Revealing The Gut-brain Connection: The Effects of Microbiota Extend Beyond Digestion | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

The gut microbiome is a dynamic internal ecosystem that plays a crucial role in shaping our overall health. A balanced gut microbiome aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, immune function, mental clarity, and emotional regulation, and protects against diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune conditions. Comprising bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, this vast ecosystem is essential but often overlooked in its impact on health. It transforms dietary components into important neurotransmitters and antioxidants, including serotonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). However, factors like poor diet, excessive hygiene, stress, and antibiotic use can disrupt this delicate balance by decreasing microbial diversity and impairing function. The gut microbiota is linked not only to digestive diseases but also to mental health conditions. This chapter emphasises the influence of stress, probiotics, circadian rhythms, diet, and environmental exposures on the gut microbiota’s interaction with brain function via the gut-brain axis—a bidirectional communication system. It explores how gut microbes affect the nervous system through neurotransmitters, the endocrine system, immune mechanisms, and microbial metabolites. Additionally, it discusses how alterations in gut microbiota may be involved in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

 

 

Author(s) Details

Chandrasekar R
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Pooja R.P
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Sadhana A
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Snehalatha K
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Prasanna Venkatesh J
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Selvakumar M
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Sivagami B

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Kumanan R
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Malappuram, 673634, Kerala, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6889

Knowledge, Attitude and Management of Geriatric Patients in Dental Clinical Settings Comorbid with Psychiatric Disorders | Chapter 05 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: The present study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and awareness of psychiatric disorders and their relation to oral health among dental undergraduates, interns, postgraduate students and faculties treating geriatric patients.

Background and Objectives: Psychiatric disorders are a leading cause of deteriorating oral health problems worldwide which in turn is worsened with systemic diseases and acts as a major contributor to the overall burden of disease. Comorbidity with psychiatric disorders raises health risks and has an impact on the condition, treatment and prognosis of elderly patients, necessitating holistic dental care for this age group.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 300 dental students and faculties from various departments. The questionnaire was developed and subsequent face validation was obtained from dental students followed by content validation from a medical expert and four dental experts which was then utilized to assess knowledge, attitude and practice amongst dental health practitioners and students for managing geriatric patients comorbid with psychiatric disorders.

Results: Of the total study participants, the majority of faculties with clinical practice (86.0%]. had more making for dentist-patient relationships whereas remaining participants believed in dentist-based decision making which was found to be statistically significant (<0.001).

Geriatric population have a higher incidence of psychiatric disorders as compared to other age group populations due to drastic changes in lifestyle dynamics and societal relations in addition to health. The finding attributes to the reason that BDS students and postgraduates are supervised by mentors and they work with certain principles whereas practitioners can work according to their own beliefs and treatment preferences.

Conclusion: More evidence and research in this field are increasingly important and required to improve evidence-based clinical practice and therapy for geriatric patients.

 

Author(s) Details :-

 

Arushi Tomar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

Ritu Gupta
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

Iram Ahsan
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

Nidhi Puri
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

Asifa Ashraf
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

Shivangi Varshney
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v7/329

Pseudocyesis and Its Related Psychiatric Conditions: An In-Depth Analysis |Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

 

Background: Pseudocyesis (or pseudocyesis vera) also known as “phantom pregnancy” was previously described according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a false belief of being pregnant that is associated with objective signs and reported symptoms of pregnancy. Depression has also been strongly reported to play a major role in the development of pseudocyesis. The exact etiology and management of this rare disorder are not known but certain factors have been associated with this including the presence of certain psychiatric conditions.

 

Objective: This study aims to provide a better understanding of the factors associated with pseudocyesis including psychiatric disorders and available treatment modalities.

 

Materials and Methods: This review article was done on the available literature reporting any psychiatric disorders and psychological factors in patients with pseudocyesis, the epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment in humans only. Available articles published from 1970 to January 2021 were included. Using the following keywords- “pseudocyesis, false pregnancy, psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, phantom pregnancy”, relevant articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched and reviewed. Our initial search yielded 871 articles, out of which 14 were deemed fully eligible.

 

Results: According to our review, it has been found that various social and cultural factors such as strong cultural views on the need for childbearing as a prerequisite for womanhood, and loss of a child have led to the manifestation of this condition. The etiology of pseudocyesis is associated with various psychological and endocrine disturbances sometimes mediated by psychosomatic disorders. The treatment of pseudocyesis depends on the underlying associated conditions. In most case reports examined in this review, a multidimensional approach including psychotherapy; pharmacotherapy like antidepressants and antipsychotics; hormonal therapy such as replacement therapy, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic option.

 

Conclusion: Pseudocyesis could be associated with psychiatric conditions such as major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hypomania, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The treatment options may vary depending on the existence of co-morbidities in each patient. Adopting a multidisciplinary strategy that includes gynecologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists is critical in providing comprehensive care to this group of patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nkechinyere Mary Harry

Vinnytsia National Pirogov Medical University, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

 

Ibrahim Folorunsho
Badr Al Janoub Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia.

Kenechukwu Anona
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Nnenna Okafor
College of Medicine, All Saints University, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

 

Gibson O. Anugwom
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1758

Revisiting Psychiatric Comorbidity: Concepts and Challenges | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 5

Psychiatric comorbidity is a reality that cannot be ignored. The concept of comorbidity was transposed from medicine to psychiatry in the 1980s. Since then, psychiatry has witnessed a tremendous growth in the research on comorbidity. However, comorbidity has proved to be a double-edged sword. Psychiatric comorbidity has important diagnostic and treatment implications. It is a guiding principle for organising psychiatric classifications. On the other hand, despite the large amount of research, the nosological and diagnostic aspects of psychiatric comorbidity remain unresolved. Both underestimation and overestimation of comorbidity have led to problems that have challenged the very basis of psychiatric classifications and diagnostic practices. Future research focusing on identifying patterns of comorbidity and adopting more nuanced diagnostic approaches in clinical settings could be helpful.

 

Author (s) Details

Subho Chakrabarti
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v5/5410

 

Novel Neurotransmitter and Receptors: An Overview | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 4

The nervous system's intricate network relies on neurotransmitters and receptors for signal transmission, orchestrating complex physiological and behavioural responses. While classical neurotransmitter systems have been extensively studied, recent research has unveiled novel neurotransmitters and receptors, expanding our understanding of neural communication. This overview provides a comprehensive synthesis of both classic and emerging neurotransmitter-receptor systems, delineating their functions and receptor subtypes. Additionally, it highlights recent discoveries in the field, emphasizing the role of advanced techniques in identifying previously unknown signalling molecules. By elucidating the intricate landscape of neurotransmitter-receptor interactions, this overview underscores the importance of ongoing research in shaping our understanding of brain function and informing therapeutic interventions for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

 

Author (s) Details

Juhi Aggarwal
Department of Biochemistry, Vallabh-Bhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Mansi Modi
Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v4/761

Knowledge, Attitude and Management of Geriatric Patients in Dental Clinical Settings Comorbid with Psychiatric Disorders | Chapter 5 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: The present study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and awareness of psychiatric disorders and their relation to oral health among dental undergraduates, interns, postgraduate students and faculties treating geriatric patients.

Background and Objectives: Psychiatric disorders are a leading cause of deteriorating oral health problems worldwide which in turn is worsened with systemic diseases and acts as a major contributor to the overall burden of disease. Comorbidity with psychiatric disorders raises health risks and has an impact on the condition, treatment and prognosis of elderly patients, necessitating holistic dental care for this age group.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 300 dental students and faculties from various departments. The questionnaire was developed and subsequent face validation was obtained from dental students followed by content validation from a medical expert and four dental experts which was then utilized to assess knowledge, attitude and practice amongst dental health practitioners and students for managing geriatric patients comorbid with psychiatric disorders.

Results: Of the total study participants, the majority of faculties with clinical practice (86.0%]. had more making for dentist-patient relationships whereas remaining participants believed in dentist-based decision making which was found to be statistically significant (<0.001).

Geriatric population have a higher incidence of psychiatric disorders as compared to other age group populations due to drastic changes in lifestyle dynamics and societal relations in addition to health. The finding attributes to the reason that BDS students and postgraduates are supervised by mentors and they work with certain principles whereas practitioners can work according to their own beliefs and treatment preferences.

Conclusion: More evidence and research in this field are increasingly important and required to improve evidence-based clinical practice and therapy for geriatric patients.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Arushi Tomar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Ritu Gupta
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Iram Ahsan
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Nidhi Puri
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Asifa Ashraf
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Shivangi Varshney
Department of Public Health Dentistry, DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v7/329

Has the DSM Failed?| Chapter 13 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 9

 By causing diagnostic ambiguity across diagnoses, the DSM's consensus-driven and theoretical diagnostic classification system has grown increasingly difficult to integrate into clinical practise. It has also not adequately taken into account decades of aetiology study to help with diagnostic clarity. Contrary to long-standing clinical training traditions, it instructs physicians to utilise algorithmic/iterative methods of diagnosis. Academic institutions in the United States are now largely dependent on the DSM. This makes it a contradictory barrier to a true understanding of psychiatric problems and how to treat them.  

Author(s) Details:

Sumit Anand,
Ashburn Psychological and Psychiatric Services, 44095 Pipeline Plaza, Suite #240, Ashburn VA 20147, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V9/article/view/8020

Yogic Help for Anorexia Nervosa: A Recent Study | Chapter 17 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects a person's mental well-being. It is more common in today's young population, who are afraid of acquiring weight, which has a psychological impact on them. This can be addressed with medication, but the following article advocates the use of various yoga asanas or poses to treat the illness.

Author(S) Details

Mrunmayee Kulkarni
Sigma institute of Physiotherapy, Vadodara, Gujrat, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V8/article/view/4576