From Linkage to Neuronal Networks: An Updated Overview of Molecular Genetic Approaches in Schizophrenia Research| Chapter 4 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly complex biological disorder characterised by a multifactorial mode of transmission, where both genetic and non-genetic determinants play significant roles. Current evidence suggests that SCZ arises from the cumulative impact of numerous genes, each contributing a modest increase in susceptibility to the illness. This review provides an updated perspective on the genetics and genomics of SCZ, tracing the field from the pre-recombinant era through the genomics revolution. It encompasses key approaches such as cytogenetics, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genomic analyses that have illuminated gene signatures include microarray profiling, RNA methylation studies, and single-cell analyses. In addition, diverse animal and cellular models are discussed, highlighting their applications in unravelling SCZ pathology. Systems biology and neuronal network analyses have offered critical insights into the intricate phenotypes associated with the disorder. Emerging technologies, including 3D chromatin architecture studies and optogenetics, are further advancing the field by enabling deeper exploration of neuronal function and regulation. The review, through its efforts, is proposed to highlight major findings in SCZ genetics. The scientific advances are essential in the individual genomes to detect and diagnose SCZ with newer perspectives and advances and tailor therapeutic interventions.

 

Author(s) Details

Ranjini P
Department of Biotechnology, Sir MV Government Science college Bhadravathi, Karnataka, India.

 

Shreya K R
Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, India.

 

Priya MD
Department of Zoology, Government Science College, Nrupathunga University, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore, 560001, India.

 

Kamatchi C
Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Sciences, Bangalore, India.

 

Tenkanidiyooru Ramamoorthy Prashith Kekuda
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M College of Applied Science. N.E.S Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga-577201, India.

 

Kiran Kumar H.B
Former-PDF NCBS, Resource person Nrupathunga University, Bangalore, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6764

Pseudocyesis and Its Related Psychiatric Conditions: An In-Depth Analysis |Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

 

Background: Pseudocyesis (or pseudocyesis vera) also known as “phantom pregnancy” was previously described according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a false belief of being pregnant that is associated with objective signs and reported symptoms of pregnancy. Depression has also been strongly reported to play a major role in the development of pseudocyesis. The exact etiology and management of this rare disorder are not known but certain factors have been associated with this including the presence of certain psychiatric conditions.

 

Objective: This study aims to provide a better understanding of the factors associated with pseudocyesis including psychiatric disorders and available treatment modalities.

 

Materials and Methods: This review article was done on the available literature reporting any psychiatric disorders and psychological factors in patients with pseudocyesis, the epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment in humans only. Available articles published from 1970 to January 2021 were included. Using the following keywords- “pseudocyesis, false pregnancy, psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, phantom pregnancy”, relevant articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched and reviewed. Our initial search yielded 871 articles, out of which 14 were deemed fully eligible.

 

Results: According to our review, it has been found that various social and cultural factors such as strong cultural views on the need for childbearing as a prerequisite for womanhood, and loss of a child have led to the manifestation of this condition. The etiology of pseudocyesis is associated with various psychological and endocrine disturbances sometimes mediated by psychosomatic disorders. The treatment of pseudocyesis depends on the underlying associated conditions. In most case reports examined in this review, a multidimensional approach including psychotherapy; pharmacotherapy like antidepressants and antipsychotics; hormonal therapy such as replacement therapy, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic option.

 

Conclusion: Pseudocyesis could be associated with psychiatric conditions such as major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hypomania, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The treatment options may vary depending on the existence of co-morbidities in each patient. Adopting a multidisciplinary strategy that includes gynecologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists is critical in providing comprehensive care to this group of patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nkechinyere Mary Harry

Vinnytsia National Pirogov Medical University, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

 

Ibrahim Folorunsho
Badr Al Janoub Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia.

Kenechukwu Anona
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Nnenna Okafor
College of Medicine, All Saints University, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

 

Gibson O. Anugwom
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1758

The Clinical Significance of the Impact of Vaping on Plasma Clozapine Levels | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

Background: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication essential for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Heinz Baumann and his team at Wander AG, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, first synthesized Clozapine in 1958. Its plasma levels are influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP1A2. Vaping and traditional smoking may impact clozapine metabolism.

 

Objective: This study aims to explore how vaping affects the plasma levels of clozapine, focusing on the pharmacokinetic interactions between clozapine and vaping constituents, and the implications for clinical practice.

 

Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine the interactions between nicotine smoking, CYP450 enzymes, and clozapine metabolism. Additionally, case reports were analyzed to understand the clinical implications for patients on clozapine who switch from smoking to vaping.

 

Results: Unlike traditional smoking, vaping often lacks combustion products like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), leading to reduced CYP1A2 induction. Case reports showed that switching from smoking to vaping often results in elevated plasma clozapine levels due to decreased CYP1A2 activity, causing adverse effects from toxicity. However, some vape products containing combustible products like aldehydes and carbonyls can induce CYP450 enzymes, leading to subtherapeutic plasma clozapine levels.

 

Conclusion: Switching from smoking to vaping may affect clozapine metabolism primarily through reduced activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme. This can lead to higher serum clozapine levels, hence increased risk of toxicity and deleterious adverse effects. But vaping can also lead to the induction of CYP450 enzymes thereby causing decreased plasma clozapine levels. So, the effect of vaping on plasma clozapine levels can be dependent on its constituent ingredients. Therefore, health professionals should carefully monitor plasma clozapine levels in patients who switch from smoking to vaping and adjust dosages as needed to maintain therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects.

 

Author (s) Details

Nkechinyere Mary Harry
Vinnytsia National Pirogov Medical University, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

 

Ibrahim L. Folorunsho
Badr Al Janoub Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia. 

 

Kenechukwu Anona
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Nnenna Okafor
College of Medicine, All Saints University, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Caribbean

 

Gibson O. Anugwom
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1759

Social Cognition of Patients with Schizophrenia: Overview, Brain Mechanisms, Detection, and Intervention | Chapter 4 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 5

Background: Patients with schizophrenia have significant deficiencies in various aspects of social cognition, such as emotional processing, social perception, and theory of mind. These defects have a greater impact on occupational and social functioning than symptoms. Therefore, social cognition is an important therapeutic target for patients with schizophrenia.

Aim: The present study highlights about social cognition of patients with schizophrenia.

Methods: A literature search is used in this narrative review to organize 76 papers from the past 30 years, elaborating on the connotation, role, brain mechanisms, and detection methods of social cognition in patients with schizophrenia. On this basis, several commonly used intervention methods were introduced and compared.

Results: As a result, the social cognition of patients with schizophrenia is significantly impaired, and its mechanism of occurrence is quite complex, involving multiple regions of the brain. Various detection and intervention methods have certain effects, but none of them has been able to determine the key brain areas of social cognition and effectively improve the social cognitive function of patients in real life.

Conclusion: Social cognitive function has a profound impact on the prognosis, social adaptation, and quality of life of patients with schizophrenia, but some key issues such as brain mechanisms and the practical application of intervention effects urgently need to be addressed.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v5/2195

A Review of Vocational Rehabilitation Models for Patients with Schizophrenia: Current Practices and Future Directions | Chapter 1 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 6

Background: Employment has many benefits for patients with schizophrenia, not only reducing their economic burden but also improving their health and quality of life. However, there are many obstacles to employment for patients with schizophrenia.

Objective: To understand the current status of occupational rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia and provide reference opinions for their clinical treatment and rehabilitation.

Method: A literature search is used to organize 77 influential articles from the past 30 years. The employment status, vocational rehabilitation status, and main models of schizophrenia patients were analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of several vocational rehabilitation models were compared. Based on this, research prospects were proposed.

Results: As a result, the employment rate of patients with schizophrenia is only 10%-20%. Vocational rehabilitation work is widely carried out abroad and effectively promotes the employment of patients. However, it is still in its infancy in China, mainly focusing on preliminary skills training and protective employment, with limited development of competitive employment.

Conclusion: Vocational rehabilitation has many benefits for patients with schizophrenia, and competitive employment is the latest trend in occupational rehabilitation for schizophrenia patients worldwide. In the future, vocational rehabilitation work should pay attention to both vocational skills training and supportive employment services, and provide diversified vocational rehabilitation services for patients.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v6/2194

Progress toward Health in Schizophrenic Patients Undergoing Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: Revisiting Dr. Robbins’ Technique | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 4

This study reviews the psychoanalytic psychotherapy technique developed by Dr. Michael Robbins for the treatment of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Michael Robbins, in Massachusetts, USA, has developed a psychoanalytic psychotherapy technique for treating schizophrenic patients. The patients have been treated and all conform to the DSM-III-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., rev.) symptom classification of schizophrenia, most often paranoid schizophrenia, and their ages range from late teens to their twenties. This study also evaluates the effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy guided by the PPCC (Psychodynamic Pentapointed [with 5 points] Cognitive Construct) Theory—a psychoanalytic model of functional psychoses that illustrates the progression of schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients toward mental health through long-term therapeutic intervention. Both Dr Robbins and this study found that psychoanalytic psychotherapy helpfully permitted the schizophrenic difficulties of their patients to be addressed in such a way as to promote learning, self-reflection and insight. Successfully treated patients emerge into the fullness of life with a range of achievements, including marriage, completion of a university course or coming off medication. The therapy proves highly beneficial for many and remains a valuable option from both clinical and humanitarian perspectives. It consists of the most useful elements of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Today’s psychoanalytic psychotherapy is based on many years of developing appropriate medication and effective psychological techniques by early pioneers. Evolving therapeutic techniques continue to expand the treatment and management of patients, including especially the potential great efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

 

Author (s) Details

Gillian Steggles

Department of Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies, University of Essex, UK.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v4/5359

A Review of Treatment of Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents | Chapter 3 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

Objective: The primary objective of the study is to understand the current research status of treatments for schizophrenia in children and adolescents, and to clarify their effectiveness and shortcomings.

Methods: We searched CNKI, Embase, Medline, and PsycInfo databases for systematic reviews, or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in patients with childhood or adolescent onset schizophrenia.

Results: Forty-eight articles were suitable for this review. The safety of antipsychotic drugs has not been fully determined though pharmacological therapy is generally considered to have a fast onset and significant therapeutic effect. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has good efficacy and few adverse reactions, especially for symptoms of tension and stiffness, but it has strict indications and operational requirements. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and music therapy can increase cortical excitability, and improve the morphology of brainwaves and cognitive function, but clinical studies are limited. Clinical practice has shown that psychotherapies can reduce positive and negative symptoms, alleviate emotional disorders, correct cognition and personality, and promote social rehabilitation, their effectiveness needs to be confirmed by evidence-based medicine.

Conclusion: Each therapy has its own advantages and disadvantages, and comprehensive treatments should be adopted according to the condition.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v3/2883

Transgenderism, Schizophrenia and Neurosis: Brain Abnormality or Coping Mechanisms? | Book Publisher International

Transgender individuals suffer from serious psycho-physiological problems. There is no empirical base for the belief that transgenderism is the consequence of brain abnormality. Studies challenge the validity of traditional theories of psychopathology, including the idea that the brain is the key to understanding behavioral disorders. A new theory, which, like Freud, focuses on the explanation of bizarre behaviors, claims that these bizarre behaviors are coping mechanisms, which individuals intuitively adopt when faced with an intolerable level of stress. A multi-case study, consisting of a large variety of behavioral disorders, demonstrates that all shared the same diagnostic criteria, and etiology. All blocked the accessibility of stress-related thoughts and enhanced the individual’s ability to exercise control over the stressor. This theory can integrate all therapeutic methods pertaining to bizarre behaviors into one theoretical framework. An examination of relevant data indicates that gender identity conversion therapy can be highly effective for transgender individuals if accompanied by insight and coping skills training.

 

Author (s) Details

Yacov Rofé
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48119-04-9

Psycho-Bizarreness Theory: A Rational, Anti-psychiatric Theory of Madness | Chapter 11 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 1

 

No theory is more emblematic of the modern crisis in psychopathology than the brain-disease model of schizophrenia. Theories that posit neurological origins for schizophrenia ignore the significant percentage of patients who display no brain abnormality or who recover without drugs. Psycho-Bizarreness Theory (PBT), detailed in this article, as well as in a recent book [1], is a new non-neurological theory of madness that views schizophrenia and other bizarre behaviors, such as criminal insanity and neurosis, as rational coping mechanisms. Certain people, in the face of intolerable stress, will unconsciously adopt a bizarre behavior precisely tailored to neutralize their stressor and to block stress-related thoughts. Their brain abnormalities serve primarily as sources of stress, not of disease. Thus, by abandoning the deterministic axiomatic assumption, common to all theories of traditional theories of psychopathology, and adopting the idea that madness is a rational coping mechanism, rather than a mental or neurological disease, the new theory is able to integrate the seemingly incompatible data, obtained by rival theories in this field, into one coherent theoretical system.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Yacov Rofe
Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

 

Yochav Rofe
Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v1/580

Progress in Health Education for Schizophrenia in China | Chapter 4 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 Background and Implication: According to relevant data, the incidence rate of schizophrenia in China is about 6.55%, which has seriously affected the physical and mental health of patients and brought a heavy burden to their families and even society. According to relevant surveys, most patients with schizophrenia will relapse within a 2-year recovery period after clinical treatment. The main reason for the recurrence of the patient's condition is non-compliance with treatment, such as discontinuing medication. Health education can enhance patients' awareness of diseases, encourage them to consciously adopt behaviors and lifestyles that are beneficial to their own health, and enhance their treatment and nursing compliance.

Objective: To summarize the health education methods for schizophrenia in China in the past 10 years.

Methods: Relevant literature was reviewed and organized, and health education methods for schizophrenia in China were analyzed.

Results: From the perspective of the target audience, health education for schizophrenia in China is mainly divided into three categories, namely those aimed at patients, those aimed at caregivers, and those aimed at patient families; From the perspective of time length, it can be divided into short-term education and medium to short-term education; From the theoretical perspective, it can be divided into the following 3 categories, namely those based on educational theory, those based on psychological theory, and those based on nursing theory.

Conclusion: The implementation methods of health education for schizophrenia tend to be diversified and specialized, but their standardization and scientificity need to be improved, and the depth and breadth need to be expanded.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v9/825

Psycho-Bizarreness Theory: A Rational, Anti-psychiatric Theory of Madness | Chapter 11 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 1

 

No theory is more emblematic of the modern crisis in psychopathology than the brain-disease model of schizophrenia. Theories that posit neurological origins for schizophrenia ignore the significant percentage of patients who display no brain abnormality or who recover without drugs. Psycho-Bizarreness Theory (PBT), detailed in this article, as well as in a recent book [1], is a new non-neurological theory of madness that views schizophrenia and other bizarre behaviors, such as criminal insanity and neurosis, as rational coping mechanisms. Certain people, in the face of intolerable stress, will unconsciously adopt a bizarre behavior precisely tailored to neutralize their stressor and to block stress-related thoughts. Their brain abnormalities serve primarily as sources of stress, not of disease. Thus, by abandoning the deterministic axiomatic assumption, common to all theories of traditional theories of psychopathology, and adopting the idea that madness is a rational coping mechanism, rather than a mental or neurological disease, the new theory is able to integrate the seemingly incompatible data, obtained by rival theories in this field, into one coherent theoretical system.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Yacov Rofe

Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

 

Yochav Rofe

Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

 

 Please see the book here:   https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v1/580

Psycho-Bizarreness Theory: A Rational, Anti-psychiatric Theory of Madness| Chapter 11 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 1

 

No theory is more emblematic of the modern crisis in psychopathology than the brain-disease model of schizophrenia. Theories that posit neurological origins for schizophrenia ignore the significant percentage of patients who display no brain abnormality or who recover without drugs. Psycho-Bizarreness Theory (PBT), detailed in this article, as well as in a recent book [1], is a new non-neurological theory of madness that views schizophrenia and other bizarre behaviors, such as criminal insanity and neurosis, as rational coping mechanisms. Certain people, in the face of intolerable stress, will unconsciously adopt a bizarre behavior precisely tailored to neutralize their stressor and to block stress-related thoughts. Their brain abnormalities serve primarily as sources of stress, not of disease. Thus, by abandoning the deterministic axiomatic assumption, common to all theories of traditional theories of psychopathology, and adopting the idea that madness is a rational coping mechanism, rather than a mental or neurological disease, the new theory is able to integrate the seemingly incompatible data, obtained by rival theories in this field, into one coherent theoretical system.

Author(s) Details:

Yacov Rofé
Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan, Israel.

Yochav Rofé
Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan, Israel.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPASSR-V1/article/view/15031

Exploring Novel Therapies for Schizophrenia-Dementia Patients in Forensic Settings: Beyond Traditional Approaches | Chapter 6 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

The population worldwide is ageing at a rapid pace and so are forensic detainees with severe psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia (SCZ) and schizophrenia-like disorders (SLDs). Forensic institutions throughout the world house patients with severe psychiatric illness and history of criminal violations. The primary objective of this study is to explore novel therapies for Schizophrenia-dementia patients in forensic settings.  Improved medical care, hygiene, psychiatric treatment, and nutrition led to an unmatched longevity in this population, which previously lived, on average, 15 to 20 years shorter than the public at large. On the other hand, longevity has contributed to an increased prevalence of age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate clinical management, increasing healthcare expenditures. Forensic institutions, originally intended for the treatment of younger individuals, are ill-equipped for the growing number of older offenders. Moreover, as antipsychotic drugs became available in 1950s and 1960s, we are observing the first generation of forensic detainees who have aged on dopamine-blocking agents. Although the consequences of long-term treatment with these agents are unclear, schizophrenia-associated gray matter loss may contribute to the development of early dementia. Taken together, increased lifespan and the subsequent cognitive deficit observed in long-term forensic institutions raise questions and dilemmas unencountered by the previous generations of clinicians. These include: does the presence of neurocognitive dysfunction justify antipsychotic dose reduction or discontinuation despite a life-long history of schizophrenia and violent behavior? Should neurolipidomic interventions become the standard of care in elderly individuals with lifelong schizophrenia and dementia? Can patients with schizophrenia and dementia meet the Dusky standard to stand trial? Should neurocognitive disorders in the elderly with lifelong schizophrenia be treated differently than age-related neurodegeneration? In this article, we hypothesize that gray matter loss is the core symptom of schizophrenia which leads to dementia. We hypothesize further that strategies to delay or stop gray matter depletion would not only improve schizophrenia-sustained recovery, but also avert the development of major neurocognitive disorders in people living with schizophrenia. Based on this hypothesis, we suggest the utilization of both receptor-dependent and independent therapeutics for chronic psychosis. While acute psychosis responds very well to antipsychotic drugs, chronic psychotic illnesses are much more refractory to these agents. Over the past decades, psychopharmacology has focused excessively on the receptor-dependent actions of antipsychotic drugs and put much less emphasis on the receptor-independent ones, such as antimicrobial and anticancer actions.

Author(s) Details:

Adonis Sfera,
Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

Luminita Andronescu,
Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA.

William G. Britt,
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.

Kiera x Kiera Himsl,
Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA.

Carolina Klein,
California Department of State Hospitals, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA.

Leah Rahman,
Department of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Ave, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.

Zisis Kozlakidis,
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69366 Lyon Cedex, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V4/article/view/13757

Progress in the Application of Neuropsychological Scales in the Treatment of Schizophrenia | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 1

Approximately 85% of patients with schizophrenia suffer from persistent and severe cognitive impairment, especially in terms of attention, verbal memory, and executive function. A comprehensive and accurate understanding of the targets and severity of cognitive impairment is the key to implementing precise treatment and prevention. However, assessing cognitive function and treating cognitive disorders in patients with schizophrenia is a challenging task. In recent years, with the deepening of research, methods for evaluating cognitive function have also rapidly developed. However, the different methods of assessing cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia have also led to inconsistent understanding and evaluation of them. This article reviews several common neuropsychological scales for evaluating cognitive function by searching domestic and foreign literature, providing referenceopinions for better understanding and evaluating cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.

Author(s) Details:

Hou Yongmei,
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V1/article/view/13024

Ultrastructural Pathology of Oligodendrocytes and Myelinated Fibers in Prefrontal white Matter in Schizophrenia | Chapter 12 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 In this place chapter, we proposed to perform a subjective and morphometric study of the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes in BA 10 white matter (WM) in emotional disorder and in normal controls and to present ultrastructural alterations of myelinated  fibers previously discovered in BA 10 WM in schizophrenia distinguished to normal controls.Power microscopy and morphometry were used in the study. The size, capacity density (Vv), and number (N) of oligodendrocyte organelles were calculated in 21 patients accompanying schizophrenia and 20 normal controls. The dossier were examined utilizing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality. Pearson equivalence analysis was used to expect probable friendships between the limits measured and age, review after death interval, neuroleptic treatment, and affliction duration.In emotional disorder, we detected oligodendrocyte increase, vacuolation, a lack of ribosomes and mitochondria, and an accumulation of lipofuscin granules when distinguished to controls. Morphometry revealed a solid decrease in Vv and N of mitochondria and an increase in Vv and N of lipofuscin granules and vacuoles in schizophrenia oligodendrocytes distinguished to controls. Abnormalities of myelinated fibers in WM in emotional disorder compared to normal controls contained altered oligodendrocyte/axon interplay and myelin/axon integrity, axonal disintegration and degeneration of myelin sheaths and myelinated fibers.Alterations of oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers in emotional disorder provide evidence for the upset of their energy, lipid and protein absorption in prefrontal WM. Abnormalities in oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers power disturb axonal integrity and circuits and contribute to the pathophysiology of emotional disorder.

Author(s) Details:

Uranova N. A.,
Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V7/article/view/12767

Assessment Tools for Social Function in Patients with Schizophrenia | Chapter 12 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Objective: To outline the main tools for social function appraisal of schizophrenia in the past 30 age both domestically and internationally.Orders: Relevant literature review was transported to organize and analyze usually used social function appraisal scales for schizophrenia patients two together domestically and internationally.Results: The research results abroad are comparatively rich: From the perspective of content structure, skilled are single and multi-dimensional; From the outlook of application fields, it can be detached into daily functional estimate and comprehensive (combined regular functional with professional strength) assessment; From the perspective of explanation foundation, there are demonstrative standards based on the "Information of Mental Disorder Statistics and Disease", as well as clinical occurrence. There are few research results in China, mainly revisions of unfamiliar scales or simplified scales developed by refer to foreign methods, and their psychometric depiction needs to be verified and revised.Conclusion: The social function amount of schizophrenia is of great importance for the rehabilitation of patients, offspring harmony, and social security. Due to the strong educational dependence of social functions, we concede possibility strengthen the development and publicity of localized evaluation finishes.

Author(s) Details:

Hou Yongmei,
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V6/article/view/12660

A Review on Nutraceuticals: Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Positive Effect on Human Health and Disease | Chapter 14 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 For the publicity of good health and the decline of illness risk, Nutraceuticals, working food components, and digestive supplements are crucial. Although a expansive range of bioactive is known to support the anticipated beneficial benefits. The researcher have endure the literatures related to the Nutraceuticals – Omega 3 greasy acids as a positive effect on human health and afflictions, on the basis of the accompanying literatures and the findings it raise that many types of Omega-3 fatty acids are definitely affect the human well-being and which also helps for fear that and cure from certain afflictions like cancer, soul diseases etc. Omega-3 oily acids are considered essential oily acids. They are very important for human energy, but the body cannot produce them on allure own. We must get bureaucracy through food. Omega-3 oily acids play an important duty in brain function and sane growth and development.

Author(s) Details:

P. Shanthala,
Padmashree Institute of Management and Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V6/article/view/10539

Safety and Tolerability of Some Second Generation of Antipsychotics | Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 To monitor ADRs of second production antipsychotics and find out the origin and severity of ADRs had connection with the second generation antipsychotics. An antipsychotic drug is a insane tranquillizer typically arbitrary to treat psychosis, emotional disorder, bipolar disorder, misconceptions, paranoid disorder, mental handicap, depression, and added mental strength conditions. These cures are also used to treat non-unhinged disorders. The drugs in the second generation came later and are popular as atypical antipsychotics. The first creation of antipsychotics, also known as conventional antipsychotics, were discovered in the 1950s. In the study 100 patients were secluded, of whom 91 (91.00%) were suspected to contract an illness adverse drug responses (ADRs). Four atypical antipsychotic drugs were most frequently secondhand such as olanzapine (5mg, 10mg), risperidone (2mg, 1mg), clozapine (0.5mg) and quetiapine (50 mg). Information about ADRs was assembled simultaneously from victims' guardians and patients themselves. The plan created for one Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, allowed for the access of information concerning the study of prescribed medications, differing adverse backlashes, the management of ADR, in addition to reports of laboratory examinations. Total 171 adverse occurrences were investigated and figured. Causality of adverse occurrences was assessed by Naranjo's invention and World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) criteria. The results of the current study and the documented ADR reports concede possibility be useful for future analysts to conduct additional research or in general area and to inform clinicians about the ADR description of the otherwise widely arbitrary class of antipsychotic drugs.

Author(s) Details:

Nilanjan Pahari,
Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and AHS, Uluberia, Howrah-711316, West Bengal, India.

Koyel Mandal,
Department of Pharmacy, Kshudiram Bose College of Pharmacy, Tajpur, Mahishadal, Purba Medinipur-721628, West Bengal, India.

Biprojit Bhowmick,
Department of Pharmacology, Seacom Pharmacy College, Jaladhulagori, Sankrail, Howrah-711302, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10302

Descriptive Aspects of Delusional and Other Psychotic Disorders| Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 5

 The range of psychotic disorders ranges from brief psychotic disorders to unrealistic disorders of various subtypes to emotional disorder. The most important demarcation test is social use, modern psychiatry placing plenty emphasis on this facet. Short-term acute psychotic disorders can be predominantly endogenously commanded, but may also have an raised coefficient of exogenic reactivity, from case to case. In the same way, if in schizophrenia, the etiopathologists of the ancestral spectrum, in addition to disturbances along the lines of synthetic neurotransmitters are indisputable, unrealistic disorder is one of the psychotic afflictions in which public and environmental factors have an raised importance. We be going to present the spectrum of psychotic disorders, stressing the differences 'tween positive and negative symptomatology, exposing the types of unrealistic disorders and the centripetal building of delusions in these situations. It is about subtlety and delusional thinking, the act of attributing of meanings and acausal synchronicities. The construction of the stress-diathesis model is different from case to case, there are "displeased people" and not "diseases".

Author(s) Details:

Mihai Gabriel Nastrase,
Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy”, Romania.

Mara Mitrut,
Alex. Obregia Clinical Hospital for Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania.

Ilinca Vlaicu,
Private Practice, Bucharest, Romania.

Simona Trifu,
Department of Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy”, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V5/article/view/9140

Psychometric Property Test on Burdened Care Caregiver Scale-Thai Version for Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Methamphetamine Use| Chapter 2 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 This episode aims to present the psychometric properties of the Thai story of the Impact and Burden of Care Scale for Caregivers of Persons with Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Methamphetamine Use (TIBSCSM).In this study, 142 caregivers of guys with emotional disorder and occur with something methamphetamine use response were proven by Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO), and Bartlett's test of sphericity proven the adequacy of the part correlation forge. The theoretical model seen a second-order confirmatory determinant reasoning (CFA) test.The 32-item TIBSCSM displayed convergent genuineness correlations accompanying two quality-of-growth measures. Additionally, KMO=0.9, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity X2=5248.5, df=496, p<0.001, CVI =1, and internal thickness dependability was high (α=0.9). The CFA has proved that the theoretical models support the judgments (X2=325.2, df=287, p<0.001, RMSEA=0.0, CFI =0.9).The TIBSCSM scale has the potential to benefit psychiatric nurses and insane care teams in milking, research, education, and dispassionate determination by weighing the impact and care burden of caregivers of community with emotional disorder and methamphetamine use.

Author(s) Details:

Ek-Uma Imkome,
Faculty of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Thammasat University, Patuntane, 12120, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V8/article/view/9026