Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Raw and Boiled Honey: A Study from Tabora, Tanzania | Chapter 4 | Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Physical Experiences in Morogoro, Tanzania

 

Honey is a sweet-smelling fluid with a viscous character. Viscosity is a property of fluid by virtue of which a frictional force acts tangentially on the layers of the fluid in motion. The study aimed at investigating and determining the viscosity of the raw and boiled honey from Tabora, Tanzania, at constant and different temperatures. The method of Stokes’ law has been employed in the study. The physical properties, especially the viscosity of raw honey and boiled honey, were determined. Finally, the study revealed types of honey in raw or boiled form that can be used for medical, industrial, business, and food processing. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to the movement of a mass through. Honeys viscosity varies with the amount of water, sugar and type. It is determined in this work that the variations in temperature change the viscosity of honey. The viscosity is lowered when honey is heated. The results of this study indicate that Tanzanian honey samples compare well with samples in many parts of the world. The quality of Tanzanian honeys has medicinal, nutritional, antioxidant and viscosity values. The temperature influence on viscosity in honey types is valuable for setting scientific benchmarks for distinguishing raw honey from heat-processed honey, as well as for food processing and packing. The physical properties of honey strengthen knowledge to support improvements in honey handling, storage, and industrial use.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Koleleni
Physics Department, Muslim University of Morogoro, P.O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-78-7/CH4

Investigations of Li-Picrate Salt Ion-pair to Ionic Dissociation in (PC+THF) at Various Combinations and Temperatures | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

 

Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) is widely used as an electrolytic salt. Lithium perchlorate and other Li-salts have been used in the optimization of electrolyte solutions in organic aprotic solvents for primary and secondary rechargeable lithium batteries. Conductance of Li-Picrate was measured in different temperatures (25 oC, 35 oC, and 45 oC). The limiting equivalent conductance (𝜆0) and the ion association constant (KA) for Li-Picrate in propylene carbonate (PC) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixture (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages were evaluated using Debye-Huckel Onsager equation. It is observed that the limiting equivalent conductance increased linearly with the increase in temperature and the association constant values decreased with the rise in temperature. Thermodynamic parameters [i.e., Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change (iG0), Standard Enthalpy Change (iH0), and Standard Entropy Change (iS0) are estimated from the temperature dependence of the ion-association constant. The positive values of iS0 and positive values of iH0 indicate the ion-association process occurred spontaneously as well as endothermic at all respective temperatures. Supported by absorbance data from this primary study, it may be concluded that room temperature solubility of Li-Picrate in mixed (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages is higher than at higher temperatures. The entropy of ionization decreases slowly with an increase in temperature. From this angle, the ionization should decrease with temperature. Conductivity data helps us to conclude that if we go from room temperature to higher temperature conductance increases for Li-Picrate in (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages. This is due to the switchover of ion-pair to ionic dissociation of Li-Picrate salt.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ashoke Hazra

Department of Chemistry, A.K.P.C. Mahavidyalaya, Subhasnagar, Bengai, Hooghly, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3880

 

The Effect of Water/Binder (W/B) Variation and Curing Temperature on the Characteristics of Foamed Concrete Incorporated with Palm Shell Ash | Chapter 9 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 1

Lightweight concrete is the proper material to be applied as a non-structural element in buildings. One type of lightweight concrete is foamed concrete, which reduces the load on the structures and minimises building damage when severe loads occur. Palm shell ash (PSA) is utilised as a partial cement substitution material to increase the compressive strength of lightweight concrete and reduce industrial waste. The purpose of this study was to analyse the performance of foamed concrete incorporated with PSA (FC-PSA), which is influenced by the water/binder (w/b) ratio and steam curing temperature. The XRD and XRF tests were used to determine the reactivity and chemical composition of PSA. The mortar testing is for obtaining slump flow and setting time data. The density and compressive strength tests of hardened FC-PSA used cylinder samples with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 20 cm. This study was conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering, Sriwijaya University, from December 2024 to March 2025. The density of FC-PSA is 1510.83 kg/m3-1715.92 kg/m3. The test results show that the PSA content reduces the flow properties and increases the setting time. The optimum mix design is the one that uses a w/b ratio of 0.40 and 10% PSA as a partial cement substitute and produces a concrete compressive strength of 12.87 MPa at the age of 28 days. Thus, FC-PSA has a performance that meets the requirements of lightweight incorporated PSA concrete. The optimum steam curing temperature is 60°C, with a w/b of 0.45 and 10% PSA, resulting in a compressive strength of 11.20 MPa at the age of FC-PSA 28 days. PSA has shown potential in replacing part of cement to produce lightweight concrete, thereby reducing industrial waste and conserving nature.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Siti Aisyah Nurjannah
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Saloma

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Arie Putra Usman
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Sutanto Muliawan
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Haura Siti Maulida
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Khikmatur Rasyidah
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang-Prabumulih St, KM 32 Inderalaya, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v1/5618

 

Sensitivity of Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits to Ambient and Transit Temperature Storage Conditions for Ripening and Shelf-life Studies | Chapter 2 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Background: The Ghanaian mango industry relies heavily on Florida cultivars (Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt) for fresh and processed mangoes traded locally and for export. Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt mango cultivars all perform well under the climatic conditions in Ghana. 

Purpose: Physiologically matured fruits of Haden, Kent, Palmer, and Keitt mango varieties were used for the experiment. The fruits were held at ambient (29-31^oC) and simulated transit temperature (10-13^oC) conditions for ripening and shelf life studies. Quality, which includes fruit firmness, ripening, weight, and spoilage, was assessed and used to determine the ripening quality and shelf life of stored fruits.

Research Method: A Completely Randomized Design with four replications was used. For each of the four varieties, five mango trees were sampled at random in each of the four replications of a mango plantation when fruits were physiologically matured. Fruits were randomly picked from these sample trees to accomplish the objectives of the study. A computerized texture analyzer (TA-XT2) was used to determine fruit firmness and the ‘bio-yield point’ of the mangoes by penetration. 

Findings: For both ambient and simulated-transit temperature conditions, Kent (4.09 days and 3.85 days, respectively) and Keitt (4.08 days and 3.92 days, respectively) fruits stored longer. Haden fruits ripened significantly earlier (9.50 days and 3.5 days, respectively) than Keitt fruits (11.01 days and 5 days, respectively). Ripening time was statistically not different (p>0.05) among Haden, Kent, and Palmer fruits. Softness, color, and decay were limiting quality factors for all mango fruits stored at both temperature conditions. Higher shriveling rates were observed in Haden and Palmer fruits with a slight preponderance of the former, for both conditions. Average weight loss was highest (6.50 % and 3.31%, respectively) for Haden and lowest (4.09% and 2.34%, respectively) for Keitt, but generally lower in fruits stored under transit conditions.

Conclusion: The study concluded that Kent and Keitt fruits store better than Haden and Palmer fruits under both ambient and transit conditions and are therefore recommendable for sea freight or for longer distances where relatively much time is spent before delivery, while Haden and Palmer fruits are recommendable for air freight. The attributes obtained from the quality evaluations for the different temperature regimes showed that a single quality attribute cannot be used to express the loss of quality of mango fruit over the normal physiological range of mango fruit growth and development.

Research Limitations: No limitations to the report.

Originality/Value: A single quality attribute cannot be used to express loss of quality of mango fruit over the normal physiological range of mango fruit growth and development.

 

Author (s) Details

Moomin Abu
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana.

 

Nana Sakyiwa Olympio
Department of Horticulture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Joseph Ofei Darko
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v5/2633 

Evaluation of Thermal Environment Effects on Human Strength: An Empirical Investigation in Controlled Laboratory Conditions | Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 5

The thermal environment is an important factor that affects human performance. Research has shown that temperature can have a significant impact on muscular strength and endurance. Understanding the impact of temperature on muscular strength and endurance has important implications for optimizing performance in various settings, including athletic, military, and occupational environments. The goal of this study was to perform an empirical inquiry into the effects of various temperature conditions on muscle strength and endurance. The study assessed the handgrip strength and sit-up endurance of physically active people in a controlled laboratory setting at four distinct temperatures (10°C, 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C). The findings showed that severe temperatures (40°C) had a negative influence on muscle strength and endurance, whereas intermediate temperatures (20°C and 30°C) had a favorable effect. These findings have significance for the design of places requiring peak physical performance, such as athletic facilities, military operations, and workplace safety. Future research could investigate other physical performance factors, assess individual differences in response to thermal conditions, analyse non-linear effects of temperature on performance, and evaluate the impact of thermal environment on physical performance in real-world settings.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mohammed Hameeduddin Haqqani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Career Point University, Kota-325003, India.

Mohammed Azizuddin
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Deccan College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad-500001, India.

Syed Shuibul Qarnain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankovil-626126, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v5/4193

Analysis of Runoff Simulation under Changes in Climate Variability: A Case Study of the Upper Awash Sab-basin, Ethiopia | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol.4

The impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff over land surfaces is examined through runoff simulation analysis. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrology model is used in this study to predict the sensitivity of runoff to changes in temperature and precipitation. To investigate the sensitivity of runoff to temperature and rainfall, these variables were changed. Rainfall and temperature have a major impact on runoff accessibility by affecting the timing and contribution of water sources. For the entire upper Awash Sab-basin (1980–2010), monthly station-based temperature and rainfall data were used to run the SWAT model. The hydrological model was calibrated during an eight-year period (1993-2000), and the simulation findings were validated using historical stream-flow data at the Hombole gauging station's outlet for four years (2001-2005). The calibrated and validated SWAT hydrological model was used to perform a sensitivity analysis in order to evaluate the effect of changes in temperature and rainfall on the sub-basin's runoff. Utilizing the SWAT model, the effects of several theoretical rainfall and temperature scenarios on the yearly runoff of the Upper Awash sub-basin have been examined. This was accomplished by using temperature increases (up to 5°C) and variations in rainfall (+/-20%) separately and in combination. The findings demonstrated that in the studied area, runoff was responsive to variations in temperature and rainfall.  It has been found that a yearly temperature increase of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 50C results in annual runoff reductions of 0.085, 0.88, 1.75, 2.55, and 3.30%, respectively. There is a negative link between temperature changes and runoff, but a positive correlation with changes in rainfall. The findings show that rainfall has a greater effect on runoff than temperature rise. A 10% increase or decrease in rainfall will cause a 22% or 21% increase or decrease in annual runoff. The findings demonstrated that the availability of water was significantly impacted by changes in the climatic variables.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mekonnen H. Daba (PhD)
Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Research Center, Bako, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/2245 

Climatic Trends and its Impacts on Agricultural Production in Chhattisgarh, India | Book Publisher International

 

India is a vast nation whose economy relies heavily on agriculture. There have been fluctuations in food production as a consequence of the dependence of Indian agriculture on the monsoon and the likelihood that climate change will amplify the variability of monsoon dynamics. Any changes in the southwest monsoon rainfall in India as a consequence of regional climate change are anticipated to cause severe droughts and intense flooding in many parts of the nation. Clearly, changes in precipitation and their effects on agriculture are a significant issue that must be addressed immediately. Regional and local studies of climatic variability are extremely essential for agricultural planning and water resource development. therefore, keeping in mind the above observations we conducted the study.

The present study has been conducted in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh, Primary and secondary sources of data were used to conduct the study, for the primary level study, a sample of 360 farm households from villages was selected from a Multistage stratified random sampling technique to represent the state as a whole. The conditions of climatic variables in Bastar, Dantewada, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur, Kabirdham and Surguja are estimated. The time series data was used for district-level data. while the number of cross-section data is used in the state-level data set. The Department of Agro-meteorology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, provided the secondary data. For climate change analysis, more than 90% of the gross cultivated area was assumed to be agriculture. The association between climatic variation and yield fluctuations was examined using main crop yield and diverse climatic data sets. The composite vulnerability index is calculated by adding the vulnerability indicator values. District and activity-wise climate change adaptation plans were created using the CCAP Tool. The tool took a holistic approach to livelihood strategy vulnerability to climate change, focusing on district livelihood activities. Various analytical tools were used to get outcomes for the study, panel data analysis, tabular analysis, regression analysis, vulnerability index, tools of CCAP and garret ranking technique were used to fulfil objectives.

The findings reveal that the state experiences the highest volume of precipitation during the southwest monsoon season, with approximately 87% of the rainfall occurring between June and September. Specifically, the state receives 15% of the rainfall in June, and 29%, 26%, and 16% of the rainfall in July, August, and September, respectively.

The present research investigates the mean maximum temperature, coefficient of variation and standard deviation across different districts for a duration of four decades (1980-2019). Over a span of 40 years, the Chhattisgarh state has exhibited a mean maximum temperature of 32.27°C, accompanied by a coefficient of variation of 1.250 percent and a standard deviation of roughly 0.400°C. The annual mean maximum temperature increments in the districts of Rajnandgaon and Korba were found to be the highest, measuring 32.99°C and 32.88°C, respectively. The present investigation analyses the pattern of the minimum average temperature at the district level over the period spanning from 1980 to 2019. Koriya demonstrated the most substantial annual escalation of +0.0118°C, while Balrampur, Surajpur, Rajandgaon, Mungeli, Korba, Kabirdham, and Bilaspur displayed similar trends.

An increase of 1°C in maximum temperature results in a yield increase of 50 kilogrammes for major crops. Effective stress management is essential for the successful cultivation of any crop. During the month of August, the paddy fields undergo the process of flowering and booting. In the event of rainfall, the Table indicates a yield that is negative in value, albeit not statistically significant. The increase of maximum temperature by 1°C in the months of March and December has been observed to have an impact on the yield of rabi crops such as redgram. Specifically, the yield of redgram in March and December has been recorded to be 88 and 152 kilogrammes, respectively. The study indicates that precipitation of 1 millimetre during the months of July and September has a positive impact on the yield of major crops, resulting in an increase of 2 and 3 kilogrammes, respectively. An increase of 1°C in maximum temperature during the period of May to November has been found to enhance crop yield by 189 kilogrammes. It is probable that there is a lack of autocorrelation in a positive manner.

This study aims to provide an analysis of the land use classification in Chhattisgarh in terms of percentage distribution. Chhattisgarh exhibited a cropping intensity of 116 percent in the year 2000-01, indicating a marginal increase of 0.31 percent. In the year 2021, the state of Chhattisgarh experienced a crop yield increase of 123 percent. Between 2000 and 2021, there was a 0.031 percent increase in forest coverage, resulting in current coverage of 46%. The net sown area in Chhattisgarh has experienced an annual decrease of 0.07 percent. The Gross Cropped Area of Chhattisgarh experienced a moderate increase. The percentage of change in land use classification from 2000 to 2021. The net-sown area has experienced a 4% reduction. The agricultural sector experienced a significant increase of 10% in farming intensity. The percentage of non-agricultural and cultivable wasteland increased by 8 and 5 percent, respectively. The forest cover experienced a 2% increase, while the gross crop exhibited a 5% rise. From 2019 to 2021, the average acreage and production of paddy crops constituted 74% and 84% of the main crops, respectively. Paddy has achieved the highest levels of both area and production. Maize, gram, wheat, and Lathyrus exhibit yields of 4%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. After paddy, Gram, Lathyrus maize, and urad are the crops that occupy the largest land area in Chhattisgarh, accounting for 6%, 4%, 2%, 2%, and 1%, respectively.

Rainfall in June–September increases paddy productivity. Monsoon rainfall from June to September decreased maize productivity (-3.19***). Minimum winter temperature decreases maize productivity. The annual minimum temperature has the greatest impact, increasing productivity by 28.98% per degree.

Groundnuts require a long growing season, thus extreme cold and frost damage them. With a 1 percent increase in minimum temperature in March and May, productivity declines by 7.35 percent and 7.63 percent, respectively. The annual maximum temperature has the greatest impact on maize yield: a one-degree increase decreases productivity by 24.66 percent. Rainfall largely affects crop yield. Gram crop is cultivated during the rabi season, thus when rainfall is greater in the kharif season, area and production increase. Every monsoon season rainfall decreases yield by 3.88 percent. Only four variables significantly affect district sugarcane crop productivity. In August, every percent of rainfall increases productivity by 3.48 percent. With every one percent increase in maximum temperature in winter, agricultural yield decreases by 41.35 percent, while maximum temperature in May increases crop productivity. Maximum summer and winter temperatures have largely affected mustard crops, decreasing yield by 9.28 and 11.36 percent per degree Celsius. Only the annual maximum temperature increased yield by 18.13 percent.

 

The policy implications that emerged from this study are; that in this rapid climate-changing scenario, hills need special attention by the state government. Marginal and small farmers in plains, also require the attention and help of the government to make their livelihood more efficient to cope with climate change. The state government required to plan more infrastructural development in all the regions. Work on developing the methods of forecasting the possible climatic events, and developing new heat-resistant varieties, that can cope with the ill effects of climate change, had to be done by the R & D Departments of Government of Uttarakhand, Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutions and related institutes. Chhattisgarh government and their institutions shall prepare mitigation measures the reduce the causes of climate change issues.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Devendra Kumar Kurrey
Rani Awanti Bai Lodhi College of Agriculture and Research Station, Chhuikhadan, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, India.

 

Hulas Pathak
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India.

 

Vijay Kumar Choudhary
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973656-3-8

Assessment of Peroxidase Activity and its Characterization in Local Bean Varieties from Ghana | Chapter 11 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 9

The present study assesses the peroxidase activity and its characterization in local bean varieties from Ghana. The presence of peroxidase enzyme in four locally grown bean varieties, Red beans, Bambara beans, Black-eyed beans and Soybeans was demonstrated.  The enzyme showed a much higher activity at elevated temperatures than at room temperature with peak activity at about 50°C. The crude enzyme extract from Bambara beans displayed the highest affinity towards hydrogen peroxide substrate making it a good candidate for applications that require high initial reaction rates. The optimum pH for the enzyme from all bean extracts is about 6 but the extract from Bambara beans was shown to maintain its activity over a wider range of pHs than the rest. Such stability will make peroxidase from Bambara beans a useful enzyme for applications at higher pH as may be found in certain wastewaters.

Author(s) Details:

Emmanuel G. Ankudey,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Martin Y. Woode,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V9/article/view/14292

Development of Mathematical Model for Predicting the Efficiency of Oil-water Separation | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 8

Petroleum is vital to many industries and in the manufacture of a wide variety of materials. It also accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy needs and thus it is a critical concern for many nations.

 

The study anchors on developing a mechanistic model for oil- water separation. Over the years, researchers have been working on how to improve the quality of produced water effluent, especially from oil and gas operations sent to the receiving waters. Despite the standard set for compliance by regulatory bodies like united nation agency, ministry, departments and other agencies both state and federal government including non-governmental agencies the problem of meeting stipulated benchmarks still persist. This study however looks into some variables perceived as being relative to improving or affecting produced water effluent from oil-water separator. Modelling of oil-water separation was based on the philosophy that a mathematical model can be established for the physical problems under investigation. These mathematical problems formulated were based on laws of conservation. The model under study, where the total mass and energy cannot be generated neither do they disappear, so that mass balance would give an ordinary differential equation. Solving the model equation analytically however, poses some problems. Hence they were solved by simulation using the computer software SIMULINK a graphical extension of MATLAB with positive outcomes since it can model non-linear systems. From the simulated analysis, increased flow rate creates turbulence in the system with resultant poor effluent quality. Whereas from the simulated analysis, gradual temperature increases improve oil- water separation from lower temperature of the fluid upstream thereby aiding improvement in effluent quality.

Author(s) Details:

Emmanuel Ewa Ekeng,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V8/article/view/14050

Harnessing Sun Power for Mosquito Control and Smart Air Quality Monitoring | Chapter 7 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 8

 The main objective of this study is to develop a solar-powered mosquito trap equipped with air quality monitoring. Controlling mosquito infestations is a persistent issue that needs ongoing observation and accomplishment. This is because mosquitoes can transmit a number of fatal diseases, and each year they cause the deaths of one million people. The traditional preventative techniques, which involve employing insecticides and bug zappers, are not as successful and have a variety of negative effects on the ecosystem, including the extinction of beneficial insects, changes in mosquito biology, and altered climates. In this study, a solar-powered mosquito trap is created to trap mosquitoes by sucking them in using a fan while being attracted to a built-in LED to lure them into the trap. An air quality monitor is equipped to observe the change of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) of the surroundings and as a method to centralize the installation of the trap. The monitor display and air quality data retrieval are processed by an Arduino microcontroller. In the prototype observation, it was shown that the temperature increased proportional to CO2 concentration. The power efficiency of this device increased by 30% when using a solar panel. At optimal sunlight exposure and adequate battery capacity, the device would run for more than 24 hours and would get charged instantly on the next day when sunlight is present. With the air quality monitoring, it will be easier to centralize the installation of the mosquito trap and create a guideline on the suitability of installing the mosquito trap in a particular area.

Author(s) Details:

Raja Siti Nur Adiimah Raja Aris,
Faculty of Engineering Technology, UC TATI, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Ahmad Armin Sulong,
Faculty of Engineering Technology, UC TATI, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Suzanna Ridzuan Aw,
Faculty of Engineering Technology, UC TATI, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Farah Hanan Azimi,
Faculty of Engineering Technology, UC TATI, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Lia Safiyah Syafie,
Faculty of Engineering Technology, UC TATI, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V8/article/view/13976

A Comprehensive Study on Optimizing Mechanical Stress, Contact Temperature, and Electrical Contact Resistance | Chapter 6 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 In recent years, several electrical systems have been installed in modern cars in order to satisfy the needs of comfort, security, and performance and to reduce fuel consumption. Consequently, the demand for electrical power increases. One of the major difficulties of the use of power automotive connectors is the increase of their electrical contact resistance in the running time. This paper attempts to fill this gap and discloses the minimisation of the transient electrical contact resistance and contact temperature by experimental and numerical means. The tested contact samples have the sphere/plane contact shape in order to simulate the real contact in the power automotive connectors and were made with high copper alloys. These contact samples were submitted to high currents (100 A) and different contact forces (50 and 100 N ). Minimisation of electrical contact resistance, contact temperature and maximum stress of contact samples made of recent high-copper alloys under high contact forces and electric current was studied in this work with the help of experimental and numerical means. Experimental results showed that the lower transient values of electrical contact resistance and contact temperature correspond to the contact sample made with copper alloy C19210 which is submitted to the highest contact force (100 N). In order to minimize the electrical contact resistance of the contact sample made of copper alloy C19210, finite element models were developed with one contact point and multipoint contacts using a commercial code. The deformation of contact surfaces, numerical transient values of contact resistance and contact temperature were calculated based on the indirect coupling program which is developed by an APDL language. This program can make the coupling between the mechanical and thermoelectric fields and takes into account the elastoplastic behaviour of the material C19210 which is identified by tensile tests. Results showed that the sample with multipoint contact presents a transient value of contact resistance and contact temperature lower than the ones obtained with one contact point, also the maximum mechanical Von Mises stress obtained for the model with multipoint contacts is not only lower than the yield stress of the material C19210 but also lower than the one obtained for one contact point. Therefore, the gain for the model with multipoint contacts was triple.

Author(s) Details:

Amine Beloufa,
Smart Structure Laboratory, University of Ain Temouchent, Ain Temouchent 46000, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V9/article/view/13906

Different Aspect of Acclimatization: Definition, Importance and Limitations | Chapter 7 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 6

Adaptation is related to the process by which an structure adjusts to environmental changes over opportunity. It permits living beings to adapt to new or challenging environments, ensuring their endurance and well-being. Acclimation includes physiological, anatomical, or semantic adjustments within a alone organism that improve depiction or survival in response to material change. The extent of this adaptation is constrained by the genome of the individual. In proper sequence, adaptation involves the purchase or recombination of genetic traits that boost performance or survival over diversified generations.

Author(s) Details:

Manjari P.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Muralinath E.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sravani Pragna K.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan C.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Tulasi Rukmini T.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Guru D. V. Pandiyan,
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.

Guru Prasad M.,
Vaishnavi Microbial Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V6/article/view/12827

Keywords: Temperature, physiological, biochemical and behavioral adjustments, altitude, gradual ascent, cellular changes, hydration, nutrition, altitude sickness, altitude training, low humidity, cardio vascular, respiratory, neural and skeletal adaptations, psychological adaptation, heat, cold, time zone and exercise acclimatization, temperature, sunlight, water, seasonal and cultural acclimatization

Application of Non-Parametric Statistical Tools in Analysing the Climate Data through XLSTAT | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 1

 The issuance of greenhouse vapor disturbs the established strength balance of atmosphere that result in climbing in temperature and increased erraticity of critical parameters. The all-encompassing annual mean surface temperature has raised by more than 1.5⁰C above the pre industrial level [1]. This increase in hotness has caused original changes across the human and natural systems. When gradual baking, the mean temperature switched upward which amounts to surroundings change. The study utilised Mann Kendall trend reasoning and Mann Whitney petiti’s homogeneity test for labeling the trends and shifts in temperature. Skilled are many ways to describe and analyse the data. XLSTAT is individual of the software application that is available completely free trails for one period or ten days. It is very simplest to analyse through this application. It is used to analyse all somewhat descriptive measure, parametric and non parametric reasoning in a simplest way.

Author(s) Details:

Seedari Ujwala Rani,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalli, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India.

L. Prabhu Kiran,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

B. N. Sandeep Naik,
Department of Agronomy, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalli, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Sri Vidya Rani,
Department of Agricultural Extension, Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

S. Balu Mahendra,
Department of Post Harvest Technology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V1/article/view/12684

Impact of Temperature on the Effectiveness of Solar Photovoltaic Panels | Chapter 5 | Research and Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 3

 The present study learns the power output and effectiveness due to hotness increase by experimental method. Future strength sources will generally come from solar energy. Many instruments are used to collect solar energy and revolutionize it into usable forms of strength. The promising technology for changing solar radiation into electrical strength is solar PV (photovoltaic) panels. The prejudiced portion of solar energy may be convinced into electricity staying in the form heat energy. Solar PV panel acting varies with hotness increase. The PV panel hotness has effect on power and voltage. Due to increase of hotness, the photovoltaic solar cells effectiveness may be cut down. Additionally, the panel's lifespan will be diminished. This study used an experiment accompanying a 50W solar PV panel in a absolute outdoor environment to analyze how heat strength from solar radiation in the form of temperature influences the efficiency of cosmic panels.

Author(s) Details:

M. Senthil Kumar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NITTTR, Chennai, India and Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. R. Balasubramanian,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

L. Maheswari,
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, NIT, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RADER-V3/article/view/10509

Investigation of the Inhomogeneity Phenomenon in the Metal/Semiconductor Interface: Mo/n-type-4H-SiC Schottky Diode | Chapter 9 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 6

 The inhomogeneities of the alloy/semiconductor (M/S) interface have existed investigated for many decades and various models have been projected to explain the physics of the connect state in such contacts. Two main and famous approaches are noted in this affiliate book explaining the physics behind the ore/semiconductor (Schottky diode) interface state: the Werner and Guttler’s model and the Tung’s model. The projected approaches are based on the hotness dependent of ultimate important limit characterizing the M/S connect: the barrier extreme Φ B. Accordingly, the temperature effect on the additional parameters, that typify the current-voltage calculations like the mean barrier extreme Φ- B0, the standard deviation σ s, the strength coefficients p2 and p3 for the barrier extreme and the standard deviation individually, and the series fighting Rs, is also authorizing the evidence the inhomogeneity of the interface betwixt the metal and the semiconductor. In the light concerning this concept, a deep reasoning is made on united states of america of the Mo/n-type-4H-SiC Schottky diode in the range of temperature (298-498) K by way of its current-energized matter measurements. The study is based on the concurrent extraction of the limits (`Φ- B0, p2, p3, ps, σs) that define the current-power measurements as function of hotness by using the upright optimization procedure (VOM). In order to explain the acquired results, we have used the Werner and Guttler’s model to authorize the inhomogeneity of the Mo/4H-SiC interface in the intentional range of temperature. The analyses reported in this place book chapter for the Mo/n-type4H-SiC contact reinforce the existence of an inhomogeneous connect by the use of the Werner and Guttler’s approach.

Author(s) Details:

S. Toumi,
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University M’hamed Bouguara, Boumerdes, Algeria , Couches Minces et Hétérostructures, Unité de Recherche: Matériaux, Procédés et Environnement, University M’hamed Bouguara, Boumerdes, Algeria and Optoelectronic Devices Laboratory, University Ferhat Abbas, Sétif, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V6/article/view/10835

Post Harvest Management Strategies and Storage Approaches for Quality Seed Production | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 Post harvest administration includes the processes done directly after reaping the produce, including cooling, cleansing, sorting and packing. After the crop is picked immediately from the field, there is a extreme chance of deterioration on account of its initial extreme moisture content. Therefore postharvest treatments are likely to increase its useful life of product and maintain its character. In terms of cleaning and improving of cereal seeds, blowing away fans are used for break-up of unwanted materials specifically weed seeds, hay, rice husks, panicle stalks, empty and broken grains, sand, rocks, rocks, dust, plastics, and even alloy and glass particles. The dampness content of the harvested seeds at the beginning stage should be drained in the range of 20-23%. Whereas the moisture content at the final stage of drying endure be maintained at 13%. If not properly drained, the seed gets overrun with insects early and the pregnancy percentage of the seed portion deteriorates fast. Another important operation afterwards drying is grading that helps in the removal of smaller and dehydrated seeds from the well filled active seeds. In order to claim vigor and viability of the stocked seeds, seed situation is considered to be an essential step that includes use of fungicides, pesticides, insecticides or a combination of these in order to pure and disinfest seeds from seed carried or soil borne pathogenic structures and storage insects. For the control of depository insects and pests, moving air through a space is done particularly accompanying Aluminium Phosphide and Methyl Bromide. Hence, in order to claim proper management and depository of seeds, seed dampness and temperature are deliberate to be the most main factors for maintaining and maintaining quality of seeds specifically vigor and animation of the stored seeds.

Author(s) Details:

Priyanka Sharma,
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Seed Science and Technology Programme, Assam Agricultural University, India.

Monish Roy,
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Pundi Bari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.

Bidhan Roy,
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Pundi Bari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.

Sharmila Dutta Deka,
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Seed Science and Technology Programme, Assam Agricultural University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V2/article/view/10046

A Technology Analysis of Wearable Sensors for Monitoring Healthcare System | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 Access to status health care is fundamental to maintaining material and mental comfort in modern society. If you be going to enjoy existence's luxuries, you need to take care of your material. It's a fact of life that all will, by pure chance, need medical consideration. The value of health management cannot be overstated. Recent research has shown that the cost of health management using common methods is prohibitive for the average woman. Those who cannot give proper medical consideration either have to endure through their conditions or make sacrifices in their energy by choosing less high-priced therapies. Wearable sensors have the potential to revolutionise the health care manufacturing by allowing for nearby and inexpensive health listening. This article describes the shift from the standard method of monitoring alive healthcare indicators to the use of wearable sensors. Wearable sensors are trying to set the groundwork for hopeful results in the healing industry on account of technological improvements.

Author(s) Details:

B. Ashreetha,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering College, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Mohan Babu University, Tirupati,Andhra Pradesh, India.

V. Dankan Gowda,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Santosh Das,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Omdayal Group of Institutions, Uluberia, Howrah, West Bengal, India.

R. Shekhar,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alliance University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Venkatesan Hariram,
Department of Practice of Medicine, Vinayaka Mission's Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, A Constituent College of Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation Deemed to be University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V5/article/view/9723

Drying Characteristics of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) by Hot Air Drying (HAD) and Open Sun Drying (OSD): An Experimental Study| Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 2

 Vegetables and crops are indispensable constituent human diet and can be regarded as the fuel for corporeal processes. Despite large numbers of public food result still does not meet the needs of the population. The disappearance during handling from point of result to consumer’s places, lack of appropriate preservation & depository systems causes large losses, thus lowering the food supply considerably. The dent in the food result caused by crop declines as well as significant migratory fluctuations in chance can be overlooked out by food conservation such as by drying. In this regard some of the salads have been as a rule processed by drying to longer their storage life well further few weeks and make it accessible in off season. The main objectives of the study are the drying individuality of bottle gourd slices utilizing the different drying arrangements and the effect of temperature on drying rate have examined.

Author(s) Details:

Nageswara Rao Lakkimsetty,
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

S. Karunya,
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

G. Kavitha,
Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, A.P, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V2/article/view/9404

Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Charcoal Soybean Roaster Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Recent Approach| Chapter 4 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 2

 A deeper understanding of heat transfer in the charcoal soybean grill for cookout is necessary likely Uganda's rising strength costs and the demand for high-quality roasted soybean. In this study, computational fluid dynamics was used to model heat transfer in the black soybean roaster (CFD). When soybeans are roasted at the wrong hotnesses, vital digestive components from the source are lost, in addition to significant strength losses, which raises the cost of result. In this investigation, the heat transfer process in a black soybean roaster was fake using CFD. Simulations were completed activity using Solid Edge® ST9, a simultaneous Technology software grown by Siemens Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The temperature of the roasting beat was observed expected higher at the lower end of the beat compared to the top. The hotness at the bottom of the beat ranges between 420ºC and 590ºC. Temperature is chief at the center of the drum and reduces towards the extreme ends of the drum. The results signify that the distance between the beat and the stove influences the temperature of the beat. The average drum hotness is observed to increase accompanying a reduction in distance of separation 'tween the drum and black stove. CFD was favorably used to simulate the heat transfer wonder in the charcoal soybean grill for cookout. It is necessary to lessen the charcoal roasting vehicle by including a means for adjusting the distance betwixt the roasting beat and the charcoal range because the hotness of the drum significantly depends on the distance middle from two points the drum and the black stove. This will manage possible to manage the drum hotnesses in a way that counters the soybeans from being overcooked and from burning, with minimising nutrient loss. The regulating mechanism will likewise guarantee that the charcoal soybean container for cooking food is used efficiently.

Author(s) Details:

J. Kigozi,
Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

D. Akatukunda,
Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

E. Baidhe,
Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

I. Oluk,
Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

F. Okori,
Department of Agricultural and Bio-systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V2/article/view/9235

The Design of an Automated Etching System| Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 8

 The point of this study is the plan of a computerized scratching framework, Drawing is a subtractive technique utilized for the creation of printed circuit sheets (PCBs) where corrosive is utilized to eliminate undesirable copper from a pre-assembled cover. The manual technique is restricted to few sheets and is probably going to be wasteful. Beside that, openness to certain kinds of etchants might be hurtful to one's wellbeing. Then again, the machines accessible for this intention are cleaner and quicker, and they can draw numerous sheets on the double, yet they are very costly. This habitually deters limited scope Printed Circuit Board (PCB) makers from buying them. Nonetheless, the mechanized scratching framework depicted here looks to offer a method to complete the drawing system for a PCB board in a basic, spotless, safe, and conservative way. The printed circuit board utilizes conductive lines, cushions, and highlights scratched from copper sheets covered onto a non-conductive substrate to help and electrically interface electronic parts precisely.

Author(s) Details:

J. O. Olowoleni,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

C. O. A. Awosope,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

A.U. Adoghe,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

A. F. Agbetuyi,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

V. Oguntosin,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

C. A. Halin,
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V8/article/view/8256