Anatomical and Clinical Insights from Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Orbital Region A| Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Recent studies report that morphometry is a fast and efficient method for the evaluation of morphological characteristics such as ethnicity, gender, age, genetic factors, dietary habits and regional variations which can alter the shape and size of bone structures. These aspects are significantly important in determining the anthropometric changes between different populations and genders. The orbital index varies in the different races of mankind and determines the shape of the face in different population groups. This study aimed to assess the orbital index, which varies with race, regions, within the same race, and periods in evolution. Understanding this index is crucial for interpreting fossil records, classifying skulls in forensic medicine, and exploring trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences. Documented ranges of this index in different nationalistic groups will aid in skull identification. Sixty-eight skulls were obtained from the Anatomy Department of the University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi. To prevent interobserver and intra-observer error, two individuals measured the parameters independently using predetermined procedures. Vernier callipers accurate to 0.1mm and a 30mm ruler were used to measure the width and height of the orbits, while a tapeline was used to measure the length and width of the skull. The mean orbital height was found to be 33.47 ±1.56mm and 33.65 ±1.53mm, whereas the mean orbital width was 42.06 ±1.68mm and 41.87 ±1.73mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean orbital index was 79.65 ±4.02mm and 80.49 ±4.67mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean width of the skull was 128.71 ±5.94mm, whereas the mean height of the skull was 130.96 ±4.07mm. The data obtained was statistically analysed. Comparison with previous studies reveals significant variation in the anatomical characteristics of the orbital cavity, influenced by ethnic differences, measurement methods, and sample size. The data collected in this study could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development, considering sex and ethnic-related variations. The findings of the present study allow for quantification of the orbital features of North Indian adults and provide parameters for preoperative planning and prediction of postoperative outcomes.

 

Author (s) Details

Anil Kumar
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine and Health Science (CoMHS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Sohar, Al Tareef, Sultanate of Oman.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2842

Implementation of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Study the Flash Flood Risk at NEOM Mega-City, Saudi Arabia | Chapter 6 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 5

 Southern Red Sea inundation is common. Assessing flood-likely development risks helps decrease history and property threats. It tries to increase flood awareness and advocate landlord steps to lessen risk. DEMs and terrain data were resolved by RS and GIS. Fifth-through seventh-order Rivers were studied. Morphometric study assessed the area’s sudden rainfall danger. NEOM has 14 catchments. We persistent each catchment’s area, circumference, maximum length, total stream time, minimum and maximum elevations. It also uses detached sensing. It categorizes Landsat 8 photos for land use and cover maps. Image categorization involves excellent Landsat satellite countenances and secondary dossier, plus user occurrence and knowledge. This study secondhand the wetness index, elevation, slope, stream capacity index, topographic roughness index, normalized dissimilarity vegetation index, powder transport index, stream order, flow accumulation, and terrestrial formation. Analytic order considered all earlier tests (AHP). The geometric regularity index GCI (0.15) and the consistency percentage CR (4.3%) are calculated. The study revealed five degrees of inundation risk for Wadi Zawhi and four for Wadi Surr, from very high to very low. 9.16% of Wadi Surr is ready to very high inundation, 50% to high inundation, 40% to low inundation, and 0.3% to very low inundation. Wadi Zawhi’s flood risk is 0.23% high, moderate, reduced, or extremely low. They’re in Wadi Surr and Wadi Zawhi. Flood plan helps prepare for crises. Flood-prone regions should supply instructions resilience.

Author(s) Details:

Ahmed A. Abdulalim,
Surveying Master’s Degree Program, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Tarek A. El Damaty,
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V5/article/view/9739

Study on Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Head, Pronotum and Elytra of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) Collected in Selected Provinces in the Philippines | Chapter 9 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 Background: Using Cluster Analysis, Relative Warp Analysis coupled with box plot and histograms, and Procustean Analysis, this study was conducted to explain variations in the shapes of the elytra, head, and pronotum of populations of adult Brontispa longissima (Gestro) infesting coconut farms from selected areas in the Philippines.

Form residuals captured using the landmark based geometric morphometrics approach were included in the data used in this analysis.

Objective : The goal of this study was to use Cluster Analysis, Relative Warp Analysis with box plots and histograms, and Procustean Analysis to describe variations in the shapes of the elytra, head, and pronotum of populations of adult Brontispa longissima (Gestro) infesting coconut farms from selected areas in the Philippines.

Results: Cluster analyses based on average elytra, head, and pronotum shapes indicate no clear pattern of similarity between and within five populations of B. longissima. When RWA was used to summarise variations using two relative warps in the shape of the elytra, the results revealed that RWA was only effective in summarising variations using two relative warps in the shape of the elytra, with the first two warps containing 86.29 percent of the female variations and 85.48 percent of the male variations. The first two relative warps captured less than half of the total difference in the head and pronotum. When the shapes of the frequency histograms were examined, it was discovered that they all followed a unimodal distribution. There are no clear findings in the box plots.

Only the elytra were more durable and consistent than the head and pronotum among the three characters tested, and Tandag differed from the other overlapping populations. Procustean Analyses, on the other hand, showed that both male and female elytra were more widely distributed in the posterior region. The head and pronotum coordinates were uniformly distributed. Variability was exaggerated in the right side of the elytra and the posterior sections of the head and pronotum in the overlapping consensus configurations. Females had more expansion in their elytra, while males had more compression. For males, expansion occurs in the posterior part of the elytra; however, findings revealed asymmetry in the distribution of expansion areas in the female head, with expansion occurring in the right postero-lateral aspect. Conclusion: The overall findings indicate that they may all belong to the same operational taxonomic unit, ecotype, or biotype. It's possible that geography isn't the driving force behind B. longissima population differentiation. Other critical considerations could include the type of coconut host and other environmental parameters. Future research will be needed to confirm this.

Author (s) Details

Professor Dr. Ana Marie T. Acevedo
Surigao del Sur State University, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V2/issue/view/60