New Developments in Osteoarthritis Treatment – Focus on Biologic Agents | Chapter 10 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 1

 

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases around the world. As the world population ages, osteoarthritis (OA) becomes a disease with physical and economic consequences for both patients and communities. Medical, social, and financial consequences oblige clinicians, surgeons, and researchers to focus on finding the best treatment option, to eradicate and stop this degenerative joint disease, and to avoid surgical options which in many instances are over-indicated. OA is a complex disease involving cartilage degradation leading finally to bone-on-bone contact with loss of articular balance and strength and episodes of inflammation. Knee, hip, ankle, and foot joints are the most frequent to suffer OA because of their relevance as weight-bearing joints. Noninvasive treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, orthotic devices, dietary supplements, have demonstrated a lack of effectiveness. The possibility to perform intra-articular injections with hyaluronic acid, corticosteroids, or the newest but criticized treatment based on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has changed the management of OA disease. PRP allows the possibility of repairing the damage of joint cartilage, prevents degeneration, reduces pain, and accelerates joint functionality. The use of PRP has led to many differences in treatment since there is a lack of consensus about protocols, indications, number of doses, cost-effectiveness, and duration of the treatment. Many publications have suggested efficacy in tendon injuries, but when PRP has been indicated to treat cartilage injuries, things are more inconsistent. Some authors have reported their experience treating OA with PRP, and it seems that, if well indicated, it is an option as a supplementary therapy. Therefore, we need to understand that OA is a mechanical disease that not only produces changes in radiographs but also affects the quality of life. The Pathogenesis of OA has been well explained, providing us with new knowledge and future possibilities to improve the clinical approach. From basic science to surgery, there is a great field we all need to contribute to, because the general population is aging, and total joint replacements should not be the only solution for OA. So herein is an actual review of the developments for treating OA with biologics, intended to be useful for the population inside orthopedics who could be called bio-orthopedists, since OA is a molecular homeostasis disbalance between catabolism and anabolism triggered by mechanical stress.

 

Author(s) Details

José Ignacio Torrero
Bio Trauma Centre, Escaldes, Principality of Andorra.

Carlos Martínez
University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences, System, Chicago, IL, USA.

Ignacio Torrero
Bio Trauma Centre, Escaldes, Principality of Andorra.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v1/1222

The Chemistry of the Degenerative Disease | Book Publisher International

The book describes a group of pathologies catalogued as the most representative degenerative disease affecting the skeletal, motor and neural systems, considered a global health problem with high impact, producing disability, decay in the quality of life, decline of memory and cognitive capacities as well as depressive associated behaviour. Significant progress has been made to ameliorate the progression of these illnesses as shown in this book covering different strategies including small drug therapies, the use of synthetic oligonucleotides, humanised antibodies, recombinant proteins and gene-modified approach, with highly promising results, although unfortunately not yet sufficient to revert and restore the full capacities. The book also describes the principles of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters, receptor agonists and antagonists, allosteric modulators, and opioid receptors with the aim of providing additional support to understand neuronal functioning and how they are gradually impaired during a degenerative disease progression. Finally, the book explains the cellular mechanisms involved during the degenerative disease advance, including signalling pathways, inflammation processes, immune response, oxidative stress-associated factors and genetic alterations.

 

Author (s) Details

Marco Brito-Arias
National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49970-26-7

Neuromediators Implicated in Orthodontic Treatment: A Review | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

Millions of people around the world undergo orthodontic treatment to treat craniofacial disorders, correct their bites, and ultimately achieve a beautiful smile. However, orthodontic treatment has many significant challenges that require a better understanding of the molecular-biochemical mechanisms involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic treatment is a multifactorial process, occurring with the participation of many signaling molecules and the involvement of different metabolic pathways. Orthodontic treatment is the finely regulated, continuous process of bone remodeling, which occurs through the highly coordinated interaction of different types of bone cells: osteoblasts, which participate in bone formation, and osteoclasts, which destroy bone. The true picture of the processes mentioned remains to be investigated, but more and more information suggests the possible role of individual neurochemical players in the above-mentioned processes.

 

This review aims to summarize the available data regarding the various neurochemical regulators and receptor systems involved in orthodontic treatment processes.

Author(s) Details:

Eleonora R. Ghazaryan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Gayane S. Vardanyan,
Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Michail I. Aghajanov,
Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Hrant Y. Ter-Poghosyan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Mikayel S. Nalbandyan,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V3/article/view/13709