Anatomical and Clinical Insights from Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Orbital Region A| Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Recent studies report that morphometry is a fast and efficient method for the evaluation of morphological characteristics such as ethnicity, gender, age, genetic factors, dietary habits and regional variations which can alter the shape and size of bone structures. These aspects are significantly important in determining the anthropometric changes between different populations and genders. The orbital index varies in the different races of mankind and determines the shape of the face in different population groups. This study aimed to assess the orbital index, which varies with race, regions, within the same race, and periods in evolution. Understanding this index is crucial for interpreting fossil records, classifying skulls in forensic medicine, and exploring trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences. Documented ranges of this index in different nationalistic groups will aid in skull identification. Sixty-eight skulls were obtained from the Anatomy Department of the University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi. To prevent interobserver and intra-observer error, two individuals measured the parameters independently using predetermined procedures. Vernier callipers accurate to 0.1mm and a 30mm ruler were used to measure the width and height of the orbits, while a tapeline was used to measure the length and width of the skull. The mean orbital height was found to be 33.47 ±1.56mm and 33.65 ±1.53mm, whereas the mean orbital width was 42.06 ±1.68mm and 41.87 ±1.73mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean orbital index was 79.65 ±4.02mm and 80.49 ±4.67mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean width of the skull was 128.71 ±5.94mm, whereas the mean height of the skull was 130.96 ±4.07mm. The data obtained was statistically analysed. Comparison with previous studies reveals significant variation in the anatomical characteristics of the orbital cavity, influenced by ethnic differences, measurement methods, and sample size. The data collected in this study could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development, considering sex and ethnic-related variations. The findings of the present study allow for quantification of the orbital features of North Indian adults and provide parameters for preoperative planning and prediction of postoperative outcomes.

 

Author (s) Details

Anil Kumar
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine and Health Science (CoMHS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Sohar, Al Tareef, Sultanate of Oman.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2842

Ultrastructural Pathology of Oligodendrocytes and Myelinated Fibers in Prefrontal white Matter in Schizophrenia | Chapter 12 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 In this place chapter, we proposed to perform a subjective and morphometric study of the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes in BA 10 white matter (WM) in emotional disorder and in normal controls and to present ultrastructural alterations of myelinated  fibers previously discovered in BA 10 WM in schizophrenia distinguished to normal controls.Power microscopy and morphometry were used in the study. The size, capacity density (Vv), and number (N) of oligodendrocyte organelles were calculated in 21 patients accompanying schizophrenia and 20 normal controls. The dossier were examined utilizing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality. Pearson equivalence analysis was used to expect probable friendships between the limits measured and age, review after death interval, neuroleptic treatment, and affliction duration.In emotional disorder, we detected oligodendrocyte increase, vacuolation, a lack of ribosomes and mitochondria, and an accumulation of lipofuscin granules when distinguished to controls. Morphometry revealed a solid decrease in Vv and N of mitochondria and an increase in Vv and N of lipofuscin granules and vacuoles in schizophrenia oligodendrocytes distinguished to controls. Abnormalities of myelinated fibers in WM in emotional disorder compared to normal controls contained altered oligodendrocyte/axon interplay and myelin/axon integrity, axonal disintegration and degeneration of myelin sheaths and myelinated fibers.Alterations of oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers in emotional disorder provide evidence for the upset of their energy, lipid and protein absorption in prefrontal WM. Abnormalities in oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers power disturb axonal integrity and circuits and contribute to the pathophysiology of emotional disorder.

Author(s) Details:

Uranova N. A.,
Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V7/article/view/12767

The Pectoral Limb of Pariah Kite (Milvus migrans): A Gross Morphometrical Study | Chapter 11 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 3

 The aim concerning this chapter search out identify the variety on the basis of cartilages and to recognize the changing features between Pariah Kite and Domestic Fowl.The plant structure of the pectoral girdle, the wasted structure joining the wing to the carcass, is a key determinant of departure capability, but in few respects is poorly famous among stem fowls. Gross morphometry was performed on the forelimb or pectoral appendage of a Pariah kite (Milvus migrans). It was acquired from the Department of Wildlife Health and Management at the Veterinary College in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Pariah kite's pectoral limb was containing the following bones: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna, Carpals, Carpometacapus, and Digits. The humerus was the lengthiest and biggest of the forelimb cartilages. The proximal limit was bigger and complement in the craniocaudal plane than the distal extremity. The sweep was narrower and finer than the ulna. Both cartilages were separated by a colossal interosseus gap proximally and a restricted space distally. The shaft's exterior surface was covered accompanying a series of slight bony projections that dressed as attachment places for subordinate wing plumage. We discovered that the forelimb of the Pariah Kite can be clearly famous by noting the tighter and flattened having a common boundary extremity, lengthened head and deltoid crest of the humerus, finer prismatic rod of radius and semicylindrical rod, and bony projections on the external surface of the ulna.

Author(s) Details:

Yogita Pandey,
Department of Veterinary, Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, M. P., India.

A. Pandey,
Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, M. P., India.

A. B. Shrivastav,
Department of Wildlife Health and Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, M. P., India.

M. P. S. Tomar,
Department of Veterinary, Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, M. P., India.

Rakhi Vaish,
Department of Veterinary, Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, M. P., India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V3/article/view/11610

Coracoid Process in Adult Human Scapula in Eastern Odisha Population: A Morphometric Analysis | Chapter 2 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 7

 

 The current review measure the elements of the coracoid cycle of the scapula. The coracoid interaction is a projection that juts superolaterally from the upper line of the skull, looking like a bird's bill. It essentially affects shoulder capability.

The current review contained 104 grown-up dry scapulae of obscure age and sex, got from the Department of Anatomy of Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM clinic.

The aspects recorded were breath, length, level, thickness and kinds of coraco-glenoid space by utilizing advanced vernier calipers. These boundaries were thought about on both the sides.

The most overwhelming coraco-glenoid space was viewed as the round section (Type I). Genuinely irrelevant distinction was noted in every one of the four boundaries among right and left. However every one of the four boundaries have higher qualities on right side in contrast with left side yet the thing that matters was measurably immaterial. The outcomes are as such length of coracoid-39.91±3.16 mm; width of coracoid-14.00±2.03 mm; tip thickness of coracoid-8.32±1.87 mm; level of base coracoid-22.87±3.55 mm; width of base of coracoid-10.50 ±2.64 mm;

The different scapular aspects acquired in this study will likewise be valuable in relative life systems and assembling prosthetic items. The ongoing review will be of monstrous assist in muscular medical procedures on the shoulder with jointing and in biomechanical designing for planning inserts for complete shoulder substitution.

Author(s) Details:

Saurjya Ranjan Das,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Sreepreeti Champatyray,
Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Gyanaranjan Nayak,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India.

Sitansu Kumar Panda,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V7/article/view/7833

An Anatomical Study on Acromion, Coracoid and Glenoid Processes of Scapula | Chapter 11 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 4

The three scapula processes are being measured in the current study in order to determine their morphology and various parameters.

The pathophysiology of rotator cuff diseases and impingement syndrome are both significantly influenced by the morphology of the acromion. The coracoid process is necessary for several surgical operations affecting the shoulder joint. The dimensions of the glenoid process are crucial for creating glenoid components for total shoulder replacement. 42 unpaired human scapulae from the departmental museum of anatomy at a medical college in Eastern India were used in the current descriptive research. The efficacy of conservative or surgical therapy for shoulder joint impingement appears to be predicted by acromion shape. The coracoid process is the focal point of several arthroscopic and open surgical approaches to the shoulder. So, in procedures affecting the shoulder joint, its morphometry is crucial. The new work will be very beneficial for biomechanical engineering when designing implants for total shoulder replacement as well as orthopaedic procedures on the shoulder joint.

The findings will be very important for orthopaedic surgery and shoulder prosthesis production.

Author(s) Details:

Gyanaranjan Nayak,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Sitansu K. Panda,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Prafulla K. Chinara,
Department of Anatomy, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V4/article/view/7366

Change Detection Using Landsat Data 2000 and Sentinel Data 2020 for Meghadrigedda Sub-Watersheds Using Hydrogeomorphology, NDWI and, NDVI, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh-India | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 With global warming and over-exploitation of water resources as a result of population growth and other challenges, several studies are being conducted around the world to restore a balance of current water resources and consumption. This research is based on a 366-square-kilometer watershed surrounding the Meghadrigedda reservoir in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India, on a 1:50,000 scale 65O/1 SOI map. The watershed was divided into nine sub-watersheds, and the study area's hydrogeomorphology, drainage, drainage density, slope, NDVI, and NDWI were all completed using Landsat data 2010 and Sentinel data 2020 in ArcGIS 10.0. All of the villages in the catchment rely heavily on groundwater for irrigation, drinking, and personal use. The decline in surface water and groundwater as a result of increasing built-up area, pond siltation, and a reduction in the number of ponds was shown using change detection. In the watershed, large-scale anthropogenic activities are taking place. The government must reduce built-up activity and desilt the ponds to keep the monsoon water flowing. The study's findings can be used to plan and build a long-term basin area.

Author(s) Details:

Usha Chirala,
Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-4/article/view/7118

Morphometrical Analysis of Suprarenal Gland in Fetuses of Different Gestational Ages | Chapter 20 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background and Goals: Suprarenal glands are a pair of glands located on each side of the spinal column on the posterior abdomen wall. The examination of foetal morphometrical growth characteristics has become more popular in recent years as a means of assessing foetal growth and development. According to Brown and Singer, the size of glands was reduced in foetuses from abortive pregnancies in hypertension patients, and the adrenal age was below the normal range in anencephalic foetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. By 20 weeks of pregnancy, foetal MRI can detect the suprarenal glands, and trans abdominal ultrasonography can detect them as early as the 12th week of pregnancy. As a result, understanding natural variations in weight, size, and shape with gestational ages is critical.

Methods: A total of 110 supra renal glands, both right and left, were collected from 55 aborted human foetuses ranging in gestational age from 9 to 36 weeks. The research was conducted at MGM Medical College in Navi Mumbai and Aurangabad's Department of Anatomy. The morphology of both suprarenal glands was investigated. The weight of the dimension, the length of the crown lump, and the relative weight of the right and left suprarenals were all investigated and statistically assessed.

The results show that there is a high significant increase in body weight as gestational age increases (P 0.01), as well as a high significant increase in crown rump length as gestational age increases (P 0.01).

With increasing gestational age, there is a substantial rise in crown rump length (P 0.01).

The results show that with increasing gestational age, there is a significant variation in the relative weight of the right suprarenal (P 0.01).

Interpretation and conclusions: Understanding natural variation in weight, size, and form with gestational ages is critical because nomograms like this can help us manage the status of a baby in high-risk pregnancies.


Author(S) Details

Mini Mol P.
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.

Gautam Shroff
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Aurangabad, India.

Sumi Elizebeth Reny
Department of Anatomy, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V9/article/view/5855

Determining the Morphometric Traits of Apis dorsata Worker Bees of Jogimatti Forest and Chitradurga, Karnataka, India | Chapter 5 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 5

 The primary goal of this study was to collect morphometric data on honey bee workers, namely Apis dorsata workers, in Chitradurga and the surrounding Jogimatti forest. As a result, specific morphological features of A. dorsata worker bees were investigated after worker bees were collected from two separate regions in the Chitradurga District in central Karnataka. Thirteen phenotypic traits were measured in the gathered samples. The antennae, mouth, forewing, hindwing, foreleg, midleg, and hindleg lengths of workers bees differed considerably [P 0.05]. However, no significant differences in reaming morphological features were found [P > 0.05]. The researchers discovered a robust correlation between several morphological features and the location of A. dorsata worker bees gathered from the study sites, implying that morphometric variations could be utilised to distinguish intraspecific honeybee colonies. Morphometry is a basic taxonomic approach that lays the groundwork for understanding honeybee biodiversity.

Author(S) Details

S. G. Dhananjaya
Department of Zoology, Government Science College, Chitradurga, 577501, India.

K. L. Naik
Department of Zoology, Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga, 577201, India.

K. Roopa
Department of Biochemistry, Government Science College, Chitradurga, 577501, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V5/article/view/4602

Study on Morphometric Assessment of Adult Human Lumbar Vertebrae | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 The lumbar area of the human spine is the most usually affected by low backache. Lumbar morphometry is crucial for a range of therapies targeted at stabilising and correcting anomalies, as well as for understanding the biomechanics of the lumbar spine.

The purpose of this study is to determine the anatomical dimensions of the lumbar vertebral body in order to prepare spinal fixation devices. The purpose of this study was to gather morphometric data on the dimensions of the lumbar vertebral body that may be employed in clinical practise. An observational study was conducted in which 47 dry macerated adult human lumbar vertebral sets were studied directly, with morphometric analysis taking precedence over vertebral body analysis. The data was processed and analysed using SPSS Ver.20. The 'ANOVA' and 'Z test' were employed to analyse statistical differences.

The antero-posterior (AP) diameter of the superior surface rose steadily from L1 to L5. However, the inferior surface's AP diameter rose until L4, then decreased. From L1 to L5, transverse measures demonstrate a progressive upward trend. The spinal bodies' heights changed over time. From L1 to L5, superior surface area (SA) continuously increases. Inferior surface area (IA) grows until L4 and then declines until L5.

Except for the lumbar vertebral bodies' 'posterior height,' the study discovered extremely significant variations in all vertebral measurements. The results should be broadened to encompass a larger sample size and known male and female lumbar vertebrae from a diverse population.

Author (S) Details

Balu Gangaram Londhe

Deptartment of Anatomy, Bharti Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Rajendra Somnath Garud

Deptartment of Anatomy, Bharti Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V3/article/view/4151