Climate Change Impact Assessment and Mitigation Options in the Energy Sector of African Countries | Chapter 7 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Access to reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy is vital for achieving several    SDGs, influencing health, climate, land use, and economic development. Modern energy services drive agricultural transformation, support productive enterprises, and foster revenue-generating activities. However, energy consumption leads to emissions of pollutants like CO, hydrocarbons, SOx, NOx, methane, and particulates, impacting climate and health. Many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require access to dependable, affordable, and sustainable energy, as it has a substantial impact on health, climate, land use, and other sectors. Modern energy services are also required for agricultural transformation, the creation of productive firms, and the support of revenue-generating activities. As a result of energy consumption, combustion, and greenhouse impacts from emissions of environmental pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon compounds, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, methane, and particulates are examined. Among the many pollutants that contribute to climate change, CO2 emissions have received a lot of attention as the primary cause of climate change. Special attention should be given to investments and policies that promote all three goals or, at the very least, those that improve one or both without worsening the other. This report provides a (non-exhaustive) synthesis and assessment of energy consumption rates, supply, and access challenges in Africa, focusing on the connections, synergies, and conflicts with climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. The energy supply rate of about 20 African nations has been reported in this review, including petrol, diesel, LPG, coal, and kerosene for the economic years between 2009 and 2019. As income levels rise, energy utilisation patterns shift, and access to cleaner energy sources like electricity improves, enhancing overall well-being. However, Africa's energy mix needs recalibration to balance supply, access, and climate goals.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Godsday Idanegbe Usiabulu
World Bank, Africa Center of Excellence, Center for Oil Field Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Eddy Ifeanyi Okoh
FHN 26 Limited (First Hydrocarbon) Block W Shell Estate Edjeba, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Lucia Ndidi Okoh
Environmental management and toxicology, Southern Delta University, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7332

Hydro-climatic Dynamics and Water Resource Vulnerability: The Case of Nabatieh Governorate, Lebanon |Chapter 8 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 5

 

Climate variability and ongoing warming in the eastern Mediterranean are increasingly reshaping water availability and demand in Lebanon. This study aims to assess how key climatic elements (precipitation regime, snow cover, temperature, wind, solar radiation, and cloudiness) influence water-resource vulnerability in Nabatieh Governorate, and to identify priority vulnerability hotspots and feasible adaptation options. Methods and materials combined (i) high-resolution observations from a digital meteorological station, (ii) analysis of historical station rainfall records and spatial precipitation classes to estimate annual precipitation volumes, (iii) field questionnaire data on household water consumption by season and elevation, and (iv) evaporation measurements, alongside standard climatic indices (e.g., Gaussen) to delineate dry months and examine daily wind temperature interactions relevant to irrigation timing. Results show that although the governorate receives an average annual precipitation volume of about 969.6 million m³ (semi-humid conditions), water security is undermined by a long dry season, strong interannual variability, and rising temperatures that intensify evaporation and evapotranspiration, producing annual losses of roughly 414 million m³ (≈43% of precipitation). Warming also increases demand: per-capita daily consumption rises from winter to summer and is projected to increase by ~5% under a ~2°C warming scenario, while higher temperatures accelerate snowmelt on Mount Hermon, shifting runoff toward winter and reducing summer water availability. Wind and solar radiation exacerbate dry-season evaporation but also offer operational opportunities: economically viable wind speeds (~6 m/s) occur for several continuous hours midday, and the lowest combined wind temperature window (about 5:00–7:00 AM) minimises irrigation losses. Conclusions indicate that scarcity is driven less by absolute rainfall shortage than by warming-amplified losses, seasonal supply demand mismatch, and limited adaptive infrastructure. Prioritise integrated adaptation, optimise irrigation scheduling (early morning), expand storage/ recharge and demand management, and pilot renewable energy-supported pumping with carefully conditioned cloud-enhancement assessments where meteorologically justified.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nasser Farhat
The Lebanese Center for Water and Environment (LCWE), Beirut, Lebanon.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v5/6948

Harnessing Carbon Markets for Climate Justice: A Pathway to Sustainable Development | Chapter 6 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 3

 

As climate and environmental challenges grow increasingly severe, carbon markets have garnered significant attention in academic research. Carbon trading and offsetting are central to these mechanisms, with the primary objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change injustice is the situation where communities that contribute the least to climate change disproportionately bear the severe consequences. The aim of this review is to explore how carbon markets can be utilised as a mechanism to promote climate justice and contribute to sustainable development. By examining various policy approaches and their implications, the research seeks to shed light on how carbon markets can either advance or hinder climate justice goals. The findings indicate that carbon markets have the potential to encourage investments in clean energy  and sustainable development projects, which can benefit communities disproportionately affected by pollution. It can provide opportunities for broader participation in climate action, allowing smaller emitters or developing countries to participate in emission trading. To maximise their positive impacts and minimise risks, carbon markets must be accompanied by complementary policies and measures that prioritise equity, inclusion, and community participation. Countries with greater capacity and responsibility for emissions need to take more drastic actions and provide financial and technical support to developing nations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Jane Munonye
Department of Agricultural Economics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Nigeria.

 

Charles Munonye
Department of Architecture, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.

 

Olufunmilola Obakin
Department of Architecture, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v3/6368

Enhancing Water Sustainability: Introducing the Green Watershed Index (GWI) | Chapter 5| Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 

There are many indices and indicators of water performance at the basin level available worldwide; however, in a global context where sustainability is highly valued, the need to develop tools that enable the monitoring of basins from their administration and water and environmental management, becomes more pressing. The GWI (green watershed index) methodology is presented, as an extension of urban control methodologies, but this time for rural watersheds. The method is implemented in some rural areas of Colombia, and in some cases, the difficulty of implementing the methodology is evidenced, and in other cases the opportunity to improve the management and administration of water resources at the level of rural basins. The effort of the municipality of Chiquiza at the beginning of sustainable policies is highlighted, specifically in what has to do with wastewater treatment, complying with the environmental regulations in force in Colombia given by the Ministry of the Environment.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

C. A. Caro

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Saint Thomas University, Avenida universitaria Campus Universidad Santo Tomás, Tunja, Colombia.

E. Bladé

Institut Flumen, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v5/850

Impacts of Climate Change on Irrigation Water Resources in the Plain of Reeds, Vietnam | Chapter 2 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 4

 

The Plain of Reeds, a critical agricultural heartland within Vietnam's Mekong Delta, faces profound challenges from anthropogenic climate change. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of climate change on the water resources essential for its intensive rice cultivation system. By integrating historical hydro-meteorological data (1984–2022) with future projections from an ensemble of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, this study utilises the FAO-AquaCrop model to quantify shifts in irrigation water dynamics. Historical analysis reveals a discernible warming trend of approximately 0.2°C per decade and complex alterations in rainfall patterns, including an increase in dry-season precipitation and a strengthening of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal. Crucially, future projections indicate that despite a potential increase in total precipitation, the concurrent and more pronounced rise in air temperature will significantly elevate crop evapotranspiration rates. This leads to a projected increase in net Irrigation Water Demand (IWD) across all rice-growing seasons and emission scenarios. The Winter-Spring crop, cultivated during the driest period, is identified as the most vulnerable, with a substantial projected increase in water requirements. In response, this chapter evaluates adaptation strategies, demonstrating through model simulations that adjusting sowing calendars is a highly effective, low-cost measure. Advancing the sowing date of the Winter-Spring crop, for instance, can reduce IWD by up to 15.6% by better aligning crop growth with cooler temperatures and residual late-season rainfall. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for developing climate-resilient agricultural policies and water management strategies to safeguard the productivity and sustainability of the Plain of Reeds.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Thai Duong, PHUNG
Dong Thap University, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam.

 

Kieu Tram Thi, HUYNH
Dong Thap University, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam.

 

Van Tuan, PHAN
Dong Thap University, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam.

 

Truong An, DANG
University of Science, HCM City, Vietnam and Vietnam National University, HCM City, Vietnam.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v4/6106

Climate Science for a Changing Planet: Local Solutions to Global Crises |Book Publisher International

 

In an era marked by intensifying climate crises, understanding the science, spatial dimensions, and societal implications of climate change is more urgent than ever. Climate Science for a Changing Planet: Local Solutions to Global Crises offers an interdisciplinary and geography-centred exploration of the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, with a strong emphasis on contextual relevance and practical application. The book presents a comprehensive synthesis of climatology, environmental science, and sustainable development, tailored to the Indian context while aligned with global frameworks such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

 

Combining scientific rigour with accessible narrative, the book navigates key topics including the Earth’s climate system, greenhouse gas dynamics, vulnerability and risk assessment, and the socio-economic dimensions of climate change. It places particular emphasis on the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to analyse spatial patterns and support evidence-based climate action. The methodological approach includes spatial analysis using geospatial tools, qualitative and quantitative case studies, participatory rural appraisals, and field-based vulnerability assessments, allowing for an integrated and evidence-driven understanding of climate impacts and responses.

 

Through rich case studies from urban, coastal, mountainous, and agrarian regions of India, the authors highlight how local actions—guided by geographic insights and technological tools—can shape meaningful climate resilience and mitigation outcomes. This book is a vital academic resource for students, educators, researchers, policymakers, and civil society actors seeking to bridge global climate science with grassroots realities. It repositions geography not only as a lens of observation but also as a strategic agent for sustainable change in the Anthropocene.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. S. Balaselvakumar
Department of Geography, Government Arts College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Dr. P. Mary Santhi
Convent of Jesus and Mary, Agra, Uttra Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-992493-7-0

Climate Change and Small-Scale Farming: Exploring the Connection between Awareness, Adaptation, and Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province | Chapter 11 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 3

 

The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in many African economies, employing around 65–70% of the workforce, supporting 90% of household livelihoods, and accounting for about a quarter of the continent’s gross domestic product. Climate change poses a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly for small-scale farmers who often lack the resources and knowledge to adapt. Ineffective adaptation strategies could exacerbate poverty and food insecurity. This chapter investigated the relationship between climate change awareness, adaptation strategies, and food security among small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape Province. It aimed to understand the influence of farmers’ climate change awareness on their adaptation decisions and the subsequent effects on agricultural productivity and food security. The study employed a quantitative approach, using multi-stage sampling to survey 200 small-scale farmers through semi-structured questionnaires. Logit regression and endogeneity switching regression models were applied for data analysis. The study results show that small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape are well aware of climate change and its impacts, particularly reduced farm returns (38%) and yields (36%), which threaten both agricultural productivity and food security. In response, farmers have adopted various strategies, such as crop rotation, improved crop varieties, adjusted planting dates, and mulching or fertilizer application.  For the study site factors such as age, access to climate information, education, proximity to markets, drought frequency, perceptions of temperature and rainfall changes, radio ownership, farm income, farm size, household size and availability of extension services significantly influence adaptation choices. The results indicate that these adaptation strategies have contributed to improved agricultural yields and farm returns, thereby enhancing food security in the area. The chapter concludes with recommendations for governments, agencies and policymakers to support small-scale farmers through targeted policy interventions, strengthen extension services, and develop educational programs aimed at increasing adaptive capacity and building resilience among small-scale farmers.

 

Author(s) Details

Lungile S. Gidi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Science, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.

 

Lelethu Mdoda
Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.

 

Zoleka Ncoyini-Manciya
Discipline of Agrometeorology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.

 

Lwandiso Mdiya
Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v3/4747

 

Characteristics, Availability, Demand, Challenges and Management of Present-Day Water Resources in Uganda | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

 

The water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets that significantly contribute to socio-economic development and poverty eradication. Surface and groundwater resources play a major role in domestic water supply, watering livestock, industrial operations, hydropower generation, agriculture, marine transport, fisheries, waste discharge, tourism, and environmental conservation. However, this resource is unevenly distributed in both time and space. The major source of water for these resources is direct rainfall, which has recently experienced variability that threatens the distribution of resources and water availability in Uganda. The annual rainfall received in Uganda varies from 500 mm to 2800 mm, with an average of 1180 mm received in two main seasons. The spatial distribution of rainfall has resulted in a network of great rivers and lakes that possess big potential for development. These resources are being developed and depleted at a fast rate, a situation that requires assessment to establish the present status of water resources in the country. The paper reviews the characteristics, availability, demand and importance of present-day water resources in Uganda as well as describe the various issues, challenges and management of water resources in the country. Evidence shows that in 2020, 83 percent of Ugandan households accessed either piped water or improved groundwater, compared to 61 percent in 2000. And the average water consumption per household per day also increased to 31.0 litres from 30.9 recorded in 2021.The major source of water for the country is the springs and wells. The new national strategy of bulk water supply is to meet rural settings demands including demands of water for livestock.

 

Author(s) Details

Francis N. W. Nsubuga

Department of Geography, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda and National Environmental Consult Ltd., Kampala, Uganda.

Edith N. Namutebi
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kampala, Uganda.

Masoud Nsubuga-Ssenfuma
National Environmental Consult Ltd., Kampala, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v7/7339B

A Systematic Review of the Implementation, Benefits, and Challenges of the Energy Management System Based on ISO 50001 | Chapter 8 Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

A serious challenge in facing climate change is how to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from industrial activities. On the other hand, there is an increase in demand for energy consumption which has been followed by significant support efforts to encourage sustainable supply by exploring new low-emission resources, developing technology and conservation, and implementing energy mix strategies. In line with this, the development and implementation of a management system in energy utilization plays an important role. Based on several studies, the implementation of ISO 50001 has a significant influence on improving energy management performance, energy cost savings, and reducing CO2 emissions. This paper will review the current state of the implementation of this standard, its benefits, and challenges based on literature studies from several scientific journals and publications released by international organizations, associations, and government policies. The cost of implementation of this standard varies depending on the business model, sector, and period of implementation. Besides that, implementation of this standard also has a positive influence on the management of energy assets, evaluating and prioritizing the use of energy-efficient technologies, and driving efficiency throughout the supply chain. Several selected case studies that describe quantitative energy performance affected by the implementation of ISO 50001 at the international level with various sectors and several role models from Indonesia are explained. In general, it can be concluded that the implementation of ISO 5001 contributes significantly to increasing energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. In addition, the challenges and difficulties faced by the implementation of this standard are also reviewed.

Author(s) Details

B. Prasetya
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

D. R. Wahono
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

A. Dewantoro
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

W. C. Anggundari
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

Yopi
Research Center of Testing Technology and Standard, the National Agency of Research and Innovation (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, PUSPIPTEK, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1653

The Causes of Climate Change in Iraq and Steps for Practical Solutions | Chapter 11 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

Iraq was very different two decades ago. Dust fills the air and is stirred up by hot winds. There are vast areas of barren land dotted with stubborn palm trees that struggle patiently to withstand the elements. Climate change in Iraq is having impacts that make Iraq's environment, security, politics, and economic challenges worse, high temperatures, severe drought, declining rainfall, desertification, salinization, and the increased prevalence of dust storms have undermined the agricultural sector in Iraq.

 

In addition, Iraq's water security depends on the deteriorating Tigris and Euphrates river systems. National and regional political uncertainty will make mitigating climate change and addressing transnational water governance very difficult for the state of Iraq for years to come. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita are higher than the global average.

 

Human emissions of greenhouse gases are the primary driver of climate change today. CO2 and other greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide are emitted by burning fossil fuels in Iraq, Annual emissions figures for Iraq; CO2 country profile are often used for contribution to climate change.

 

Climate changes in Iraq due to greenhouse gas emissions lead to a decline in the Ozone layer, and thus the Ultraviolet radiation index that reaches northern, central and southern Iraq is very high.

 

Three steps of solutions are illustrated in this work to address climate change in Iraq for treatment of the burning of associated gas due to oil operations, which contributes effectively and extensively to pollutant gases to the atmosphere, which contribute to the phenomenon of global warming of the atmosphere, as it affects climate change in Iraq and the world.

 

The solutions that are reviewed can be implemented for the purpose of benefiting from the production of liquefied gas for export to support the national economy of Iraq or establishing gas-powered electric generating stations, in addition to developing plans to eliminate gas burning as a measure for environmental safety and preserving the health of humans and other organisms.

 

Author(s) Details

Saad M. Potrous
Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basra, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1833

Climate Change, Ecosystem Disruption, and Health Crises: The Role of Anthropogenic Activities with a Focus on COVID-19 | Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Plant Science, Molecular Biology and Health Sector

 

The anthropogenic or human activities cause damage to the environment on a global scale due to over-consumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation, leading to an existential risk to the human race and other living species. Anthropogenic impact on ecosystems in urban areas brings change in both biotic and abiotic conditions by converting undeveloped land into anthropocentric habitats. The increase in urbanisation in more and more areas through the construction of high-rise buildings, communication towers, high- ways, fly-overs is detrimental to biodiversity and wildlife. The growth of the population is one of the main factors in causing disturbances in biodiversity and ecosystems. The population has been taken as an indirect factor of biodiversity loss. It has also been noted that the demand for resources like food, fuel, etc. is directly proportional to the growth of the population. So the Government should be aware of population growth in the country. The recent COVID-19 has given us a great warning to remind us to take care of the environment of the planet before doing any deforestation, land-use changes and also to rethink reforestation to re-establish the natural habitat of ethnic people and animals. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease that first emerged from China in December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation shortly thereafter. The outbreak brought unprecedented changes in the lifestyle of the people to a great extent. This pandemic gives a great warning to people of all countries to raise awareness about preserving climate, ecosystems, natural forests and wildlife. Recent studies have drawn attention to the future spread of infectious diseases like coronavirus and the global climate emergency. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of anthropogenic activities on climate change and global warming, and how these environmental disturbances affect ecosystems. Additionally, the study seeks to explore the interconnections between ecological degradation and the emergence or spread of global health crises by spreading deadly infectious diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

Author(s) Details

Professor Satyesh Chandra Roy
Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study for Cell and Chromosome Research, University of Calcutta, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-989371-7-9/CH4

 

A Comprehensive Analysis of Temperature Trends in Northern Cameroon | Chapter 2 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 2

The northern part of Cameroon is reported to be vulnerable to climate change due to its strong dependence on agriculture. Climate change in Cameroon has contributed to the drying of surface water and crops, threatening food security and the well-being of households. However, limited research has focused on the evolution of climatic data that influence agriculture. Existing studies are rarely based on field data. The assessment of precipitation has gained more attention than that of temperature, but only a few publications have addressed temperature dynamics. This study addresses this gap by analysing the dynamics of three temperature parameters, namely, maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. The primary aim of the study is to develop a comprehensive analysis of temperature trends in Northern Cameroon. For this investigation, temperature data from 1973 to 2020 were collected from weather stations located in three major cities in northern Cameroon: Ngaoundere and Garoua, from the weather stations of the Agency for Aerial Navigation Safety in Africa and Madagascar (ASECNA); and Maroua, from the weather station of the Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority (CCAA). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 20 and XLSTAT. The tests proposed by Pettitt, Buishand, Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope were used. The study reveals that in Ngaoundere, the minimum temperature increased by 8.7% between 1987 and 2020 compared to 1973-1986. In Garoua, the mean temperature increased by 2.2% between 2003 and 2020 compared to 1973-2002, the minimum temperature increased by 13.3% between 1985 and 2020 compared to 1973-1984, and the maximum temperature decreased by -8.2%. In Maroua, the mean temperature increased by 3.6% between 2002 and 2020 compared to 1973-2001, and the minimum temperature also increased by 17.8% between 1990 and 2020 compared to 1973-1989; however, the maximum temperature decreased by -6.8% between 1988 and 2020 compared to 1973-1987. These temperature shifts in Cameroon are likely driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases from bushfires and deforestation, as well as urban heat island effects resulting from infrastructure expansion and widespread use of air conditioning. The findings of this study can be used as the basis for forecasting future agricultural conditions and climate adaptation strategies in northern Cameroon.

 

Author(s) Details

Bassirou Yaouba
Rural Engineering Department, National Advanced School of Public Works, Yaounde Cameroon,                    P.O. Box 510, Yaounde, Cameroon and Laboratory of Energy, Materials, Modelling and Methods, National Higher Polytechnic School, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.

 

Bitondo Dieudonné
Laboratory of Energy, Materials, Modelling and Methods, National Higher Polytechnic School, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon and Quality, Hygiene, Safety and Industrial Environment Department, University of Douala, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v2/5828

Shifting Cultivation within Bangladesh: An Overview | Chapter 2 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 

Land systems are a key entry point for policies to achieve progress towards the triple challenge of biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and human well-being. One important land system is shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation remains an important land system in many tropical landscapes, but transitions away from shifting cultivation are increasingly common.

 

In resource-poor communities, shifting agriculture involves alternating between cultivating and leaving a portion of land fallow. The bulk of indigenous households rely on shifting agriculture practices for subsistence living, employing millions of people. The need for more food and the growing number of shifting cultivators have caused this practice to change in the modern era. Like its neighbors, Bangladesh features hills that are degraded as a result of deforestation exacerbated by shifting agriculture. There has been a continuous debate on shifting cultivation. Soil erosion is to a large extent in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) due to faulty cultivation in hill slopes, shifting cultivation, change in land use and reduction of land cover. This paper provides a review of shifting cultivation practices in the world with reference to Bangladesh, with an insight into emerging land use transition, its impacts and future priorities. Our review analysis shows that shifting cultivation transitions are diverse in themselves, in their drivers and their consequences. This calls for a critical and contextualised appraisal of the continuation of shifting cultivation, as well as, the transition away from it when designing land system policies that work for people and nature.

 

Author(s) Details

M. A. Hossain
Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v3/1444

Understanding Carbon Sequestration in Sugarcane Plant-soil System: Influence of Nutrient Integration Practices in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 

Sugarcane is a versatile crop with significant potential for carbon sequestration in both soil and plants. This study assessed the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane and rhizospheric soil under various nutrient management practices. According to the IPCC, rising global temperatures due to GHG emissions are a primary cause of global warming. To stabilize global temperatures, it is essential to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions and enhance the sequestration of surplus atmospheric CO2 in plants and soil. Sugarcane cultivation plays a crucial role in this process, as it is a C4 plant with high efficiency in utilizing CO2 during photosynthesis. One approach to enhance CO2 capture is through improved nutrient management practices, which can increase chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen efficiency in sugarcane. Different treatment compositions can enhance photosynthesis, leading to greater CO2 capture. Consequently, sugarcane crops and their rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks, contributing to atmospheric decarbonization and global cooling.

 

Soil Properties and Carbon Storage: The study results indicated that soil physical and chemical properties varied significantly among treatments due to the application of different organic amendments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed and ranged from 0.47% to 0.67%. The different organic amendment treatments notably improved soil bulk density, porosity, and carbon storage.

 

Plant Carbon Storage: Carbon stocks in various sugarcane plant parts, including roots, shoots, and leaves, were significantly different across treatments. The highest carbon stock was found in leaves (877.08 kg ha-¹) under T6, followed by roots (668.74 kg ha-¹) in T2, and shoots (422.77 kg ha-¹) in T5. This indicates that leaves stored 30.41% and 107.58% more carbon than roots and shoots, respectively, while roots stored 58.18% more carbon than shoots. The total carbon storage in sugarcane biomass, including aboveground and belowground parts, varied significantly across treatments. The mean carbon storage in aboveground parts (leaves and stalks) was significantly higher (1239.65 kg ha-¹) than in underground parts (roots) at 621.73 kg ha-¹. These findings demonstrate that sugarcane farming practices can effectively enhance carbon sequestration, contributing to climate change mitigation. The sugarcane crop and rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks in the decarbonisation of the atmosphere, ultimately reducing carbon levels and causing global cooling.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ajeet Kumar
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Sunita Kumari Meena
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Sanjay Kumar Singh
Department of Soil Science, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, India.

 

S. K. Sinha
Regional Research Station, Madhopur, West Champaran, Bihar-845454, India.

 

Amrita Kumari
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, India.

 

A. K. Singh
Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v9/1425

Future Prospect and Challenges of Genome Editing for Genetically Improvement of Plants in Indonesia | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 3

The ease of use, accuracy and efficiency of genome-editing tools have led to their broad adoption in research, as well as proof of concept applications in gene therapies involving non-reproductive (somatic) cells. Climate change now in the next 10 years still become a concern for most countries. The quantity and quality of land, particularly that which is available for crop production, are declining, which prompts several attempts to create suitable technology for genetic improvement using a biotechnology method. Genome editing is a new and quickly evolving technology for performing genetic change that is being explored extensively. Numerous studies have effectively used genome editing to modify an organism's DNA in order to improve its genetic traits without leaving any sign of foreign genes in the finished goods. There are research reports concerning the development of climate-compatible crops, high productivity, high quality and specific traits for animals and fish, effective and specifically targeted biocatalytic processes by using microorganisms, health-promoting foodstuffs and environmentally friendly production using genome editing approach. Genome editing requires a genetic engineering process for editing the genome, however, the products obtained can have similarities with the results of natural mutations. The genome editing approach will be an important alternative for genetic improvement, which is different to the existing GMO technologies, which have already been developed for almost 30 years. Many assessments concluded that genome editing will catalyze important innovations in the bioeconomy. This paper will discuss the global trends of genome editing and the opportunities and challenges faced in Indonesia. Moreover, it will also discuss the roles of the existing regulations and how they adapt to respond to this new technology. The bioeconomy of Indonesia will be nurtured by the development of genome editing technology. To accelerate the implementation of genome editing, however, appropriate regulations are needed.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bambang Prasetya
Indonesia Committee for Biosafety of Genetically Engineering Products and Research Center for Testing Technology and Standard, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Satya Nugroho
Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v3/1720

 

Ecology, Adaptation, and Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: An Integrated Global Health Perspective | Chapter 10 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 3

This article presents an overview of the ecology, adaptation and control of mosquito-borne diseases, including interactions between biological evolution, environment and human activities. The review article was based on a narrative review method, selecting interdisciplinary research from the fields of entomology, epidemiology, environmental science and public health. A comprehensive search was conducted through the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to obtain peer-reviewed articles and official reports of health agencies from 2000 to 2025. The article also extracts the significance of integrated vector management (IVM) strategies that combine traditional and innovative approaches, including genetic control technologies, to effectively combat the growing threat of vector-borne diseases. The article concludes that the findings are a constant reminder of the need to continue investing in research and community engagement to improve disease prevention, especially in the most affected regions. By leveraging technology innovations and interdisciplinary research, the article also aims to inform future strategies for sustainable mosquito control and disease management.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Bireshwar Bera
Department of Zoology Laboratory, St. Joseph’s College, North Point, Darjeeling, Affiliated to University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v3/5469

Climate Change, Land Degradation and Sustainability: Insight towards Innovative Solutions from Indian Perspective | Chapter 5 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 1

 Climate change in India is characterised by a 0.7 °C temperature rise, uneven distribution of rainfall, extreme weather events, reduced snowfall, and rapidly intensifying high-frequency cyclones along both coasts. These changes lead to various types of land degradation in different parts of the country, including soil erosion, desertification, prolonged waterlogging, and salt accumulation, which increases soil acidity. The most significant environmental issue in India is soil erosion, driven by both water and wind. Approximately 37 million hectares of agricultural land are affected by water erosion, which depletes the topsoil and impacts agricultural productivity. Additionally, coastal areas are experiencing saltwater intrusion, soil salinity, and waterlogging, which are growing concerns in areas reliant on irrigation. Agrochemical use and microplastic contamination are also emerging challenges contributing to land degradation. To address these land degradation issues, India has implemented watershed conservation programs, government schemes, and sustainable land management practices. These include the use of organic inputs for erosion control, controlled grazing, biofertilizers, and other measures to mitigate land degradation. To combat climate change, the country is focusing on protecting carbon sinks by sequestering carbon in soil to improve biomass, halting deforestation, regulating forest biomes, and following restoration and conservation practices. Protecting biodiversity, supporting local communities, and recharging groundwater are also essential actions. A comprehensive approach, including effective policy implementation, farmer education, and addressing soil and land degradation issues, is crucial to overcoming these challenges.

 

Author (s) Details

Dhanapriya M
Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi – 835215, India.

 

Gowtham S
Agriculture-ecosystem Modelling Division, National Remote Sensing Center, ISRO, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500032, India.

 

Vigneshwari R
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v1/5649

Awareness, Adaptation and Constraints in Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Study on Farmer Perceptions and Practices | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

Climate change poses significant challenges to global agricultural systems, particularly for smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture. As extreme weather events become more frequent and unpredictable, traditional farming practices are increasingly disrupted, leading to reduced crop yields, soil degradation, and heightened vulnerability to pests and diseases. In this context, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a critical approach to enhancing agricultural resilience, productivity, and environmental sustainability. This study was conducted to assess the awareness of farmers regarding CSA, examine the adaptation strategies they employ, and identify the constraints they face in adopting CSA practices. The study was conducted during 2018-19 in Dharwad district of Karnataka state, India. A total of 60 respondents were randomly selected and personally interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The collected data was analysed with suitable statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents from Mummigatti (86.67%) and Jodalli (66.70%) had a medium level of awareness regarding climate-smart agriculture. Majority of the respondents from Mummigatti (80.00%) and Jodalli (73.30%) were found in the medium adaptation category. An equal percentage (20.00% each) of the respondents from both villages belonged to the high adaptation category. The study also reveals that cent per cent of the respondents from both villages faced constraints like lack of knowledge about adaptive practices, lack of awareness about climate change issues, non-availability of inputs in time, lack of financial resources, poor support of local and national authorities with the climate-related issue and higher cost of the agricultural inputs in order to cope with climatic variability. From the study, it can be concluded that providing information and local support from the authorities will be of immense use in the proper adaption of site-specific climate-smart practices. The study also suggests that suitable policies and strategies should be taken in order to deal with the non-adaptation of climate-smart practices in the villages. This approach will help small landholders adapt to climate change without facing significant barriers.

 

Author (s) Details

Nagaratna C Kurbetta
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Karnataka, India.

 

Geeta Tamgale
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v4/2336

Genetic Strategies for Mitigating the Effect of Climate Change on Livestock Genetic Resources | Chapter 12 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

This study examines the critical role of genetic strategies—such as selective breeding, gene editing, and genomic selection—in mitigating the impacts of climate change on livestock genetic resources. Climate change threatens the livestock industry by increasing heat stress, disease prevalence, and feed scarcity, leading to reduced productivity and genetic erosion. This study also highlights the importance of characterizing animal genetic resources (AnGRs), developing breeding programs focused on resilience traits, and employing advanced genomic tools for improved selection. Additionally, it explores the interplay between indigenous knowledge, genetic diversity conservation, and international collaboration as essential components of sustainable livestock management. Through case studies, it illustrates successful applications of these strategies and proposes policy frameworks that integrate genetic conservation with food security objectives.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ikram BenSouf
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

 

Naceur M’Hamdi
Animal and Food Resources Laboratory (LRAA), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v10/5012

Comprehensive Source Control for Potable Reuse of Municipal Wastewater | Chapter 9 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 1

Potable reuse involves the use of purified water produced by an advanced water treatment facility (AWTF) treating effluent from a wastewater treatment facility. To optimize the performance of the AWTF, effluent from the wastewater treatment facility must be of the highest quality possible. Source control programs are designed to enhance the effluent quality of the treated wastewater by limiting the discharge of substances to the collection system that could impact the performance of the wastewater treatment facility and/or affect effluent quality. Most conventional source control programs are focused on the contributing service area to a treatment facility. Enhanced source control programs are more rigorous and include many more constituents. In addition, the design and operation of the wastewater treatment facility will also impact effluent quality. The implementation of comprehensive source control which includes the collection system service area and the wastewater treatment plant is expected to produce a more consistent high-quality effluent needed for the optimal performance of AWTFs, making potable reuse a feasible option for more communities.

 

Author (s) Details

George Tchobanoglous
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.

 

Harold Leverenz
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v1/2991