Biochemical Study of Solanum aethiopicum Shum Berry, Ingredient of ‘Mendim Me Zon’ (Traditional Tea) | Chapter 1 | Solanum aethiopicum Shum, an Example of the Richness of the Food and Therapeutic Heritage of a Continent in a Country, Cameroon, Africa in Miniature, Edition 1

Solanum aethiopicum L. Shum (SAS) berries are consumed either raw or in the form of a tea, so-called “Mendim Me Zon”. Revitalizing and detoxifying properties are attributed to this beverage. This work was performed to study the chemical composition and microbial load of SAS berries harvested from five agroecological zones in Cameroon. The results showed that berries freshly harvested from all five agroecological zones were highly contaminated by microorganisms. Berries from the highlands and bimodal rainfall forest zones had a higher rate of contamination, while they were less contaminated in the Sudan-Sahelian zone. The berries were cleaned with sodium hypochlorite eliminating them from pathogenic microorganisms. The monosaccharide profile was established using gas chromatography. The agroecological zones influenced the chemical composition of the SAS berries (P < 0.05), with the exception of proteins and lipids (P > 0.05). These berries were more concentrated in the Sudano-Sahelian zone and more hydrated in the monomodal rainfall forest zone. However, carbohydrates were the most abundant macronutrient irrespective of the place of production, bitter taste of berries is probably determined by their phytonutrients. Mineral salts such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium varied following the agroecological zones, as well as trace elements like zinc and manganese (P < 0.05), Compared to iron which remained unchanged irrespective of the place of production (P > 0.05). Gas chromatography analysis of the extract showed that extract was composed of pentose (fucose), hexoses (mannose, galactose and glucose), hexosamines (glucosamine and galactosamine), uronic acid (glucuronic acid) and sialic acid (N-acetyl-neuraminic acid). Fructose was absent from the extract, while the mannose was relatively more abundant. These results suggested that the chemical composition and microbial load of SAS depended on the agroecological zones while confirming their richness in important nutrients. The monosaccharide profile justifies the traditional use of these berries as a nutraceutical. However, further studies including toxicity and bioactivity are still needed to determine the safety and efficacy of “Mendim me Zon”.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Valentin Desire Guiama
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Laboratory of Motricity and Health, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Robert Germain Beka
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Juliette Koube
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Douala, Cameroon.

 

Esther Ngah
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-15-0/CH1

Study of Solution by Excess Thermodynamic Functions | Chapter 5 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 The study of various types of solutions by the principles of excess thermodynamic functions is very main to understand the interaction patterns betwixt molecules and ions in the solutions.Namely by using ultrasonic waves, dipole importance,  density, refractive index, stickiness, deviation in viscosity, surplus free energy, surface tension to decide the thermodynamic functions and its excess as glut internal pressure, audile impedance and its overkill, rigid sphere width, internal pressure, excess surface strain, dimensionless surface tension and allure excess, the change of entropy accompanying pressure and excess volume, growth coefficient, relative change in volume too polarizability, solvated radii and vapor chromatography and Rayleigh scattering.

Author(s) Details:

Farid Mohamed Mahmoud Farag,
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V5/article/view/12912

Method Development and Validation of Residual Solvents in Paroxetine by Gas Chromatography | Chapter 5 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The objective concerning this work is to evolve and validate a new gas chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous conclusion of acetone and isopropyl alcohol in Paroxetine. To decide the presence of acetone and isopropyl alcohol in paroxetine, a easy, accurate, and impressionable gas chromatographic method was conceived and validated. Using a flame ionisation indicator (FID) and gradient line, residual solvents were divided on ZB-1, 30 m length 0.53 mm ID, and film diameter 5 m. The injection was completed activity in split mode, with a split percentage of 10:1. Dimethyl acetamide was selected as a diluent to acquire good sensitivity along with the improvement. 1-Propanol was used as an within standard which working for area ratio system.The developed vapor chromatographic method offers symmetrical peak shape, good resolution of 2.3 min and judicious retention opportunity for the solvents acetone 9.21 min and isopropyl intoxicating 9.845 min. The limit of discovery for acetone and isopropyl alcohol was 26.72 µg/ml and 82.96 µg/ml, individually. Limit of quantitation for acetone and isopropyl alcohol was 80.96 µg/ml and 251.39 µg/ml, respectively. Precision was 0.83 and 0.63. Linearity was y = 0.0004x, R2 = 0.9988 for acetone, and y = 0.0001x+0.0021, R2 = 0.9987 for isopropyl intoxicating, and accuracy in addition to robustness is acted and acceptable results were obtained. Hence, The projected, developed procedure was demonstrated as simple, delicate, linearity, correct, and robust, So, this design can be used to determine the leftover organic solvent in Paroxetine drug substance and drug device. The study concluded that it can be secondhand for the determination of leftover solvents in Paroxetine API and also in the done dosage forms place the particular solvent used for the coating purpose in the drug companies and research workshops.

Author(s) Details:

S. K. Abdul Rahaman,
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Padmavathi Sakinala,
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Khaleel,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Harekrishna Roy,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

B. Pamula Reddy,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

G. Sai Sree Lakshmi,
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10303

Determination of Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) in Human Blood Serum of Czech Population| Chapter 8 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 3

 Here we have shipped two main questions: Whether the bioactivity of Lilium candidum extract and its main fundamentals - kaempferol and jatropham depend on the preliminary design? How do kaempferol and jatropham as elements of Lilium candidum total extract enhance allure bioactivity?These questions have outlined our main goals to purify: 1) the gift of exploratory design to the DNA securing potential of Lilium candidum extract and allure main elements kaempferol and jatropham; 2) the offering of kaempferol and jatropham to the DNA guarding potential of Lilium candidum total extract.Chlamydomonas reinhardtii container-divider-less strain CW15 from the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), Ambleside, UK, was secondhand as a model object. To judge either the experimental surroundings can influence the bioactivity of Lilium candidum total extract and kaempferol and jatropham three exploratory designs were acted: linked situation; split situation outside the bury-situation occasion; split situation accompanying 4-moment bury-situation occasion. The kinetics of double-texture breaks (DSBs) repair was calculated at the 2nd and 4th time of the bettering time, and the significance of DSBs repair capacity was driven.New evidence was provided that Lilium candidum total extract and allure elements – kaempferol and jatropham own DNA protective strength growing the size of containers' repair ability. This effect was powerfully contingent on the exploratory design.Our results help the concept that the bioactivity of plant extracts possibly on account of cooperative belongings betwixt individual parts. Our verdict that in few preliminary conditions (design 2), Lilium candidum extract did not possess DNA acquiring potential against zeocin-induced DSBs, in spite of two of its main elements had earlier capacity, maddened new questions. They still wait open.

Author(s) Details:

Jakub Tomasko,
Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

Michal Stupak,
Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

Denisa Parizkova,
Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

Andrea Polachova,
Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

Radim J. Sram,
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.

Jan Topinka,
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic

Jana Pulkrabova,
Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V3/article/view/9200

Developing an Analytical Method and Validation for Estimation of Residual Solvents in Gliclazide Using Gas Chromatography| Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The current work discusses developing a novel method for estimating residual solvents in gliclazide using gas chromatography and determining its consistency, reliability, and reproducibility through validation. A Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, column DB-624 (60 m x 0.32 mm x 1.8 µm) with Nitrogen as carrier gas was used and the column temperature was 40°C (hold for 15 mins) and increased to 240°C at 20°C per min. According to the protocol, the solutions were made using N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) diluent and suitably administered in the order specified. System appropriateness, Specificity, Linearity and Range, Accuracy, Precision, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation, Ruggedness and Robustness were the validation parameters examined. Each validation parameter's test data has been compiled and documented. It was discovered that each parameter's results were combined with the specified acceptance criteria. As a result, the established method was regarded as reproducible, reliable, and consistent. The analysis method was determined to be dependable, consistent, and reproducible. It conforms with all parameters examined.

Author(s) Details:

Burhanuddin Madriwala,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru - 560054, Karnataka, India.

Judy Jays,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru - 560054, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V9/article/view/8673

Pesticide Residues in Food and Methods of Detection | Book Publisher International

 The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of numerous types of pesticides in food and to depict the various detection methods. In addition, the possible health risks associated with exposure to these residues through food consumption were assessed. Different forms of pesticide and PCB residues were discussed, as well as their sources and effects on public health. These residues are detected using a variety of analytical approaches. We discussed the various solid phase extraction and sample cleanup methods. The results were then determined and analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The situation of these pesticides' maximum residue levels (MRLs) in various international standards was discussed, with a focus on the Egypt legislation. Finally, we compared the situation of OC, OP, and PCB residues in domestic and imported meat in Egypt and around the world in this study.

Author(S) Details

Eman E. Elsharkawy
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/PRFMD/article/view/4664

Developments in Miniaturization of Gas Chromatography | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 The trend toward miniaturization can be seen in many parts of the world. Many daily products (such as wristwatches and cellphones) can now be downsized thanks to the availability of newly developed technology. The same pattern can be seen in a variety of analytical chemistry fields. It has something to do with the current trend in analytics to conduct research where analytes are present. Miniaturization of traditional analytical instruments may have a number of appealing features, for example. g. Reduced space requirements, increased versatility, and quicker results, all without sacrificing efficiency, and possibly even improving it. The chapter offers a summary of the development and current status of gas chromatography miniaturization, which is one of the most commonly used analytical techniques (GC). The general characteristics of miniaturized gas chromatographs are discussed first, followed by a brief history of miniaturized GC systems. Following that, the microelectromechanical technology (MEMS) is used to fabricate miniaturized gas chromatographs and the construction of key components of micro gas chromatographs (GC) systems, such as injectors/preconcentrators, columns, and detectors. The hybrid miniaturized systems are discussed in the last section, with a focus on coupling gas chromatographs with mass and ion mobility spectrometers (MS and IMS). Finally, examples of selected gas chromatograph applications with MS (GC-MS) and IMS (GC-IMS) are given.

Author (s) Details

Waldemar Wardencki
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Gabriel Narutowicz 11/12 Str., Poland.

Z. Witkiewicz
Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw 46, gen. Sylwester Kaliski 2 Str., Poland.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V4/article/view/904

A Mini Guide LC-MS and GC-MS Techniques: A Tool for Phytoconstituents Evaluation of Plant Extracts | Book Pi International

Phytochemicals have always been a great matter of scientific investigation because of enormous potential they possess in curing the problems of mankind. Mother Nature is full of plants which have mixtures of phytoconstituents in to each part of them. Such chemicals are obtained by extraction techniques and other processes. However, their purity is the matter of concern. So, scientific world is always in search of such techniques which help in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the phytoconstituents. Over the years, many analytical techniques have come to the forefront with their specific advantages and limitations. One such thrust area in the field of analytical techniques is chromatography, comprising of simplest one like paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography to the complex one like high performance liquid chromatography and hyphenated techniques like Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS) and Gas chromatography/ Mass spectroscopy (GC / MS). The hyphenated techniques combine the specificity of detection of mass spectroscopy with the resolving power of the liquid and gas chromatography. This technique helps in proper separation of different components. GC-MS technique makes the distinction of structurally similar compounds easier with greater amount of precision with the help of mass spectrometric analysis. The field has its application in separation and purification of the phytoconstituents present in different plant extracts. It is regarded as quantitative measurement method thereby helping in identification of particular class of the phyto-components. Application of LC-MS and GC-MS techniques has helped us to properly characterize such active plant constituents. The chapters elucidated in this book by different authors could help the students and researcher to provide a short review of the techniques stated with plant based examples of different families and different extracts. The team directs each enthusiastic researchers to go in depth to the literature in order to have clear cut understanding of this contemporary area of research. 

Author (s) Details

Gaurav M. Doshi
Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056, India.

Atul P. Sherje
Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy affiliated to University of Mumbai, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056, India.

Rakesh R. Somani
Dr. D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Pharmacy, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/197