Utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Assessing Breast Cancer Biomarkers | Chapter 15| Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 3

 

This chapter presents an overview of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and its role in the evaluation of breast cancer biomarkers. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, accounting for 22% of all female cancers. In breast cancer, the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) is a prognostic marker indicated for stratification of patients for HER-2/neu targeted therapies. The steroid hormonal receptors for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are markers with prognostic value in early-stage cancer of the breast and ER is predictive for response to hormonal therapies. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), can provide enough cellular samples and evaluation of HER2, ER and PR expression patterns has relevant clinical application because the sample can be collected before surgery and help plan the management of breast cancer patients. Evaluation of HER2, ER and PR status in cytology samples has a lot of clinical relevance since the sample can be obtained prior to surgery and help plan management of patients with inoperable breast carcinoma. Previous studies have reported that immunocytochemistry performed on cell block is a feasible method for evaluation of ER, PR and HER-2/neu status in breast cancer, especially when the cellblock has adequate tumor cells. 

 

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Mutinda C. Kyama
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v3/8248A

Intra-Operative Frozen Section with Histopathological Diagnosis in Surgical Biopsies | Chapter 8 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 This affiliate aimed to evaluate the depiction and limitations of stopped sections in the intraoperative evaluation of thyroid, bosom, gastric, ovarian, central central nervous system and lower extremities biopsies. Frozen division is a specimen of tissue that has existed quick-frozen, cut by microtome, and tainted immediately for expeditious diagnosis of possible diseased lesions. A specimen processed in this place manner is not acceptable for detailed study of the cells, but it is valuable cause it is quick and gives the surgeon next information regarding the virulence of a piece of fabric. Frozen section plays an important duty in the management of surgical patients still it must be used cautiously to avoid the indiscriminate habit of this important method.A cross-sectional study of stopped sections was done over a ending of one and half year. All Intraoperative stopped sections of bosom, thyroid, and gastric, ovarian, central central nervous system tumours performed at Asram medical institution of higher education, Eluru over a period of individual and half years from 2013 to 2014 were studied. Fine tease aspiration cytology, stopped and biopsy acted for various tumours in thyroid, breast, stomachic, ovary, CNS and lower limb were studied.Out of 21 cases, 19 cases of stopped sections coexisted with histopathological diagnosis and 20 cases of fine annoy aspiration cytology coexisted with histopathological diagnosis. In our study demonstrative accuracy for bosom specimens was 50%.False negative result in stopped section in our study was that of intraductal/in situ malignant growth of breast.Frozen portion aides the surgeon to select the best therapeutic approach and in speedy diagnosis of a unhealthy process. Newer techniques like MRI scan, CT scan, ocular imaging, intra-active cytology, and immunohistochemistry methods are also helpful in diagnosing cancers.

Author(s) Details:

Gudeli Vahini,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

B. A. Ramakrishna,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

Suma Kaza,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

N. Rama Murthy,
Department of Pathology, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V4/article/view/12477

Effectiveness of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) as an Earlier Key Diagnostic Tool for Cervical Lymphadenopathy | Chapter 1 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 This division evaluate the influence and diagnostic accuracy of fine annoy aspiration study of plants (FNAC) of cervical lymph nodes with an importance on discordant cases betwixt the cytology and the histopathology. FNAC can be a trustworthy triage form for the surgeon. This is specifically suitable in setting place patients are weak, the doctor has a long operation waiting list to form tissue disease, runs short of time, operating scope and facilities and is mainly overworked.The present study was a retrospective individual, conducted at the Department of Pathology, Rajshahi Medical College & Hospital situated in West-Northern region of Bangladesh over a ending of one year (January 2019 to December 2019). FNAC evaluated and histopathologically correlated 122 recorded cases were included in the study.The cytological diagnoses were detected expected benign in 107 cases (87.70%) and diseased in 15 cases (12.30%). Reactive lymphadenitis (67.20%) was the most common mild lesion understood by granulomatous lymphadenitis (16.40%). FNAC can strongly imply a preliminary diagnosis, which maybe followed up by surgical procedure for histopathology and if necessary, immunohistochemistry for confirmation and conclusive classification. The overall demonstrative sensitivity, specificity, beneficial predictive profit, and negative predictive profit of cytological diagnosis of cervical lymph node were 97.16%, 75%, 96.26%, and 80%, individually. The overall diagnostic veracity was 94.26% while the overall discordance rate was 5.73%.FNAC can assess right metastatic lesions. FNAC is useful help to diagnostic procedures and can indicate primary resting on upon the cell type.

Author(s) Details:

Sarder Md. Abu Horaira,
Department of Pathology, Rajshahi Medical College & Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V9/article/view/11166

Study on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Breast Lump: A Comparative Approach | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 1.To compare the results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological study of biopsy in detecting breast cancer in suspicious breast lumps in an outpatient setting; 2.To investigate the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing various breast lumps; 3.To determine whether cancer patients can be managed solely based on FNAC diagnosis without histological study.

Methodology: This was a hospital-based retrospective study that used data from the Department of Pathology at Mysore Medical College in Mysore during August and September 2016.

The study lasted two months, and the sample size was 50 patients.

Results: FNAC had a sensitivity of 50%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 88.37 percent in this study. FNAC is very specific in this scenario, with a strong positive predictive value.

Conclusion: Benign breast neoplasms are more common than malignant breast neoplasms. The current investigation found a high specificity and maximum positive predictive value for FNAC correlation with histology. When compared to biopsy, FNAC has a lower sensitivity. However, in an outpatient context, FNAC can be utilised as a suggestive diagnostic (one stop) for breast cancer evaluation. The accuracy of the FNAC allows you to decide whether or not to proceed with surgery. In the vast majority of situations, it bridges the gap between clinical evaluation and ultimate surgical pathological diagnosis. It allows the doctor to make a diagnosis in a high percentage of cases with little time and money spent, and to avoid unneeded surgery in many circumstances.

Author (S) Details

K. B. Chetan
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

N. Sreenivas
Department of Pathology, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V6/article/view/2763

A Prospective Study on Evaluation of Salivary Gland Tumors: An Approach to Clinical Radiology and Pathology | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Due to their overlapping appearances, salivary gland cancers are difficult to identify based purely on clinical presentation or cytological results. Inadequate cytology samples can make preoperative diagnosis difficult. The gold standard for diagnosing these malignancies is histopathology. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical, radiological, and cytological features of these tumours and compare them to histopathological diagnosis accuracy. Between 2007 and 2009, 52 patients with salivary gland swellings were enrolled in a prospective study. The study did not include those with inflammatory edoema. Data on demographics, clinical history, ultrasonography, cytology, and histopathology were gathered and analysed prior to surgery. The parotid gland was involved in the majority of cases (65.38 percent). The most frequent benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma, which accounted for 80.76 percent of all benign tumours. Malignant tumours made up 19.23% of the total. Malignant tumours such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were frequent. The most common clinical manifestation was local edoema, with no facial nerve involvement described. The hard palate was the most commonly afflicted minor salivary gland by benign tumours. Fine-needle aspiration cytology had the highest diagnosis accuracy of 96.15 percent, followed by clinical and other tests. 92.31 percent and 86.54 percent radiological diagnosis accuracy, respectively. A significant agreement was found between clinical and histological diagnosis (p=0.1336) and FNAC and histological diagnosis (p=0.4975) using McNemar's test. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a highly precise, sensitive, and specific screening method. Although minimally invasive, it is safe and reliable. Ultrasonography-guided cytology, in combination with clinical and radiographic data, could improve the accuracy of pre-operative diagnosis of salivary gland cancers.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Namita Mishra
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dr. Neeta Sharma
Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V10/article/view/2263