Internet of Things Security: Requirements, Challenges and Mitigation Strategies | Chapter 4 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Background: The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies that aims to enhance humans’ quality of life (QoL). IoT plays a significant role in several fields such as healthcare, automotive industries, agriculture, education, and many cross-cutting business applications. Despite the growing body of literature on IoT security in recent years, critical gaps remain unaddressed.

 

Objectives: This study explores the multifaceted security issues of IoT environments, highlighting current gaps and presenting modern technological solutions. The key purpose of the study is to systematically explore the diverse security challenges in IoT environments, critically assess current technological solutions, and identify unresolved issues along with potential directions for future research.

 

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted for the period 2020–2025, covering more than 50 studies from IEEE, ACM, Elsevier, and SpringerLink. Selected papers were evaluated based on relevance, peer-review status, and contribution to IoT security.

 

Findings: Security remains a major concern as IoT device connectivity expands across industries. IoT systems face unique challenges such as weak authentication, lightweight encryption requirements, and large-scale heterogeneity. This study synthesises current solutions like multi-factor authentication, blockchain, and machine learning for intrusion detection.

 

Conclusion: There is a critical need for integrated, multilayered security frameworks suitable for large-scale and resource-constrained IoT deployments. Future work should focus on real-time, context-aware, and energy-efficient security models validated on realistic testbeds.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Anamul Haque Sadial

Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

Atowar Ul Islam
Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, 9th Mile, Ribhoi, Meghalaya, India.

 

S Md S Askari
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/7152

Climate Science for a Changing Planet: Local Solutions to Global Crises |Book Publisher International

 

In an era marked by intensifying climate crises, understanding the science, spatial dimensions, and societal implications of climate change is more urgent than ever. Climate Science for a Changing Planet: Local Solutions to Global Crises offers an interdisciplinary and geography-centred exploration of the causes, consequences, and solutions to climate change, with a strong emphasis on contextual relevance and practical application. The book presents a comprehensive synthesis of climatology, environmental science, and sustainable development, tailored to the Indian context while aligned with global frameworks such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

 

Combining scientific rigour with accessible narrative, the book navigates key topics including the Earth’s climate system, greenhouse gas dynamics, vulnerability and risk assessment, and the socio-economic dimensions of climate change. It places particular emphasis on the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to analyse spatial patterns and support evidence-based climate action. The methodological approach includes spatial analysis using geospatial tools, qualitative and quantitative case studies, participatory rural appraisals, and field-based vulnerability assessments, allowing for an integrated and evidence-driven understanding of climate impacts and responses.

 

Through rich case studies from urban, coastal, mountainous, and agrarian regions of India, the authors highlight how local actions—guided by geographic insights and technological tools—can shape meaningful climate resilience and mitigation outcomes. This book is a vital academic resource for students, educators, researchers, policymakers, and civil society actors seeking to bridge global climate science with grassroots realities. It repositions geography not only as a lens of observation but also as a strategic agent for sustainable change in the Anthropocene.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. S. Balaselvakumar
Department of Geography, Government Arts College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Dr. P. Mary Santhi
Convent of Jesus and Mary, Agra, Uttra Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-992493-7-0

Climate Change and Small-Scale Farming: Exploring the Connection between Awareness, Adaptation, and Food Security in the Eastern Cape Province | Chapter 11 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 3

 

The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in many African economies, employing around 65–70% of the workforce, supporting 90% of household livelihoods, and accounting for about a quarter of the continent’s gross domestic product. Climate change poses a significant threat to global agriculture, particularly for small-scale farmers who often lack the resources and knowledge to adapt. Ineffective adaptation strategies could exacerbate poverty and food insecurity. This chapter investigated the relationship between climate change awareness, adaptation strategies, and food security among small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape Province. It aimed to understand the influence of farmers’ climate change awareness on their adaptation decisions and the subsequent effects on agricultural productivity and food security. The study employed a quantitative approach, using multi-stage sampling to survey 200 small-scale farmers through semi-structured questionnaires. Logit regression and endogeneity switching regression models were applied for data analysis. The study results show that small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape are well aware of climate change and its impacts, particularly reduced farm returns (38%) and yields (36%), which threaten both agricultural productivity and food security. In response, farmers have adopted various strategies, such as crop rotation, improved crop varieties, adjusted planting dates, and mulching or fertilizer application.  For the study site factors such as age, access to climate information, education, proximity to markets, drought frequency, perceptions of temperature and rainfall changes, radio ownership, farm income, farm size, household size and availability of extension services significantly influence adaptation choices. The results indicate that these adaptation strategies have contributed to improved agricultural yields and farm returns, thereby enhancing food security in the area. The chapter concludes with recommendations for governments, agencies and policymakers to support small-scale farmers through targeted policy interventions, strengthen extension services, and develop educational programs aimed at increasing adaptive capacity and building resilience among small-scale farmers.

 

Author(s) Details

Lungile S. Gidi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Science, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.

 

Lelethu Mdoda
Discipline of Agricultural Economics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.

 

Zoleka Ncoyini-Manciya
Discipline of Agrometeorology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.

 

Lwandiso Mdiya
Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v3/4747

 

Environmental Change, Riverbank Erosion and Human Migration: A Review | Chapter 7 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 3

This paper is an attempt to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and human migration. In this regard, various studies available on migration are reviewed and compiled their findings. The literature was reviewed and analysed using descriptive technique which mostly followed in qualitative research. On the basis of a review of the literature, it has been observed that riverbank erosion is a burning issue in Bangladesh as well as in India, which is caused by floods. Due to riverbank erosion, a huge area eroded every year and it displaced a lot of inhabitants from the riverbank areas. The individuals lose their entire properties, leaving them with limited employment opportunities and reduced financial resources, which heightens the risk of food insecurity. However, the impact of riverbank erosion is not similar in all the areas. Somewhere, the impact is low and somewhere the impact is severe which permanently displaces the inhabitants. Hence, the displaced people are compelled to migrate in search of livelihood. Finally, the paper suggests further in-depth study to analyse the problem and control the riverbank erosion and migration.

 

Author (s) Details

Dimpal Dekaraja
Department of Economics, Nowgong College (Autonomous), India.

Ratul Mahanta
Department of Economics, Gauhati University, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v3/3711

Exposure to Environmental Chemical Contaminants and Infant Diseases: Constant Hazard? | Chapter 6 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 This study made a brief review on the major toxic chemical contaminants, routes and forms of exposure and their possible associations with diseases in childhood. The exposure to environmental chemical contaminants: lead, mercury, agrochemicals, PCBs, dioxins and BPA are characterized by situations of constant danger to healthy child development. Such substances have harmful effects on various systems and organs, but scientific attention has been focused on hormonal and neurobehavioral abnormalities in childhood. The child's physiological demands and behavioral features increase the risk of childhood and adult disease caused by exposure to these contaminants.  It has been observed that in recent decades, there have been few scientific advances, especially in emerging countries, regarding the understanding of the mechanisms involving the toxicity of one or multiplex biotics in low doses during the critical stages of development of the human organism. There is great concern regarding the organochlorine compounds that act as endocrine disrupters and are highly persistent and bio accumulative. In order to reduce the risks of a child being exposed to environmental pollutants, as well as to diagnose and track health issues resulting from this dangerous situation to human life, managers, health professionals, and researchers worldwide are recommending further studies and efforts regarding the applicability of preventive measures and monitoring of indicators in children's environmental health.

Author(s) Details:

Marcela de Abreu Moniz,
Department of Nursing, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.

Aline Cerqueira Santos Santana da Silva,
Department of Nursing, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.

Jane Baptista Quitete,
Department of Nursing, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.

Rayssa Bravo de Oliveira Vollmer,
St. Anthony’s Hospital, FL, United States.

Ingrid da Silva Souza,
Fluminense Federal Institute, Brazil.

Laura Ferreira Peixoto Lima,
Fluminense Federal Institute, Brazil.

Maria Eduarda Nunes Cordeiro,
Fluminense Federal Institute, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V3/article/view/13552

Living with Floods in Bangladesh’s Riverine Islands Understanding Vulnerability and Resilience | Book Publisher International

Flooding is a substantial and pervasive natural disaster in Bangladesh, severely impacting the nation's vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Due to its low-lying geography and close proximity to extensive river systems, the riverine islands, or chars, of Bangladesh are particularly susceptible to flood-related damage. This research aims to thoroughly evaluate the social vulnerability of riverine island inhabitants, examine the impacts of flood disasters on their lives, scrutinize their strategies for adaptation, and identify the challenges they encounter in acclimating to their environment.

The methodological approach of this study is primarily qualitative, supplemented by quantitative data, thereby adopting a mixed-methods framework to enhance the study's comprehensiveness and validity. Data collection was conducted using both primary and secondary methods. Primary data were meticulously gathered from individuals affected by flooding through a comprehensive strategy that included questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, participatory observation, and interviews with key informants. Secondary data, on the other hand, were systematically sourced from a diverse range of published and unpublished materials, including academic journals, books, newspapers, magazines, documents from non-governmental organizations, annual reports, and institutional websites.

The study divulges that riverine island residents grapple with socio-economic vulnerabilities owing to their geographical location and limited facility access. Predominantly residing near the Jamuna River or its tributaries, these communities lack essential amenities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation, rendering them susceptible to floods. Additionally, patriarchal structures disproportionately place men under 30 at heightened risk. Compounded by low literacy rates and a lack of adaptation awareness, these vulnerabilities are exacerbated. The economic landscape is dominated by agriculture, supplemented by small businesses, day labor, and fishing. Monthly incomes vary from 3,000 to 6,000 BDT, with a notable 25.60% earning below 3,000 BDT and a mere 15.18% having savings. Access to clean water and sanitation is paramount; however, floods often contaminate wells, and numerous individuals resort to unhygienic Kutcha latrines. Housing types are reflective of socio-economic status, with many relying on inadequate flood shelters. The absence of modern energy sources further affects living standards, underscoring the need for comprehensive policy intervention.

The 2017 flood had a catastrophic impact on the socio-economic fabric of the selected study villages, leaving a trail of devastation that affected nearly every aspect of life. Almost every family had their homes damaged, forcing many to leave their ancestral homes. The agricultural sector was hit hard, with prolonged water stagnation leading to nearly 75% of respondents losing their crops, and most households suffering losses in livestock rearing. Half of the respondents lost their income and occupations, with the remaining having to adapt to new occupations, often earning less than before. This resulted in widespread unemployment and income loss. The flood also wreaked havoc on the quality of life, with almost all households experiencing damage to sanitary latrines and facing challenges in accessing clean drinking water and food, which led to various health issues. The education of children was disrupted, with many dropping out of school post-flood. Significant damage was also inflicted on social infrastructure, including embankments, schools, bridges, culverts, and roads.

Communities in Bangladesh's flood-prone regions employ various adaptive mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of recurrent flooding. These adaptations include early warning systems, public education, elevated housing, diversified livelihoods, modified agricultural practices, livestock protection, food and water management, financial strategies, health precautions, and institutional support. Local knowledge and early warning indicators are utilized in the absence of modern forecasting technologies. Educational initiatives and awareness campaigns are pivotal for community flood preparedness. Elevated housing and community shelters offer protection, while boats provide essential transportation during floods. Agriculture adapts through flood-resistant and fast-growing crops. Livestock protection involves relocation and elevated shelters. Food and water management include purification and storage techniques. Financial coping strategies encompass asset liquidation and loans. Health adaptations involve traditional healing practices and raised tube-wells. Furthermore, government and non-governmental organizations play a crucial role in providing support ranging from immediate relief to long-term rehabilitation, ensuring community resilience against floods.

The study also investigates the complex challenges faced by inhabitants of Bangladesh's riverine islands, particularly in char regions, amidst recurrent flooding. Financial constraints significantly impede the adaptive capacities of these historically resilient communities. The 2017 flood revealed significant shortcomings in their communication infrastructure, which is crucial for timely emergency responses and development initiatives. Dependence on obsolete agricultural practices, such as monocultures, heightens their vulnerability to food scarcity and economic instability during floods. A pervasive lack of formal education impedes their ability to comprehend and respond to the complexities of flooding and climate shifts. Moreover, institutional support is marred by mismanagement, corruption, and delayed services, further complicating their situation. Limited access to advanced early warning and communication systems also undermines their resilience.

The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacities and address these challenges, in order to improve the sustainability and quality of life for these vulnerable communities.

Author(s) Details:

Babul Hossain,
Management Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing-210000, China.

Guoqing Shi,
National Research Center for Resettlement, Hohai University, Nanjing-210000, China.

Md. Nazirul Islam Sarker,
School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/LFBRIUVR/article/view/13170

Emerging Systems Analysis and Artificial Intelligence: Multigrammatical Assessment of Resilience of Industrial Systems to Destructive Impacts | Chapter 14 | Research Highlights in Science and Technology Vol. 9

The objective concerning this paper is formulation of accepted criteria for acknowledgment of resilience and exposure of large-scale modern systems (ISs) to hurtful impacts (DIs).  The multigrammatical framework (MGF) is used for this purpose. A technological base of an IS is presented by a unitary multiset alphabet, an order completed - by a multiset, in addition to resource base and a DI on an IS. A resolution of the reverse question, which aim search out determine any of an order, which concede possibility be completed by an stirred vulnerable IS, is interpreted. Implementation issues as well as future developmements of the MGF are thought-out.

Author(s) Details:

Igor Sheremet,
Geophysical Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHST-V9/article/view/11682

Prevalence of the Vulnerability to Coastal Erosion: Case Study of Saint-Louis City | Chapter 1 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 The coastal areas of Senegal are increasingly affected by climate change and Anthropogenic activities. Accelerated Sea level rise is actually resulting in serious processes of coastal erosion with huge environmental and socioeconomic damages. The city of Saint-Louis is particularly sensitive to coastline retreat as the phenomenon has become recurring with significant impacts along the “Langue de Babarie” sand spit. That particular area is undergoing huge losses of human settlements even if solutions have implemented and affected populations temporally relocated inland. People and economic activities are therefore threatened by coastal erosion. The ongoing urbanization has deeply disturbed the natural sedimentary transit of the coastal area as such practices like sand beach extraction induces serious sedimentary imbalance. Human and environmental security in this coastal part of the country becomes an emergency, given the high vulnerability to marine submersion. Facing coastal erosion should be therefore based on sustainability rather than technical solutions.  This paper is aimed at analyzing population’ behavior to the various coastal protection measures put in place by local authorities.

Author(s) Details:

Coura Kane,
Department of Sustainable Development, Alioune Diop University, Senegal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V4/article/view/9640

Global Health Resilience Building: A Population Health Equity Approach to the Agro-Pastoralist Community in Drought Affected Ethiopia | Chapter 5 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Africa has been plagued by devastating droughts for many years. Ethiopia is the worst-hit nation since livestock and rain-fed agriculture make up the majority of its GDP. Nearly 85% of the nation's income comes from the agricultural sector. Over 15 million agro-pastoralists, who manage the bulk of Africa's cattle, have had their health and agricultural economies jeopardised by the drought. Foreign help may provide a short-term respite, but the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction places a higher priority on proactive action to build resilience in those who are impacted. By investigating the factors, their effects on the varied health outcomes for the population sub-groups, and tackling health disparity, a population health equity approach can serve the goal of enhancing the general health of the population. The disadvantaged agro-pastoralist population in Ethiopia needed effective policies and interventions to increase health resilience, therefore our goal was to identify the key population health outcomes, underlying causes, and actionable lever points. We used the PRISMA and Hamilton tools, respectively, to compile the data and judge its quality. To assemble the data, we used the WHO's frameworks for socioeconomic determinants of health and health equity as well as disaster vulnerability. Our results demonstrated that researchers looked at socioeconomic, political, and cultural backgrounds to identify policy and leverage areas for efficient population health interventions. The primary determinants of health, such as access to the market economy, dependency on livestock, household productivity or income, infrastructure, health systems, disaster preparedness, and food security, affect a wide range of health concerns. These characteristics are influenced by the social, political, and cultural settings. Even in the face of significant vulnerability and health disparities, current public health field methods have produced some policy solution possibilities. The suggested interventions may be influenced by an interdisciplinary community health strategy to have the maximum impact on health resilience. Evidence from the worst drought niche in Africa can assist in addressing similar drought-related health issues in other regions of the continent.

Author (s) Details:

Selim M. Khan,
Interdisciplinary Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, Canada.

James Gomes,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, Canada Correspondence: Selim Khan, Interdisciplinary Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, K1N 7K4, ON, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7425

Assessment of Normalized Rainfall Index and Vulnerability of Sugarcane Production to Climate Change in Mumias Zone, Kenya | Chapter 09 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 In Kenya, sugarcane is a significant economic crop. Over 8 million Kenyans are directly and indirectly supported by the sugar business, which provides income to over 294,000 small-scale growers and 7,500 employees. Rainfed sugarcane agriculture is the norm in Kenya, and climate change is expected to have an impact on productivity. The Normalized Rainfall Index (NRI) and the Vulnerability of Sugarcane Production to Climate Change in Mumias sugar zone were statistically analysed in this study. This was based on rainfall data from 1984 to 2014, which spanned a 30-year period. The coefficients of skewness and kurtosis for the rainfall series during the period were not normally distributed at the 95 percent confidence level, according to the findings of several statistical tests. From 1984 to 2014, the five-year and ten-year running means for annual rainfall series both exhibited periods below and above the long-term mean (2053.3 mm), with consistent increases above the mean from 1984 to 1990 for the five-year running means and from 2004 to 2014 for the ten-year running means. Between 1994 and 2002, sugarcane yields fell dramatically. Furthermore, there was a considerable reduction in sugarcane yield from 2003 to 2014. From 1994 through 2014, the Pearson's Product Moment Correlation coefficient (r) was utilised to determine whether there was a meaningful association between annual rainfall totals and sugarcane yields. The coefficient was positive but not fully correlated (r = 0.097). Sugarcane was shown to be vulnerable to climate change in an assessment of outcome vulnerability using rainfall totals from 1984 to 2014. (drought and flooding). As a result, this study indicates that the relationship between rainfall and cane production in Mumias was favourable but not perfect, and that cane was vulnerable to climate change.

Author(S) Details

G. Omoto
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Sugar Research Institute, P.O. Box 44-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.

J. Jamoza
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Sugar Research Institute, P.O. Box 44-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.



View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V2/article/view/5738

Sociology in Various Contexts | Book Publisher International

 "Sociology in Various Contexts" paints a picture of today's rapidly changing world. Sociology, being the science of society, must investigate the ever changing world from various angles. The current globalising world must be constantly observed and examined in order to identify society's flaws and supply the necessary answers. Some of them have been touched by this book, but there is still much more to be done. Countries must plan for and research their societies in accordance with their national norms and values, however many nations are experiencing difficulties as globalisation continues. More sociological evaluations of such countries are required. Many emerging countries believe they are falling behind under such conditions. As a result, they are making significant efforts to improve technologically in order to integrate developed-country standards. In Asia, for example, the Literacy Index has seen significant changes, bridging the industrial and technical divide. One of the weaknesses of emerging countries is a sociological lack of social work, which leads to social illnesses and challenges. One of the difficulties confronting emerging countries is population expansion, which has resulted in child labour to support their families. This phenomenon may be seen all over India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Africa. Asia, with a population of 4.6 billion people spread across 48 countries, is sociologically susceptible in many ways. Slums, unemployment, economic inflation, and a slew of other issues are prevalent in many parts of the developing globe, necessitating social, economic, and demographic remedies. Many people in developing countries face water and food shortages, and they require adequate solutions.

Author(s) Details

Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/SVC/article/view/5639

Measuring Network Vulnerability Using Graphic Integer Sequence| Chapter 11 | Theory and Practice of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 3

 In our everyday lives, networks have an important role. With the breaking down of certain vertices or connections, the network's efficiency decreases. So, for greater stability, less insecure communication networks are needed. Vulnerability is the indicator of the network's resistance after communication links collapse. The graph for modelling a network and honesty as a measure of vulnerability was taken in this report. The strategy is to estimate at least one linked graph or network created from the given graphic integer sequence for the integrity or upper bound of integrity. As a measure of the network vulnerability, experiments were carried out with random graphs, complex networks and also a comparison between two parameters, namely vertex connectivity and graph integrity, by extracting vertices randomly from different complex networks. The comparison with the current approach indicates that the algorithm suggested in this article offers a much better calculation of honesty. The comparison of vertex connectivity and integrity shows that integrity offers better vulnerability calculation. For engineers and researchers, this algorithm is very useful for network analysis. In order to identify networks of higher credibility that generate networks with high security , reliability and robustness, different network configurations can be checked.

Author(s) Details

Debajit Sensarma

Department of Computer Science, Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya, Vidyasagar University, India.

Dr. Samar Sen Sarma

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/307

Forest Cover and Ecosystem Service Change: Assessing Household Economic Vulnerability to Drought Shocks in the Central Districts of Uganda | Chapter 4 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 

In Uganda, natural forests have undergone both spatial and temporal changes from various drivers, which need to be controlled in order to determine the effect on habitats of such changes and to avoid the associated risks of reducing the benefits of ecosystem services. Due to dual ownership, ground research can be complicated, although remote sensing techniques and GIS application allow rapid multi-temporal detection of changes in forest cover and provide a cost-effective alternative for inaccessible areas and their use to detect changes in ecosystem service. The overall objective of this study was to use satellite measurements to study forest change and relate it to reducing the value of ecosystem services (fresh water) in the study area using a representative Landsat scene sample, Using soil moisture content time series satellite data, the effect of forest cover loss on drought prevalence is also assessed. In addition to evaluating the economic vulnerability of households to drought in rural Uganda 's central districts, In this paper, together with post-classification comparison, an integrated approach of remotely derived indices was used to detect forest cover and ecosystem service transition. In addition , the analysis used soil moisture content data from the satellite time series to determine drought prevalence and household susceptibility to drought shocks. Our new contribution is the ability to detect a decrease in private and central reserve forest cover on a multi-temporal scale along with ecosystem coverage. Reduction of profit in the 20-year period (1986-2005) using remotely derived indices. Analysis of change detection showed that in five sub-counties of Mpigi, forest cover decreased significantly than in Butambala by 5.99 percent, disturbed forest was 3 percent, farm land increased by 44 percent, grassland decreased by 62.5 percent and light vegetation increased by 63.6 percent. The two areas most impacted have suffered decreases in fresh water. The two SPI and SWDI drought indices confirmed the presence of drought shocks that have triggered household vulnerability to food insecurity and welfare instability. Resource managers , especially natural forests, must also include private resource owners in the conservation effort in order to ensure a sustainable supply of ecosystem service benefits and preservation of standard welfare.


Author (s) Details

Ausi A. Ssentongo
Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.

Daniel Darkey
Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.

Joseph Mutyaba
National Forestry Authority, 10/20 Spring Road, P.O. Box 70863 Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/279