Utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Assessing Breast Cancer Biomarkers | Chapter 15| Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 3

 

This chapter presents an overview of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and its role in the evaluation of breast cancer biomarkers. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, accounting for 22% of all female cancers. In breast cancer, the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) is a prognostic marker indicated for stratification of patients for HER-2/neu targeted therapies. The steroid hormonal receptors for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are markers with prognostic value in early-stage cancer of the breast and ER is predictive for response to hormonal therapies. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), can provide enough cellular samples and evaluation of HER2, ER and PR expression patterns has relevant clinical application because the sample can be collected before surgery and help plan the management of breast cancer patients. Evaluation of HER2, ER and PR status in cytology samples has a lot of clinical relevance since the sample can be obtained prior to surgery and help plan management of patients with inoperable breast carcinoma. Previous studies have reported that immunocytochemistry performed on cell block is a feasible method for evaluation of ER, PR and HER-2/neu status in breast cancer, especially when the cellblock has adequate tumor cells. 

 

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Mutinda C. Kyama
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v3/8248A

Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy: A Review | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide fetal growth and survival with the sole source of nutrition. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation are unknown, but it is linked to increased estrogen levels, which stimulate the production of specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilators in the uterine artery (UA). In UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, the classical ERs (ER and ER) and the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed, mediating the estrogenic vasodilatory effects via genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the literature on UA ERs with a focus on their roles in mediating local UA production of vasodilators by estrogens and pregnancy, as well as to discuss the potential clinical implications of dysregulated ER-mediated estrogen signaling in hypertensive pregnancy complications. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens increases endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a role in uterine contraction. During pregnancy, vasodilation occurs. Local inhibition of NO biosynthesis, on the other hand, only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, implying that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. We review the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, as well as our recent work on a "new" UA vasodilator, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has dramatically altered our understanding of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.

Author(s) Details

Jin Bai
Department of Obstetrics ans Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

Yan Li
Translational Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Dr. Ronald R. Magness
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Dong-bao Chen
Department of Obstetrics ans Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V8/article/view/1874