Marine Collagen Peptides: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Musculoskeletal Disorders | Chapter 7 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and sarcopenia lead to an increasing global health burden. Marine collagen peptides (MCPs) are the most promising candidate for nutritional intervention and have significant advantages compared to their terrestrial counterparts in terms of bioavailability, immunogenicity, and sustainable exploitation using fish by-products. This chapter provides an overview of published scientific evidence on the efficacy and modes of action of M CPs for musculoskeletal health. Based on preclinical studies, done mostly in animal and in vitro models, marine collagen can prevent the progression of osteoarthritis, increase bone mineral density, and promote differentiation of osteoblasts. The underlying mechanisms were related to the suppression of pro-inflammatory and catabolic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and promotion of anabolic genes, collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1). Nevertheless, the clinical evidence is limited, and there is an urgent requirement for more large RCTs (randomised controlled trials) of long-term to confirm these preclinical findings for the human population. In addition, there are substantial voids related to dose-response effects, comparative effectiveness across marine sources, and sequence-specific bioactive peptide sequences. Standardisation of product quality, purity and contaminant screening is a key obstacle within the field to clinical translation and public confidence. This chapter includes a review of the literature, identifies key gaps in research, and provides recommendations to advance the science to fully realise the therapeutic potential of marine collagen peptides for musculoskeletal health.

 

Author(s) Details

A. A. Zubair
PG and Research Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology, MES Ponnani College, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7243

New Ways of Improving Lives of People with Osteoporosis | Chapter 9 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

In recent times, osteoporosis has taken epidemic proportions. It is a disorder that in time of industrialization and application of new technologies is starting to impact even the younger population. The use of modern devices in everyday life is resulting in a reduced level of human physical activity, consequently leading to an inactive way of life and an increase in number of people suffering from osteoporosis. According to the WHO definition, osteoporosis is a disease state characterized by loss of bone mineral density and bone loss which over time eventually results in fractures. As a disease, osteoporosis represents a great medical, social and economic challenge. Due to the recent years' increase in the number of people diagnosed with osteopenia and osteoporosis, there is a growing interest in this problem within the scientific community and among health professionals, and there has been a great number of attempts to develop guidelines for diagnosis, diagnostics and treatment for patients who are suffering from it. Going beyond its educational character, this dissertation also aims to point out potential positive aspects of Tae Bo exercises on people with osteoporosis and potential positive effects on bone mass, lowering of FRAX score and better quality of life. The study included 92 patients with osteoporosis diagnosis, who at the beginning and at the end of the study carried out laboratory blood, urine, and densitometry tests and filled out questionnaires of the ten-year risk of fracture (FRAX) and Quality Questionnaire QUALEFFO 31. The study was a prospective, randomized controlled study conducted on a group of women between 55 and 65. Research has shown that programs Tae Bo exercise can positively impact the greater bone mass and quality of life of people with osteoporosis. The study also points out that respondents tend to develop a positive attitude toward continuing physical activity once enrolled in a Tae Bo type of exercise. Accordingly, a working and a null hypothesis have been set. Research has shown that programs Tae Bo exercise can positively impact the greater bone mass and quality of life of people with osteoporosis. Considering the social and economic magnitude and the breadth of osteoporosis as a global and widespread problem, the main contribution of this study was to find new ways to mitigate its effects.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Slavica Jankovic
University„ Lavoslav Ruzicka' in Vukovar, Croatia.

 

Jakov Babic
Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia.

 

Marko Cojic
University„ Lavoslav Ruzicka' in Vukovar, Croatia.

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/179

A Review on Nutraceuticals: Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Positive Effect on Human Health and Disease | Chapter 14 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 For the publicity of good health and the decline of illness risk, Nutraceuticals, working food components, and digestive supplements are crucial. Although a expansive range of bioactive is known to support the anticipated beneficial benefits. The researcher have endure the literatures related to the Nutraceuticals – Omega 3 greasy acids as a positive effect on human health and afflictions, on the basis of the accompanying literatures and the findings it raise that many types of Omega-3 fatty acids are definitely affect the human well-being and which also helps for fear that and cure from certain afflictions like cancer, soul diseases etc. Omega-3 oily acids are considered essential oily acids. They are very important for human energy, but the body cannot produce them on allure own. We must get bureaucracy through food. Omega-3 oily acids play an important duty in brain function and sane growth and development.

Author(s) Details:

P. Shanthala,
Padmashree Institute of Management and Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V6/article/view/10539

Dental Radiology and Osteoporosis: The Importance of Using Radiographic Images to Assess Signs of Osteoporosis in Toothless Elderly | Chapter 13 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 This study wanted to analyse the importance of sweeping and carpal radiographs for the evaluation of edentulous things, demonstrating the offering of different dental radiographic methods in the detection of victims with signs of osteoporosis. 30 mathematical panoramic and carpal radiographs of girls between 50 and 90 age old. In the sweeping radiographs, the thickness of the mandibular layer was measured (Mentual Index - MI and Goniac Index - GA), and the plant structure of the lower cortex was judged (Klemetti classification). In the carpal radiographs, the width of the cortices of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals was measured (Metacarpal Index - IMC - or Nordin Index). The average age of the things was 68.43 years. In the study of the cortical thickness of the sweeping radiographs, the mean principles of the mental index (MI) and the gonial index (GI) refer to the age group of 50 to 59 age had values thought-out within the common range (? 3.1mm and ? 1.2mm , respectively). For the reasoning of cortex makeup, group C3 corresponded to most cases (43.33%). For carpal radiographs, the maximal metacarpal index (IMC) values were about the younger exclusive informal network (50-59 years). Finally, skilled was a positive equating between age and all-inclusive (MI, GA, IMC) and qualitative (Klemetti study) assessment indications on panoramic and carpal radiographs.

Author(s) Details:

Plauto C. A. Watanabe,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.

Giovani Antonio Rodrigues,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.

Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.

Lílian Tedeschi Ramalli,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V4/article/view/9946

Beneficial Effects of Nigella sativa for Osteoporosis and Bone Healing | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Osteoporosis is the most common cause of bone fracture in the senior. Several experimental studies have reported that Nigella sativa( NS) and/ or its main element thymoquinone( TQ) have good goods on osteoporosis and bone mending. We conducted this methodical review to estimate these applicable studies and prove whether NS and/ or TQ have a implicit effect on osteoporosis and can halt the pathogenesis of this complaint or whether this is just a fabrication. A hunt for published studies was conducted in databases similar as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CINAHIL. The hunt terms included" Nigella sativa, black seed, TQ, osteoporosis, bone mending". originally, 213 papers were uprooted. After reviewing the titles and objectifications, 124 papers( Medline, 43; Scopus, 67; EBSCO, 14) were named for farther analysis. After banning clinical trial studies, reviews, abstract junking and unconnected studies, seven studies were eventually considered suitable for our review. Eventually, seven studies were considered suitable for our review. The total number of creatures used was 220( 150 rats and 70 rabbits) from different experimental studies. Grounded on the results of this methodical review, we conclude that NS or remedy with TQ excerpts can not yet be recommended for osteoporosis and that these data aren't sufficient to reliably rule out the salutary goods of NS on bone development. The α- form of the oestrogen receptor appears to be most important in regulating bone development. thus, farther studies are demanded to probe the specific cellular and molecular targets of NS or TQ using osteoporosis beast models.

Author(s) Details:

Muhamed T. Osman,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, 2, Avenue, 3, Persiaran Springhill, 71010, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8489

Determination of Bone Quality on Panoramic Radiograph in Osteoporosis Research by Fractal Dimension | Chapter 4 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 8

 The purpose of this chapter is to establish a link between the forearm bone mass density (BMD) as determined by DXA and various quality analysis variables of the trabecular pattern in digital panoramic radiographies. 68 people were studied using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), of which 9 were men and 59 were women (19-73 years old). The fractal dimension (FD), connectivity (C), and overall number of "bright" pixels were used to assess the trabecular bone morphology in the panoramic radiography (ET). To identify those most at risk for osteoporosis, the bone mineral density of the forearm is measured during the DXA test. The statistical relationship between DXA tests and the ability of FD, C, and ET dental radiographs to identify individuals at risk for osteoporosis was investigated. The subjects were, on average, 43.85 years old. In analysing the trabecular pattern, a 5% level significant association between the FD, ET, and C variables was found (Pearson correlation test). The results of correlation tests showed no connection between DF and BMD. In order to discover changes in the trabecular pattern, the study identified correlations between the variables. It should be taken into account that analysing the bone or trabecular alveolar process is not associated to BMD with FD when, for example, a diagnostic study of pre-implant bone quality is necessary.

Author(s) Details:

Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health, and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Cafe Avenue, Zip Code: 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Fabio Santos Bottacin,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health, and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Cafe Avenue, Zip Code: 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha,
Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health, and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Cafe Avenue, Zip Code: 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Giovani Antonio Rodrigues,
Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 2227 Lineu Prestes Avenue, Zip Code: 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMCS-V8/article/view/8358

Osteoporosis in Elderly Men | Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is still underdiagnosed and undervalued in older men. Despite all difficulties, a man is less likely to receive evaluation and treatment after a low trauma fracture.

In this study, our primary goals were to ascertain the prevalence and specificity of OP in older Tunisian males, and our secondary goals were to identify the specificity of risk factors for male OP, its consequences, and therapy.

The records of male patients over the age of 65 who visited our rheumatology department over a 14-year period were examined in this retrospective analysis. All patients had their bone mass at the femoral and vertebral locations evaluated along with bone mineral density (BMD) measurements.

Results: There were 59 patients total, with an average age of 71. 19 patients (32%) had osteopenia and 27 individuals (46%) had OP. Patients with osteoporosis were 72.2 years old on average. 54 percent of our patients smoked, and 88 percent of them had bone loss. There were three patients (3%) with osteoporosis and a low body mass index (19 kg/m2). In 28 cases (47%), OP was related to a recognised potentially OP-induced disease. In 21 patients (36%), an iatrogenic cause of OP was identified, primarily due to corticosteroids. 39 low energy fractures of the bones were identified, including 25 (64%) vertebral fractures and 8 (20%) fractures of the upper femur. Twenty-one fractures (54%) were connected to OP, including 16 vertebral fractures.

Following a fracture of the top end of the femur, only one death was regretted. Vitamin D and calcium supplements were given to all of our osteoporotic patients as well as 17 (90%) osteopenic patients. 27 individuals (46%) had had bisphosphonate therapy without mentioning any negative side effects. In conclusion, OP was substantially more prevalent in older males but mostly secondary, as in all published studies. At the vertebral location, low energy fractures were also prevalent.

Author(s) Details:

Saoussen Miladi,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Meriem Sellami,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Alia Fazaa,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Saloua Belhadj,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Kawther Ben Abdelghani,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Ahmed Laatar,
Rheumatology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V3/article/view/7892

Correlation between the Bone Densities Jaws and Cervical Spine through the HU Scale Measured in Multislice Computed Tomography | Chapter 07 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 The purpose of this study was to analyse the features of osteoporosis by correlating bone densities of sites in the maxilla, mandible, and cervical vertebrae using computed tomography with multislice CT (Hounsfiled scale). Osteoporosis is a skeletal illness characterised by low bone mass, bone structure degeneration, and an increased risk of fracture that also affects the jaw bones. Causes an increase in porosity, which represents the integration of quality and bone mineral density, impeding implant-based rehabilitation treatment. Cervical osteoporosis affects the neck's spinal vertebrae bones, particularly the vertebral bodies that constitute the spinal column. To protect the spinal cord, your cervical vertebrae surround it. Cervical osteoporosis is a quiet and progressive illness with no symptoms. Bone densitometry by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard diagnostic method, although computed tomography (CT) is also highly successful in measuring bone quality using the Hounsfield unit (HU). In this work, we used Hounsfield scale CT scans to assess the bone density of mandibular heads, tooth regions 13, 23, 36, and 46, and cervical vertebrae C1, C2, and C3, and correlated their findings for diagnosis and potential osteoporosis evaluation. We looked at multi-slice CT scans of patients who had both maxillary and mandibular evaluations. We use tools to examine and research regions that have been Efilm-investigated. The results suggest that the cervical spine (C1 and C3) bone densities were positively connected with the mandibular heads (r = 0.2246, Pearson correlation coefficient), the posterior portion of the mandible (r = 0.2348,) and the front region of the maxilla (r = 0.40). As a result, we can conclude that there is a weak positive link between the cervical vertebrae and buccal locations. We discovered a moderate association between the cervical vertebrae and the anterior portion of the maxilla.

Author(S) Details

Mayara De Cassia Cunha Cheade
School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Giovani Antonio Rodrigues
School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha
Department of Ribeirão Preto and Chief of Radiology and Radioprotection Section, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Fabio Santos Bottacin
Department of Morphology, Physiology, and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Alan Grupione Lourenço
School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, BBO Department, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe
School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto and Chief of Radiology and Radioprotection Section, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V2/article/view/6127

A Brief Study about Osteoporosis: Clinical Findings and Management | Chapter 22 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The purpose of this study is to emphasise the issues that orthopaedic surgeons confront when treating senior orthopaedic patients in rural settings, as well as possible solutions to improve the status of managing osteoporosis and geriatric orthopaedic disorders in rural India. Osteoporosis, or fragility, is a major problem, and implant retention and other osteoporosis-related disorders are more common in rural areas. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are linked, and we must treat both conditions at the same time. A comprehensive treatment strategy is required. The importance of health education and public awareness cannot be overstated. It is always preferable to prevent than than cure. Education and research can help provide better patient care. In order to effectively manage osteoporosis in rural areas, social and economic factors must be addressed.

Author(S) Details

Prakash Sigedar
Sigedar Hospital, Jalna, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V7/article/view/5778

Yogic Help for Anorexia Nervosa: A Recent Study | Chapter 17 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that affects a person's mental well-being. It is more common in today's young population, who are afraid of acquiring weight, which has a psychological impact on them. This can be addressed with medication, but the following article advocates the use of various yoga asanas or poses to treat the illness.

Author(S) Details

Mrunmayee Kulkarni
Sigma institute of Physiotherapy, Vadodara, Gujrat, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V8/article/view/4576

DEXA Scan Evaluation of Pediatric Sick Patients (January- May 2017) at one of the Tertiary Hospital of Central India: Management Point of View | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 Background: Children can develop osteoporosis as a result of a prolonged medical ailment or medication, and this must be investigated. Early intervention and care reduce the risk of fractures as a result of this examination. The radiologist's role in evaluating the DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometery) examination results in the paediatric age range is critical. A statistician, an orthopaedic specialist, and a clinical pathologist are all part of the job description. The many parameters that determine bone mineral density have been researched and compared to the standard database that is now accessible. The measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) helps to provide a more detailed picture of overall bone health. A child's growing skeleton is influenced by a variety of variables. The radiologist should be knowledgeable about the technical issues of obtaining this data. The DEXA scan is always used as a starting point for the interpretation. In order to diagnose osteoporosis in children, Z-scoring and other biochemical evaluation measures are used. T-scores in adults differ greatly from those in youngsters.

 

From January to May 2017, twenty paediatric patients (n=20) who were referred from the paediatric department were submitted to a DEXA examination. These children ranged in age from 10 to 19, and were of mixed gender. These patients displayed symptoms of common illnesses such as respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal problems, among others.

The results revealed that ten out of twenty cases (50 percent) had osteopenia or osteoporosis. In comparison to the femoral neck region, the sensitivity of picking up bone density in the lumbosacral spine was higher. Only osteopenia (10%) was discovered in one case of mal-absorption syndrome, while osteoporosis was found in others (90 percent). Tuberculosis was revealed to be the most common positive ailment among the latter group (40 percent), followed by mal-absorption (30 percent), kidney disease (10 percent), diabetes mellitus (10 percent), and worm infestation (10 percent) (10 percent ). In this group, males outnumbered females by a margin of 72.7 percent (27.3 percent ). Three (15%) were determined to be within normal limits.

Conclusion: Estimating Z-scores from DEXA scans in children is a highly sensitive way for identifying osteoporosis and osteopenia. This is a non-invasive procedure that exposes you to very little non-harmful radiation. In chronic conditions such as tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption syndrome, and kidney disease, the examination is helpful in detecting decreasing BMD. This helps to prevent fractures in these fragile patients by providing timely treatment.

Author(S) Details

Shashi Sharma
Department of Pediatrics, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India..

Bharat Bhushan Sharma
Department of Radio-diagnosis, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India.

Nitish Virmani
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India.

Naresh Chander Arora
Department of Orthopedics, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India.

Mir Rizwan Aziz
Department of Radio-diagnosis, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India

Aman Arora
Department of Pediatrics, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India.

Andleeb Showkat
FAHS, SGT University, Gurugram (Haryana), 122505, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V7/article/view/4429

Osteoporosis and Urinary N Telopeptide | Book Publisher Intenational

 Context: Osteoporosis is a terrible disease that causes bone loss and weakens bone tissue's structural integrity. Fractures caused by osteoporosis can occur in any area of the bone, although they are most common in the forearm, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the proximal femur. Hip fractures have a significant mortality and morbidity rate among them. Fragility hip fractures as a result of osteoporosis are becoming more common. There is a lot of current study in the field of orthopaedics because traditional radiography can't reliably detect bone loss, thus a non-invasive examination into measuring the bone mineral content of various sections of the skeleton has been developed. Because the existing ‘gold standard' DEXA test has substantial shortcomings, extensive research will be conducted to develop a better study to replace DEXA. Any new technology must be repeatable and capable of assisting in the evaluation of both quantity and quality, as well as being a good assessor of someone's fracture risk. N- Telopeptide (NTx) has been studied as a bone resorption measure that is both selective and sensitive. NTx is a stable degradation end product that may be detected in both serum and urine. Diet has little effect on urine excretion, hence there is less variance than with traditional markers. Because of the unique amino acid sequence and orientation of cross-linked alpha-2 [1] N Telopeptide, the NTx is particular to bone. The osteoclast is responsible for the production of the NTx molecule.

The goal of this study was to see if urine n telopeptide might be used as a diagnostic test for osteoporosis. The study's goal is to see if urinary n telopeptide levels can be used as a diagnostic tool for osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of urine n telopeptide and to investigate its relationship with BMD. To determine the best cut-off point for osteoporosis classification using urinary n telopeptide levels.

Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Chennai's Sri Ramachandra Institute Of Higher Education and Research (DU). The research took place between August 2014 and December 2019. Before collecting the samples, the SRIHER (DU) ethics committee gave its approval. Females aged 65 and above, females aged 60 and up with risk factors, postmenopausal young females with one or more risk factors, males aged 70 and up, males aged less than 50 with risk factors, and patients seen within 24 hours of minor fall fractures were all included. Patients with a BMI of less than twenty, Asian ethnicity, and a sedentary lifestyle were all risk factors. Family history of osteoporosis or fragility fractures, a sustained previous fracture or a recent fragility fracture, prolonged steroid use, more than two to three alcoholic drinks per day, early menopause before the age of forty-five years, vitamin D deficiency, testosterone hormone depletion in males, and neurological illness such as dementia that makes a person prone to fall. People with any pathological fracture, chronic or acute kidney illness, liver failure, tumour and malignancy, hyperthyroidism or hyperparathyroidism, and any medicines that alter bone metabolism were all excluded. Patients with probable osteoporosis who came to Sri Ramachandra Hospital as inpatients or outpatients were studied. All patients were given a thorough explanation of the study, and after receiving their agreement, they were enrolled in it. DEXA scan, urinary N-telopeptide, and biochemical tests such as blood calcium, serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, and serum parathyroid were performed on all study participants. Patients were separated into cases and controls based on the results of a DEXA scan. After consultation with a statistician, the sample size for each group was determined to be 43.

The mean urine N telopeptide value was 182.5 in cases and 49.9 in controls, which is statistically significant. The receiver operating curve was created using the X axis for 1-specificity and the Y axis for sensitivity. According to the ROC curve, the cutoff was found to be 71. The sensitivity and specificity of the urine N telopeptide test were determined using a cutoff of 71 and found to be 85 percent sensitivity and 86 percent specificity.

Discussion: DEXA delivers a static image of the bones and does not discriminate whether or not bone loss is occurring. However, urine N -telopeptide is a dynamic indicator of what is going on in the bone at any one time. In the current investigation, the mean levels of urine N-telopeptide in the patients and controls were 182.5 and 49.8, respectively. Significant associations between bone turnover indicators and BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip of postmenopausal women were discovered on a regular basis. Discussion: DEXA delivers a static image of the bones and does not discriminate whether or not bone loss is occurring. However, urine N -telopeptide is a dynamic indicator of what is going on in the bone at any one time. In the current investigation, the mean levels of urine N-telopeptide in the patients and controls were 182.5 and 49.8, respectively. Significant associations between bone turnover indicators and BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip of postmenopausal women were discovered on a regular basis. In the postmenopausal age group, the typical reference value of urine N- telopeptide was up to 89 nmol bone collagen equivalents/nmol creatinine. The reference value was derived from the European population, but no reference figure for the Indian population was provided. If the cutoff is set at 89 and the sensitivity is determined, the result is 71, with an increase in false negatives. Thus, a new cut-off for the Indian population is required, and the study's cut-off of 71 for urinary N-telopeptide has good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. According to the findings of this study, 71 could be used as a cut-off point for diagnosing osteoporosis in order to distinguish between normal and osteopenic/osteoporotic patients. Any number greater than 71 indicates osteoporosis/osteopenia, whereas very elevated levels (>1.5-2) may suggest the presence of other bone diseases such as osteomalacia. DEXA is more expensive than assessing urinary N- telopeptides. A single area DEXA scan costs approximately 2500 rupees, while an urine N- telopeptide Elisa kit costs approximately 25000 rupees for 100 patients. If the urinary N-telopeptide test is performed more regularly and in greater numbers, the kit can be acquired at a lower cost. When we use a DEXA scan alone to diagnose osteoporosis, we may encounter several issues. Only bone resorption is directly proportional to the value of urinary N- telopeptide. Increased levels of bone resorption markers indicate a higher risk of fracture regardless of bone mineral density. The combination of the two diagnostic tests could help women at high risk be better identified.

Conclusion: Elevated urine N- telopeptide can be used to detect osteoporosis/osteopenia and could be used as a new osteoporosis diagnostic test. The test can also be used as a screening test because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and straightforward. According to the current study's receiver operating characteristic curve, the cutoff for osteopenia/osteoporosis and normal categorization is 71. Vitamin D levels, PTH levels, and phosphorus levels show no link to osteoporosis. For suspected osteoporosis, a urine N-telopeptide test is recommended, with individuals who test positive (i.e. more than 71) being referred to the current ‘gold standard' DEXA scan. A combination of these two diagnostic tests could be utilised to identify those who are at high risk of fracture. Urinary N telopeptide has the potential to be utilised as both a screening and diagnostic test.

Author(s) Details

Ganesan G. Ram
Professor of Orthopaedics, Velammal Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/OUNT/article/view/2330

An Overview on NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases | Chapter 5 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

Reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) due to obesity and endothelial dysfunction can be causally connected to the development of lifestyle-related diseases such as insulin resistance, heart disease ischemia, and hypertension. In such circumstances, the entero-salivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway could serve as a backup mechanism for NO generation instead of impaired NO synthase (NOS)-dependent NO generation by transmitting NO activities in various molecular types, including NO and protein S-nitrosothiols. Recent research has shown that dietary consumption of nitrate/nitrite-containing fruits and vegetables is an inexpensive and easy-to-use way to prevent insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction by increasing NO availability; a diet rich in NO can also prevent other lifestyle-related diseases, including osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lifestyle-related diseases. This analysis offers a summary of our current awareness of NO generation and addresses its protection and preventive effects on lifestyle-related diseases via the entero-salivary pathway. Although the role of diet-derived NO operation in lifestyle-related diseases is complex and remains to be completely elucidated, as a result of synergistic effects with other nutrients present in vegetables, the intake of nitrate as a nutrient in vegetables may be beneficial to human health and would be recommended as a nutritional approach to preventing and treating lifestyle-related diseases.

Author (s) Details

Jun Kobayashi
Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.

Kazuo Ohtake
Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.

Hiroyuki Uchida
Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.

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Prevalence and Burden of Osteoporosis in India | Chapter 4 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterised by bone micro-architectural deterioration and is predisposed to easy fractures. In India, this poses a huge challenge, as India is a developing country due to demographic transition and population ageing, as well as limited availability of resources in rural India. Most Indians' bone health is at risk and has an enormous burden on the nation despite great progress in understanding the disease, diagnosis and treatment over the last decade. Worldwide, postmenopausal women and the geriatric population are mainly affected by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is immediately referred to as a "SILENT DISEASE" because a fragility fracture that causes hospitalisation along with increased morbidity and mortality is often the earliest evidence. Due to the limited availability of data as well as difficulties in quantifying the severity of the problem, the exact disease burden is difficult to measure and the biggest problem is the lack of understanding on the part of The provider of healthcare for the public. Unfortunately, it is not possible to calculate bone strength or detect architectural degradation in living patients, and most approaches are used as "proxies" for ad Bone Mass Density (BMD) bone strength assessment. However, the likelihood of fractures can be safely predicted by the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is mainly focused on clinica. And any patient with a low bone density must be considered for treatment of osteoporosis (T-score of between −1.0 and −2.5) Bone health is critically important for the quality of life of individuals. In terms of early prevention, adequate evaluation, diagnosis and care, there have been significant changes recently. From the Indian viewpoint, this chapter will focus mainly on the prevalence of osteoporosis. Fig. Fig. 1 indicates the distinction between bones that are normal and osteoporotic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sunil Sheshrao Nikose
Professor of Orthopedic surgery and Director of Centre of Excellence of Medical Simulation Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.

Devashree Nikose
Medical Doctor, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.

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