approach to disease therapies. Targeting the mitochondria - and cancer cell metabolism in particular - may result in a more efficient anti-cancer treatment with fewer off-target effects on normal cells, which is why these phytochemical examples are of relevance.

Author(S) Details

Caroline Schuster
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A.

Naima Moustaid-Moussa
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A and Obesity Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A.

Lauren S. Gollahon
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A and Obesity Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79407, U.S.A.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V15/article/view/5010

Critical Research on Biological Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs), Using Plant Extracts | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol.5

 

The objective of this current work was to carry out biological synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles ( AuNPs) using plant extracts using environmentally friendly technology: cactus (Opuntia sp.), onion (Allum sp.), pear (Pyrus sp.), coffee (Coffea sp.) and laurel (Laurus sp.), as reducing agents and stabilisers. Normal methodologies have been obtained. Maximum absorbance at 527-537 nm was determined by UVVisible spectrophotometry characterization, while transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) and atomic force microscopy ( AFM) reported that the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles developed various shapes, including spheres, cubes, cones, cylinders and others, with a size of 5-100 nm depending on the extract used, so that the proposed method is used In addition, these AuNPs can be functionalized.

Author (s) Details

Chávez-Sandoval Blanca Estela
Department of Biochemistry, National School of Biological Sciences, Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio and Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo 11340, Mexico City, Mexico and Department of Energy, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco. San Pablo av. 180 Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco 02200, Ciudad de México, México and Department of Applied Mathematics and Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe 05348, Ciudad de México. México.

A. Ibáñez-Hernández Miguel Angel
Department of Biochemistry, National School of Biological Sciences, Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio and Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.

García-Franco Francisco
Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. San Pablo av. 180 Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco 02200, Mexico City, Mexico.

Galindo-Pérez Ezel Jacome
Department of Energy, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco. San Pablo av. 180 Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco 02200, Ciudad de México, México. and Faculty of Professional Studies Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. De los Barrios av. 1. Col. Los Reyes Iztacala. Tlalnepantla C.P. 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.

Abrica González Paulina

Department of Basic Sciences, Professional Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Acueducto de Guadalupe av. s/n, Gustavo A Madero 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.

Martínez-Jiménez Anatolio
Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. San Pablo av. 180 Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco 02200, Mexico City, Mexico.

Balderas López José Abraham
Department of Basic Sciences, Professional Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Acueducto de Guadalupe av. s/n, Gustavo A Madero 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/273