Factors Associated with Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Behaviours and Access to Services among Adolescents in Four Secondary Schools in Mbouda, Cameroon | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by increased vulnerability to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Cameroon, adolescents continue to face significant challenges related to early sexual initiation, unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and limited access to youth-friendly SRH services.

 

Objective: To assess the level of sexual and reproductive health knowledge, practices, access to services, and associated factors among secondary school adolescents in Mbouda, Cameroon.

 

Methodology: A cross-sectional study with an analytical component was conducted among 1,087 adolescents from four secondary schools in the city of Mbouda using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate analyses were performed using the chi-square test, and multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression models. Data were analysed using R software, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

 

Results: Overall, 74.0% of adolescents demonstrated good knowledge of SRH, while only 25.9% had ever accessed SRH services at a health facility. The primary barrier to accessing SRH services was financial constraints (26.2%). Only 20.9% used a contraceptive method. Sexual activity was significantly associated with male sex (aOR = 3.72; p < 0.001), living with extended family members (aOR = 1.99; p < 0.001) or alone (aOR = 4.09; p = 0.006), and parent–adolescent discussions on sexuality (aOR = 1.62; p = 0.003). Contraceptive use was independently associated with male sex (aOR = 2.04; p = 0.015) and a history of abortion (aOR = 4.79; p = 0.040).

 

Conclusion: Despite relatively good knowledge of SRH, important gaps persist in service utilisation among adolescents in Mbouda. Interventions should prioritise youth-friendly, affordable, and accessible SRH services, alongside strengthened family and school-based education, to reduce risky sexual behaviours and improve adolescent health outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Djam Chefor Alain
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon and Global Health Innovation and Research Initiative (GHIRI), Cameroon.

 

Earnest Njih Tabah
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon and Research Initiative in Tropical and Community Health (RITCH), Yaounde, Cameroon.

 

Noumedem Kenfack Jaures Arnaud
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Tejiodonkeng Kengmo Carolle
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Stessye Nouaton Tankou Nylor
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Tenonfo Tesse Franky Maxwell
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Signing Teddy Martial
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Lele Deffo Carole
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Bong Wobenso Jessica Grace
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Guthe Kamdem Brice
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Ngue Vinyle Ines Aude
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Momo Anoumbo Urbain Ulrich
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Njih Beri Nkini
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon

Nouni Noula Armand J.
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Douandji Sokeng M
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Nguetse Zambou Lintia Samira
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

I. T. Manfouo Tandah
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Dountio Piatat Xena
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Ngneche Kakeu Pascaline Laure
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Mbotuiah Mbolueh Henr
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Korin Neh Nforbi
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

U. Prowo Dongmo Styve
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Germaine Ndah Alombah
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Kenhale Zebaze Lunelle

Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Ifang Solomon Ndifon
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Gabriel Tchatchouang Mabou
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Ariane Ange Ghomsi Tadie
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/6967

Determinants and Patterns of Antenatal Care Utilizations among Women in Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu: An Analytical Study |Chapter 8 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Timely utilisation of antenatal care (ANC) remains critical for reducing maternal mortality, yet considerable disparities in ANC access persist due to multifaceted socio-economic and health system determinants. The present study aims to (1) identify and quantify the socio-economic, demographic, psychological, and infrastructural determinants influencing ANC utilisation among women in Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu; (2) examine the principal barriers to accessing ANC; and (3) analyse district-level trends in childbirth and infant mortality. Data were obtained from 2,101 pregnant women aged 17–36 years who received care at 42 Primary Health Centres and 9 Government General Hospitals. Utilizing structured questionnaires and robust statistical analysis—including stratified random sampling and multiple regression techniques—the study assessed key factors associated with ANC uptake. The results demonstrate that maternal age, age at marriage, family size, educational attainment, health status, and proximity to health care facilities are statistically significant predictors of ANC use. In contrast, household income was not a statistically significant predictor of ANC utilization (p=0.060), indicating that the widespread availability of free public health services likely mitigates direct financial barriers. The findings also establish that Primary Health Centres serve as the predominant sources of ANC, with institutional deliveries prevailing across the district. Despite these positive trends, the research reveals ongoing geographic disparities in infant mortality rates. Collectively, the results underscore that demographic and infrastructural variables substantially shape patterns of ANC utilisation. The study thus highlights the necessity of targeted interventions, especially those aimed at educational advancement, improved accessibility, and service delivery improvements, to address enduring inequities faced by socioeconomically or geographically marginalised women.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vadivel Sivalingam
Postgraduate and Research Department of Geography, Thanthai Periyar Government Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620023, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Anandan Rethinam
The Government of Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Mayakannan Ayyanar
Department of Geography, Government Arts College for Women, Nilakottai, 624208, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sankar Karuppaiyan
Postgraduate and Research Department of Geography, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612001, Tamil Nadu, India. India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6585

Unleash Brand's Potential: SEO Strategy Unlocks the Floodgates of Traffic | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 9

 

Background: Marketers face the evolution of online brand positioning marketing strategy due to changes in search engine algorithm that affects the reaching out of brands to potential internet users. Brand owners realise that to be relevant in the modern market, they need to transition and focus more on the online market. However, many brand owners have ignored the power of search engine optimisation (SEO) strategy for attracting the online market, which is highly competitive and faces rapid changes. Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) brings creativity and improves a website's visibility that enable online entrepreneurs to increase users’ traffic. Various studies have analysed factors that can enhance the persistence of using the SEO strategy, however gaps remain regarding the relationship of this strategy with online brand positioning. The main aim of this study is to identify the persistency of using the SEO strategy including the niche point of differentiation, valuable content, targeted keyword and scalable link building, as the determinants that enhance the success of online brand positioning.

 

Methods: This study applies quantitative design using an online survey to gather information from the online business entrepreneurs. The survey questionnaire was arranged to focus on the use of SEO as a new way to strategise online business.

 

Results: Based on the results of this study, most online entrepreneurs have somewhat realised the effects of using the SEO strategy to enhance the effectiveness of online brand positioning. Online entrepreneurs must acknowledge the importance of dependency on the SEO strategy to launch brand campaigns, so that the target audience can choose their brand despite the competition.

 

Conclusion: This research provides insights into the importance of SEO strategy in online business positioning. It is hoped that online entrepreneurs will consider the SEO strategy in the positioning of their brand in the marketplace.

 

Implication: This research focused on SEO as a new strategy to enhance brand positioning for online businesses. Future research may expand into another dimension of business such as customer satisfaction and business performance.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Junainah Mahdee

Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia.

Umar Faruq Ahmad

Corporate Communication Division, Ministry of Home Affairs, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, Wilayah Persekutuan, 62546, Malaysia.

Normazalila Abu Bakar

MM Smart Earth Resources, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crbme/v9/8526E

Knowledge and Practice of Documentation in Labour among Healthcare Professionals in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility, South- South, Nigeria | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

Background: Documentation is a fundamental and vital communication tool among healthcare professionals. It is an essential part of nurse/ midwife that has clinical and legal implications for the client nurse/ midwife as well as the health care institution. This study assessed determinants of documentation in labour among healthcare professionals in a tertiary healthcare facility in South-South, Nigeria.

 

Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 102 purposively selected healthcare professionals (nurses/midwives). The instrument for data collection was self-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23 and presented in simple percentage and frequency table.

 

Results: The findings of the study showed that nurses had good knowledge of documentation in labour. Determinant factors influencing documentation includes; time, their poor attitude towards documentation (terming documentation to be unnecessary), and few number of midwives working in a shift.

 

Conclusions: Findings concluded that respondents have good knowledge of documentation, however this has not translated into practice. Also, there are factors that influence this practice among the respondents.

 

Recommendations: It was recommended that training and workshops on the importance of documentation should be organized regularly to create more awareness on documentation; to encourage and promote its practice; identify factors hindering its use as well as provide strategies for overcoming these factors. Also, more staff should be assigned to clients and the shift adjusted to shorter hours to prevent fatigue and tediousness.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Maureen Dike Frank
Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

 

Paulina Ackley Akpan-Idiok
Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

 

Chukwu Chinenye
Department of Nursing Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3225

Exploring Commercialization Intensity Enhancing Determinants for Farmers: A Case Study of the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District | Chapter 7 | Economics and Entrepreneurship: The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics (ICBMD), Edition 1

Agricultural commercialisation plays a crucial role in enhancing food security, alleviating poverty, and improving livelihoods through increased food production, income generation, and job creation, particularly in remote areas. The study investigated the commercialisation determinants contributing to farmers’ commercialisation efforts in the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. A sample of 220 farmers was selected using simple random sampling without replacement technique, and data was collected through personal interviews. The Probit model was employed to identify key determinants of commercialisation intensity. The study findings revealed that gender, farming experience, independence, access to financial advice, and commodity lifecycle significantly and positively improved commercialisation intensity among farmers. Moreover, poor record keeping, untamed resource allocation, and overreliance on seasonal workers regressed commercialisation intensity among farmers. Therefore, the study recommends that gender imperatives should be investigated further to improve gender balance within agricultural commercialisation. The study also recommends that emerging farmers be capacitated about commodities with shorter lifecycles and high turnover profit as it enhances their commercialisation efforts.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Takalani Isaac Khorombi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Mpho Tshikororo
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Mashoma Pusheletjo Nairobi Gwebu
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-53-4/CH7

Unleash Brand's Potential: SEO Strategy Unlocks the Floodgates of Traffic | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 9

Background: Marketers face the evolution of online brand positioning marketing strategy due to changes in search engine algorithm that affects the reaching out of brands to potential internet users. Brand owners realise that to be relevant in the modern market, they need to transition and focus more on the online market. However, many brand owners have ignored the power of search engine optimisation (SEO) strategy for attracting the online market, which is highly competitive and faces rapid changes. Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) brings creativity and improves a website's visibility that enable online entrepreneurs to increase users’ traffic. Various studies have analysed factors that can enhance the persistence of using the SEO strategy, however gaps remain regarding the relationship of this strategy with online brand positioning. The main aim of this study is to identify the persistency of using the SEO strategy including the niche point of differentiation, valuable content, targeted keyword and scalable link building, as the determinants that enhance the success of online brand positioning.

Methods: This study applies quantitative design using an online survey to gather information from the online business entrepreneurs. The survey questionnaire was arranged to focus on the use of SEO as a new way to strategise online business.

Results: Based on the results of this study, most online entrepreneurs have somewhat realised the effects of using the SEO strategy to enhance the effectiveness of online brand positioning. Online entrepreneurs must acknowledge the importance of dependency on the SEO strategy to launch brand campaigns, so that the target audience can choose their brand despite the competition.

Conclusion: This research provides insights into the importance of SEO strategy in online business positioning. It is hoped that online entrepreneurs will consider the SEO strategy in the positioning of their brand in the marketplace.

Implication: This research focused on SEO as a new strategy to enhance brand positioning for online businesses. Future research may expand into another dimension of business such as customer satisfaction and business performance.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Junainah Mahdee,

Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia.

 

Umar Faruq Ahmad,
Corporate Communication Division, Ministry of Home Affairs, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, Wilayah Persekutuan, 62546, Malaysia.

 

Normazalila Abu Bakar,
MM Smart Earth Resources, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crbme/v9/8526E

Public Health Perspectives and Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 2 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 Paraphrasing from common parlance, “a virus’ name precedes it”. Due to the name of its causative organism; most would consider COVID-19 as a primarily respiratory illness. This is substantiated by the readily obvious respiratory symptoms and the popular use of facemasks as a means of prevention.COVID–19 presents as a respiratory disease with a multi-systemic representation, multi-sectorial importance and a multidimensional impact on humanity.

This chapter brings to bear, the public health manifestations of COVID-19 providing an overview of the anthropologic, epidemiologic, Global Health, etiologic, pathogenetic, diagnostic and health system concerns and perspectives since the virus was discovered in the last days of 2019.

 

Author(s) Details'

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH2

Foreign Exchange Rate Volatility Determinants and Their Relationship with Non-Oil Export in Nigeria | Chapter 7 | An Overview on Business, Management and Economics Research Vol. 1

This affiliate evaluated price of currency if exchanged volatility determinants and their friendship with Non-Oil Export in Nigeria. Effect of    Exchange rate airiness has been controversial practical issues on this premise, the driving forces (cause) of exchange rate airiness was investigated. The study collected occasion series dossier covering 36 years (1982-2017) from CBN, 2019.  The dataset calm from secondary beginning was analysed using descriptive enumerations as well as co-unification analysis (Autoregressive Distributed Lag). The study likewise used Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model to determine the closeness of volatility in the rate of exchange. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron Test (PPT) were used to test the unit roots and decide the non-stationarity among the variables. Autoregressive Distributed Lag and bound test was used to decide long run co-unification among the dependent and free variables. The volatility of rate of exchange on the non-oil export in Nigeria was driven through ARCH and GARCH 1(1) model. The results derived from the analysed dossier showed that foreign exchange rate, sum charged for use of money, inflation and convertibility volume have beneficial relationship with non-lubricate export, still, GDP, M2 and Government expenditure has negative coefficient and statistically pointless.  Exchange rate and inflation have, individually, the most changeable effects on non-oil smuggle in Nigeria, according to the ARCH (1)1 and ARDL models. The management should pursue a rebounding rate of exchange stability plan that will encourages non-oil exports.

Author(s) Details:

Dele Jacob Ojomolade,
Department of Accounting and Finance Caleb University, Imota- Lagos, Nigeria.

Adewale Joshua Adejuwon,
Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Akinjide Akinlabi,
Department of Accounting and Finance Caleb University, Imota- Lagos, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/AOBMER-V1/article/view/11727

Determination of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Manufacturing Sectors in Malaysia | Chapter 6 | Current Topics on Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 1

 The present study tests the foreign direct investment (FDI) cause in the main production sectors and the impact of FDI on economic development in Malaysia. Moreover, this study examines the link betwixt FDI and real national wage. The vector error adjustment model (VECM) is used to estimate FDI determinants and the link middle from two points FDI and real national earnings.Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a vital chauffeur for economic progress in a country. Hence, FDI determinants should be labeled in order to advance FDI. FDI could stimulate business-related growth and economic progress could intrigue FDI. A variety of policies be going to be implemented to advance FDI as FDI determinants are not the same for all subsectors of the production sector in Malaysia. Promoting FDI can be challenging in globalisation of the world saving today than before. The government be going to promote FDI that encourages the development of the domestic manufacturing. Many manufacturing sectors are raise to be considerably influenced by autocracy and state. It has been discovered that increase has a negative impact on FDI in the transport supplies sector. It is discovered that the Asian fiscal crisis of 1997–1998 had a meaningful impact on FDI in the chemical and synthetic products sector in addition to the petroleum production sector. These findings tell that FDI determinants are to some extent the same for all the manufacturing areas. Therefore, FDI would be attracted through a sort of policies. The areas of basic metal merchandise, chemicals, and chemical fruit are found expected Granger causes of real national pay, whereas the area of petroleum products is establish to be Granger cause of FDI. These findings show a relation between FDI and economic growth. Malaysia's economy can continue to evolve thanks to FDI. FDI is essential for economic growth.

Author(s) Details:

Wong Hock Tsen,
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTBEF-V1/article/view/9709

Global Health Resilience Building: A Population Health Equity Approach to the Agro-Pastoralist Community in Drought Affected Ethiopia | Chapter 5 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Africa has been plagued by devastating droughts for many years. Ethiopia is the worst-hit nation since livestock and rain-fed agriculture make up the majority of its GDP. Nearly 85% of the nation's income comes from the agricultural sector. Over 15 million agro-pastoralists, who manage the bulk of Africa's cattle, have had their health and agricultural economies jeopardised by the drought. Foreign help may provide a short-term respite, but the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction places a higher priority on proactive action to build resilience in those who are impacted. By investigating the factors, their effects on the varied health outcomes for the population sub-groups, and tackling health disparity, a population health equity approach can serve the goal of enhancing the general health of the population. The disadvantaged agro-pastoralist population in Ethiopia needed effective policies and interventions to increase health resilience, therefore our goal was to identify the key population health outcomes, underlying causes, and actionable lever points. We used the PRISMA and Hamilton tools, respectively, to compile the data and judge its quality. To assemble the data, we used the WHO's frameworks for socioeconomic determinants of health and health equity as well as disaster vulnerability. Our results demonstrated that researchers looked at socioeconomic, political, and cultural backgrounds to identify policy and leverage areas for efficient population health interventions. The primary determinants of health, such as access to the market economy, dependency on livestock, household productivity or income, infrastructure, health systems, disaster preparedness, and food security, affect a wide range of health concerns. These characteristics are influenced by the social, political, and cultural settings. Even in the face of significant vulnerability and health disparities, current public health field methods have produced some policy solution possibilities. The suggested interventions may be influenced by an interdisciplinary community health strategy to have the maximum impact on health resilience. Evidence from the worst drought niche in Africa can assist in addressing similar drought-related health issues in other regions of the continent.

Author (s) Details:

Selim M. Khan,
Interdisciplinary Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, Canada.

James Gomes,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, Canada Correspondence: Selim Khan, Interdisciplinary Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Ottawa, K1N 7K4, ON, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7425

Study on the Effect of Economic Factors on the Malaysian Exchange Rate | Chapter 3 | Current Aspects in Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 1

The impact of economic variables on the volatility of the Malaysian exchange rate must be investigated since the value of the Malaysian currency is declining. The World Development Indicators (WDI) gathered yearly time series data on GDP, unemployment rates, and currency exchange rates. The information on inflation rates was given by Malaysia's Ministry of Statistics. 120 observations were examined using the Eviews programme between 1989 and 2018. Descriptive statistics initially establish the mean, minimum, maximum kurtosis, skewness, and standard deviation of the data. Using the Phillips-Perron (P.P.) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) approaches, data stationarity is examined. You can determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables using a correlation test. Multiple regression analysis is used to analyse the influence and significance of the connection between the variables. The information reveals a strong relationship between GDP and the exchange rate. GDP, inflation, and the exchange rate are closely correlated. In times of high unemployment, the exchange rate declines. However, this study found that neither unemployment nor inflation had an impact on the volatility of the exchange rate. To maintain the stability of the Ringgit, Malaysia must review its monetary policies.

Author(s) Details:

Suhana Mohamed,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus, Johor, Malaysia.

Meezatulakma Abdullah,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus, Johor, Malaysia.

Siti Salwa Hassan,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch, Samarahan Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Wan Muhd Faez Wan Ibrahim,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch, Samarahan Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohamad Azwan Md Isa,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Segamat Campus, Johor, Malaysia.

Ferri Nasrul,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Segamat Campus, Johor, Malaysia.

Mohd Khairul Ariff Noh,
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Segamat Campus, Johor, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CABEF-V1/article/view/7298

The Study on Economic Factors Influencing Malaysian Household Debt | Chapter 7 | Modern Perspectives in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 7

 Malaysian households are increasingly in debt, which is seen as one of the effects of the country's shaky economy. As a result, the researchers were motivated to investigate the various lending possibilities offered to consumers. The goals of this study are to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic drivers or variables and family debt in Malaysia, as well as to establish which element is the most relevant. The study examined annual secondary data from trustworthy sources such as Databank, Knoema, Bloomberg, and Bank Negara Malaysia from 1984 to 2018. The three macroeconomic factors considered were Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Unemployment Rate (UN-EM), and Inflation Rate (INF). Descriptive analysis, Augmented Dickey Fully (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) Unit Root Tests, Normality Tests, and Regression Analysis are used to study the relationship between macroeconomic factors and household debt. According to the findings of the multiple regression model test, all three variables, namely GDP, UN-EM, and INF, exhibit positive correlations with household debt. The most prominent was the UN-EM, which was followed by the GDP.

The rise of these independent variables, according to the data, influences the rise in household debt. Only the GDP and the UN-EM have been demonstrated to be significant influences, whereas the INF has been determined to be insignificant. The findings of this study indicated that households use debt to pay greater spending as a substitute for income as a result of rising living costs. According to the facts, the country's debt is tremendous, and the country is in serious trouble. Future researchers should experiment with different data architectures, perform additional study, and integrate new macroeconomic factors, as a recommendation.



Author (S) Details


Ms. Suhana Mohamed
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus, Malaysia.


Mrs. Siti Sara Mohamadon
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus, Malaysia.



Mr. Mohamad Azwan Md Isa
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Segamat Campus, Malaysia.



Mr. Wan Muhd Faez Wan Ibrahim
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch, Malaysia.



Mr. Ferri Nasrul
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Johor Branch, Segamat Campus, Malaysia.


Ms. Siti Salwa Hassan
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch, Malaysia.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPEBM-V7/article/view/3623