Determinants Influencing Tribal Youth Engagement in Agricultural Livelihood Pursuits in Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India | Chapter 5 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 9

 

The present study primarily focuses on determinants Influencing Tribal Youth Engagement in Agricultural Livelihood Pursuits in Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Rural areas are the economic backbone of most developing countries and contribute to their overall economic growth through the creation of jobs and the supply of food and raw materials to other growing sectors of the economy. While the modes of living of various populations in tribal areas vary, all groups of people in these places rely either entirely or partially—directly or indirectly—on agriculture for their subsistence. Some social groupings are still very far apart from pastoralism and agriculture, making it impossible for them to reach the stage of agriculture. The Baigas, a people group in Central India, are now compelled to engage in established agriculture. Before they practiced shifting cultivation, they had various modes of livelihood. They still enjoy their traditional mode of livelihood, i.e. hunting and food gathering in the deep forest. They are also fond of fishing. Many tribal youths are faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains exist among them. The importance of income-generating activities to tribal livelihood cannot be over-emphasized. This paper examines the factors influencing the involvement of tribal youth in agricultural income generating livelihood activities in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Purposive multistage random sampling was used to collect data from 250 respondents, the majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure with medium urban contact for income-generating activities. There was a significant relationship between involvement in agricultural income-generating activities and the socio-personal-economic, psychological and communicational attributes of the respondents. The study concludes that the main factors affecting livelihood patterns among tribal youth in the Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh are; marital status, family type, social participation, land holding, family income, rural life preference, urban contact, mass media exposure and reasons for educational and vocational training. It is advised that the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) consider all agricultural income-generating activities that tribal youths participate in, as well as the factors mentioned above that impact their involvement when designing and organizing programs targeted at improving the livelihoods of these youths.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Geeta Singh

JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dindori, Madhya Pradesh, India.

M. K. Dubey

Department of Extension Education, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

S. R. K. Singh

ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

R. B. Singh

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crbme/v9/382

 

Response of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan L.) Intercropping System under North Eastern Ghat of Odisha, India | Chapter 11 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

The present study highlights the response of the cropping system to find out suitable row proportions of turmeric and Pigeon-pea with additive and replacement series. Intercropping farming is considered very useful in dealing with such challenges. In pigeon pea growing areas of the country, farmers often plant pigeon pea on the bunds of paddy fields. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) is a significant cash crop cultivated by tribal farmers of Odisha for their sustenance. Despite favorable agro-climatic conditions, turmeric productivity lags considerably behind the national average, standing at 2.4t/ha compared to the national average of 5.1t/ha. The present study was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022 -23 kharif seasons to evaluate the performance of the cropping system to find out suitable planting geometry and row proportions at the Regional Research Technology and Transfer Station (RRTTS), G. Udayagiri, Kandhamal, Odisha. Experimental Design was a Randomized Block Design with three replications and eight treatments. Fresh rhizome (106.04 q/ha) in Sole crop of turmeric and pigeon pea grain (14.07 q/ha) produced the highest yield when compared with other intercropping systems. Turmeric +Pigeon pea (10:2) geometry gave the highest net return and benefit cost ratio over other intercropping system. Research findings indicate that this specific planting pattern promotes synergy between turmeric and pigeon peas, leading to mutually beneficial growth and development. The study recommended that response of the cropping system to find out suitable row proportions of turmeric and Pigeon pea with additive and replacement series in multilocational trials and farmers field.

 

Author(s) Details

D. K. Debata

RRTTS, G. Udayagiri (OUAT), Kandhamal-762100, Odisha, India.

L. K. Das

College of Agriculture (OUAT), Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi-766001, Odisha, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1403

Assessing the Economic Value of Vegetation in Northern Ghana's White Volta Basin: A Community Perspective | Chapter 1 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 10

 

Potential income sources for rural communities can be identified by identifying market opportunities for selling vegetation to improve the livelihoods and financial stability of households, which determines the viability and demand for vegetation products in local markets. Concepts of ecosystem services have been developed to make explicit connections between human welfare and ecological sustainability for policy, development, and conservation initiatives. Economic concepts such as the distinction between prices and values, and the acknowledgment of their values are context-specific which may change across space and time. Concepts of ecosystem services have been developed to make explicit connections between human welfare and ecological sustainability for policy, development, and conservation initiatives. Economic concepts such as the distinction between prices and values, and the acknowledgment of their values are context-specific which may change across space and time. Contingent valuation is a survey-based economic technique for valuing non-market resources, such as vegetation. This method is often used to establish the amount people are willing to be compensated for maintaining the existence of an environmental feature such as a tree, shrub, or grass. The level of importance attached to provisioning services as well as cultural services and cultural heritage differ in the rural communities hence different cash values attached. It is often perceived that rural community members do not put a monetary value on vegetation, the study is therefore aimed at establishing the monetary value rural communities have for vegetation. The study was conducted in two irrigated and two unirrigated landscapes consisting of about 54 communities and comprising 240 respondents. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools were used. Random Utility Theory was applied and used for the analysis. The concerning native, sex, age, education, and household head. Marital status was, however, not significant in all the landscapes. Respondents’ willingness to accept a sell price of the various vegetation reached acceptable prices that gave average prices. The price trend is observed to be across a landscape, from the catchment to the downstream ecosystem. The study’s conclusion asserts that rural farmers in the targeted area have very good knowledge of the usefulness of vegetation to ecosystem services in their environment. However, it was observed that community members do not have much knowledge on the monetary value of vegetation and hence, it is important for awareness creation and up-date on the monetary value of ecosystem services.

 

Author (s) Details

Gandaa Z. Bizoola

University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v10/2395

Acclimatization and Adaptation to the Damage of Climate Change from Upstream Hydroelectric Dams and the Funan Techo Canal in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam | Book Publisher International

The Mekong Delta, including the Southwest Region and part of the coastal East Vietnam, is one of the six most vulnerable regions in the world to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. In particular, it is worth noting that the Mekong Delta, a wetland area with a very high potential for sulfate acidity and actual acid sulfate, suffers multiplied damage during the dry season. This drying up of the flow causes droughts for fields, agriculture, and fisheries, and especially leads to a lack of clean water for people's living. Additionally, this area is affected by saline intrusion from semi-diurnal tides in the East Sea and diurnal tides in the West Sea. Therefore, climate change has had and will continue to have severe effects on the reproductive system, environment, and livelihoods of 22 million people in the Mekong Delta.

 

Moreover, water blockage on the Mekong River mainstream, caused by more than 12 major hydroelectric dams in China and 5 major dams in Laos, has resulted in a shortage of water supplies for downstream agriculture, people, and industry, especially in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam (Cuu Long River Delta). While southern Vietnam is experiencing severe dryness, the lack of water has caused significant damage to aquaculture and rice cultivation, particularly due to the reduction in sediment every year (previously 160 million tons/year; now only 80 million tons/year—half the amount). The lack of upstream water leads to droughts, followed by soil and water acidification, and saline intrusion from the sea through tides from the estuary. The saltwater also contaminates groundwater, causing salinization of the agricultural environment (90% of the area has saltwater over 1 g/liter, and 70% of the area has saltwater over 4 g/liter during the dry season). This phenomenon results in erosion of riverbanks and shorelines.

 

Runoff and dam construction also minimize and prevent fish biodiversity migration, which contributes to climate change and sea level rise affecting the Mekong Delta. Specialists must propose practical and achievable response solutions. China has promised to share water resources and data but has yet to follow through. To survive and develop, people and society must adapt to new living conditions by not fighting against extreme natural phenomena, avoiding the harmful effects of climate change, and living in harmony with nature. This can be facilitated through engineering works and a new way of life. Additionally, measures should be taken to prevent acidification by keeping the ground from becoming dry and ensuring that the surface water of canals and fields remains clean. Many regulating ecological lakes should also be built. Technological solutions must be "green" and "soft," gradually eliminating the kinetic energy of river and coastal erosion. Diplomatic action must also be taken reasonably and wisely with China and Laos to protect the flow, alluvium, and flow stability of the Mekong Delta.

 

The consistent viewpoint of Vietnamese scientists is to combine hard technology with green technology, handle the situation intelligently, and apply AI and 4.0 technology. Conservation efforts should be prioritized to address these challenges effectively and green development as the foundation, avoiding harmful effects of nature, "living with nature" to achieve high efficiency, ensuring productivity and quality of crops and livestock for ecological and sustainable development, solid.

 

Author (s) Details

Ba Le Huy
Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Vietnam.

 

Hoan Nguyen Xuan
Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Vietnam.

 

Hong Anh Le Thi
Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Vietnam.

 

Phong Nguyen Tan
Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Vietnam.

 

Phuong Nguyen Vu Hoang
Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Vietnam.

 

Binh Thai Vu
Institute for Environment and Resources, Ho Chi Minh City National University, Vietnam.

 

Son Lam Vinh
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Vietnam.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49729-57-5

Climate Change Induced Shifting Pattern of Livelihood in the Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal, India:- An Appraisal | Chapter 9 | Surviving Sundarbans: Tragedy and Hope, Edition 1

The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem bestowed with rich biodiversity. It is included under the Ramsar Site Convention. Sundarbans has been named because of the mangrove species Sundari plant has been abundantly found in this part of the delta. The previous study has highlighted that the Ganges River is shifting towards the east resulting in the influx of freshwater flow being reduced. There is an urgency to reach the adaptation gap which is a pressing issue today. Now, it is facing climate change issues which is inducing an economic challenge by bringing a change in livelihood for the residents of the Sundarban along with social impact like deprivation of women special mention for tribal folks. The residents have been surveyed to get a real picture of the problems of the study area. They have opined that the major causes have been sea-level rise, climate change and frequency of cyclones which are leading to alteration of the livelihood. The traditional agrarian system is shifting towards aquaculture due to the intrusion of salt water into the agricultural fields. More research is needed to understand the whole problem. At the earliest, the plantation of mangroves is the best way for the restoration of this ecosystem. It is going to act as the green shield for the river banks and save its further degradation thus restoring the ecosystem for future generations.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Debaroti Das
P.N. Das College, Palta, India.

 

Umashankar Mandal
Jangipur High School, Murshidabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-73-0/CH9

The Transboundary Sundarban Mangroves: A Struggling Ecosystem | Chapter 5 | Surviving Sundarbans: Tragedy and Hope, Edition 1

The Sundarban region is one of the world's most vulnerable coastal ecosystems, facing significant threats from logging, overexploitation, and climate change, including intensified storms, and rising sea levels. Despite being the most productive ecosystem on the earth, the mangrove forests, which support diverse flora and fauna and provide essential services to coastal communities, have declined significantly over the past two centuries. The Sundarban contain 45 mangrove species and 21 species of under-canopy vegetation which experienced an annual degradation rate of about 0.114% from 2005 to 2023. Soil nitrogen content ranges from 0.04% to 0.08%, with high levels of water-soluble and exchangeable magnesium, calcium, and potassium in the Oligohaline zone. The ongoing conflict between resource exploitation and local livelihoods in forested areas underscores the vital role of vegetation in maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity. Typically, there is an inverse correlation between the well-being of local communities and the health of forest ecosystems. As these communities seek to meet their economic needs, pressure on forest resources increases, leading to environmental degradation and reduced biodiversity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Chandan Surabhi Das
Barasat Govt. College, North 24 Pgs., W.B., India.

 

Pritam Sarkar
West Bengal State University, North 24 Pgs., W.B., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-73-0/CH5

Environmental Change, Riverbank Erosion and Human Migration: A Review | Chapter 7 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 3

This paper is an attempt to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and human migration. In this regard, various studies available on migration are reviewed and compiled their findings. The literature was reviewed and analysed using descriptive technique which mostly followed in qualitative research. On the basis of a review of the literature, it has been observed that riverbank erosion is a burning issue in Bangladesh as well as in India, which is caused by floods. Due to riverbank erosion, a huge area eroded every year and it displaced a lot of inhabitants from the riverbank areas. The individuals lose their entire properties, leaving them with limited employment opportunities and reduced financial resources, which heightens the risk of food insecurity. However, the impact of riverbank erosion is not similar in all the areas. Somewhere, the impact is low and somewhere the impact is severe which permanently displaces the inhabitants. Hence, the displaced people are compelled to migrate in search of livelihood. Finally, the paper suggests further in-depth study to analyse the problem and control the riverbank erosion and migration.

 

Author (s) Details

Dimpal Dekaraja
Department of Economics, Nowgong College (Autonomous), India.

Ratul Mahanta
Department of Economics, Gauhati University, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v3/3711

Determinants Influencing Tribal Youth Engagement in Agricultural Livelihood Pursuits in Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India| Chapter 5 | Contemporary Research in Business, Management and Economics Vol. 9

The present study primarily focuses on determinants Influencing Tribal Youth Engagement in Agricultural Livelihood Pursuits in Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Rural areas are the economic backbone of most developing countries and contribute to their overall economic growth through the creation of jobs and the supply of food and raw materials to other growing sectors of the economy. While the modes of living of various populations in tribal areas vary, all groups of people in these places rely either entirely or partially—directly or indirectly—on agriculture for their subsistence. Some social groupings are still very far apart from pastoralism and agriculture, making it impossible for them to reach the stage of agriculture. The Baigas, a people group in Central India, are now compelled to engage in established agriculture. Before they practiced shifting cultivation, they had various modes of livelihood. They still enjoy their traditional mode of livelihood, i.e. hunting and food gathering in the deep forest. They are also fond of fishing. Many tribal youths are faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains exist among them. The importance of income-generating activities to tribal livelihood cannot be over-emphasized. This paper examines the factors influencing the involvement of tribal youth in agricultural income generating livelihood activities in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Purposive multistage random sampling was used to collect data from 250 respondents, the majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure with medium urban contact for income-generating activities. There was a significant relationship between involvement in agricultural income-generating activities and the socio-personal-economic, psychological and communicational attributes of the respondents. The study concludes that the main factors affecting livelihood patterns among tribal youth in the Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh are, marital status, family type, social participation, land holding, family income, rural life preference, urban contact, mass media exposure and reasons for educational and vocational training. It is advised that the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) consider all agricultural income-generating activities that tribal youths participate in, as well as the factors mentioned above that impact their involvement when designing and organizing programs targeted at improving the livelihoods of these youths.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Geeta Singh (Scientist),
JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dindori, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Dr. M. K. Dubey (Retired Professor),
Department of Extension Education, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

S. R. K. Singh (Director),
ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

R. B. Singh,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crbme/v9/382

Food Processing Sector in India and Its Role in Livelihood Generation | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 6

 The book affiliate intends to present the current scenario of meat processing sector in India accompanying special devote effort to something Assam which is a North Eastern state of the country. Food processing area though considered as potential growth diesel of the nation because of various factors, yet it has not provided significantly owing to few bottlenecks. The chapter more highlights the present sketch of food processing in India, Government action for growth of the sector accompanying various objectives focus different portions. The SWOT analysis of the food alter sector in India presented in the episode throws light on different outlook including the responsibility of worried agencies in addition to the food processors for growth of the subdivision.  Role of the regulatory body for foodstuff safety and quality control in the foodstuff processing units again finds place in the chapter.

Author(s) Details:

Mayuri Bora,
All India Coordinated Research Project on Women in Agriculture, Department of Extension Education and Communication Management, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam, India.

Anubhuti Baruah,
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V6/article/view/12343

Dynamics of Ginger Zingiber officinale Cultivation and its Socio-economic Impacts on the Livelihood of Farmers in Santchou (West Cameroon) | Book Publisher International

 Zingiber officinale locally known as gingier is an annual plant. It is one of the most important species in household, with an important socioeconomic impact and a high medicinal value. To attain our objectives, we formulated the hypothesis that: the dynamism of ginger cultivation in Santchou is due to the introduction of an ameliorated seed. To verify it, we proceeded by the collection of data. The methodology used was the direct and indirect observation with the aid of questionnaires and interview guides to a well determined population of 80 producers through a random selection and 3 resource persons. This research permitted us to collect the following information. Ginger was introduced in Santchou just after the closure of the Société de Développement de la Riziculture dans la plaine de Mbo (SODERIM 1997). However, during that period only one variety was produced but a few years later, due to a high demand by industries and households, producers were motivated into research for a more productive and profitable variety which could help them to reduce their poverty and gradually ameliorate their livelihood. The introduction of a new and more productive variety in the locality around 2008-2009 associated to physical and human factors like: favourable temperatures between 19 and 20°c, favourable precipitations within 1800-2800mm, fertile soils (clay soils or sandy clay soils, feralitic soils with a luminous texture) with a high labour force have all favoured a high degree of dynamism in the cultivation of zingiber officinale cultivation in Santchou. The high demand associated to the voluntary of population and natural factors mentioned above explains the evolution from 54, 7 he to 233 he in 2010 to 2018 respectively and from 1090, 4 tons in 2010 to 3920, 4 tons in 2017. We can therefore understand that despite the fact that, zingiber officinale is a plant with a high nutritional and medicinal value, there is still no specialised national agricultural program in this agricultural production. Despite all these, farmers continue producing to satisfied the demand of industries and that of households on the local market with a personal aim of ameliorating their living conditions.

Author(s) Details:

Abdoulay Mfewou,

Comparative Dynamics of Developing Societies at the University of Paris Cités (Centre for social science studies on the African, American and Asian worlds), University of Dschang, Camaroon..

Thierry Klaus Lontsi,

Department of Planning-Environment Geography, University of Dschang, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DGZCSILFS/article/view/11293

Functionality of Smallholder Scheme and Evaluation of Decisions: Evidence from Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme in Eastern Cape, South Africa| Chapter 2 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

 This book unit examined farmers’ working decision making and partnership in Zanyokwe smallholder irrigation scheme located in Amathole district in Eastern Cape Province. It surveyed households’ enthusiasm to continue participation in Zanyokwe smallholder watering scheme. The study's exact aims were to investigate the cause of functional participation of smallholder irrigators in the blueprint; and to examine the friendship between households and farm characteristics. The book branch adopted and used representative survey group discussion, structured and tractor trailer-structured questionnaires, interviews, scrutiny, and field measurement. Six of the twelve liberated variables were shown to be important in explaining households' conclusion to engage in the Zanyokwe smallholder irrigation blueprint. Farm experience, farm asset, land rights, water adequacy, marketing information, and produce alternative were the major liberated variables in the scheme. The low land production caused public indifference for the system, in accordance with the study. The average size of food plots was far excessively small for households to achieve better land output. The chapter plans that beneficiaries bear be encouraged to receive preparation in agricultural infrastructure perpetuation, and that growing beneficiaries' land size will have a slightest beneficial effect on their functional connection in the scheme.

Author(s) Details:

Agholor Azikiwe Isaac,
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Resource Management, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga, Private Mail Bag X11283, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V6/article/view/8841

Impacts of Ecotourism on Local Communities of Mole National Park, Ghana and Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria: A Comparative Study| Chapter 2 | Research Developments in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 7

 This study evaluated the perceived positive and negative effects of ecotourism on the way of life in the nearby villages of the national parks of Kainji Lake in Nigeria and Mole in Ghana. A structured questionnaire was given to 582 community members who resided close to the two national parks as part of this study. To evaluate the data, descriptive and inferential statistical approaches were used. People's perceptions of the impact of the ecotourism development were shown to be most positively impacted by the rise in park biodiversity conservation in both Parks. The increase in wildlife-related crop and livestock destruction in Kainji communities was the most detrimental effect of the ecotourism boom, whereas the most detrimental impact on Mole communities was the shrinkage of arable land. As stated by, the good effects at the two National Parks and the negative effects at both are significantly different, according to the results of a paired sample test (P 0.05). In order to have a greater positive influence, the park management should boost employment, particularly of natives of nearby villages in the junior cadre, and increase partnership and sponsorship to develop projects and programmes that could adequately fulfil the requirements of the communities.

Author(s) Details:

Folusade Catherine Arowosafe,
Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDASS-V7/article/view/8081

The Importance of the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources to Improve the Livelihoods of Fishermen on the Islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi, Indonesia | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 5

Sumatra and Sulawesi, two of Indonesia's largest islands, have particularly rich fisheries that have the potential to be both profitable assets and the primary means of subsistence for fishermen. Even if they haven't been exploited to their full potential, these resources have deteriorated, and in certain places, their sustainability is in jeopardy. Anthropogenic pressures, particularly destructive and illegal fishing methods used by both local and outsider fishermen, were the main cause of the deterioration (domestic and international). The fishermen had to contend with seasonal consequences, particularly the growing frequency of bad weather that forced many of them to halt fishing, as well as limitations and difficulties in using shifting fisheries resources that relied on low-tech fleet and fishing equipment. In order to improve the lives of fishermen on the islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi, this study analyses the problems raised and the significance of sustainable fishing practises. On these islands, there is an urgent need for initiatives to lessen risks to fisheries resources and boost fishing capacity. The social evaluation of coral reefs conducted by COREMAP LIPI using a combination of quantitative (survey) and qualitative (open interviews and FGD) methodologies provided the data for this study. Additionally, it used secondary data culled from pertinent books, articles, study findings, and records.

Author(s) Details:

Deny Hidayati,
Research Center for Population, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

Widayatun,
Research Center for Population, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V5/article/view/7532

Potential African Agroforestry Systems for Livelihood Security| Chapter 2 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Background and Scope: The word "agroforestry" was established in the mid-1970s to emphasise the essential and multi-faceted function of trees on farms across the world. Agroforestry, according to the current ICRAF definition, is "a dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management system that diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic, and environmental benefits for land users at all levels through the integration of trees in farms and in the agricultural landscape."

The purpose of this chapter was to evaluate and synthesise studies on the continent's existing agroforestry systems. Furthermore, the study focuses on integrating agroforestry systems to long-term livelihoods, taking into account social/cultural, economic/financial, and environmental/ecological advantages, as well as identifying and presenting agroforestry concerns in Africa. The goal of this study was to determine the possibility for African countries to employ agroforestry as a strategy for promoting sustainable livelihoods.

Agroforestry systems in Africa were divided into three categories. Agrisilvicultural systems (crops, including shrub, vine, and tree crops) and trees with the following technologies: I Improved fallow/shifting cultivation; (ii) Taungya; (iii) Alley cropping (hedgerow intercropping); (iv) Multilayer tree gardens; (v) Multipurpose trees on crop lands; (vi) Plantation crop combinations; (vii) Homegardens; (ix) Shelterbelts and windbreaks, live hedges; and (x) Fuelwood production Silvopastoral systems (trees Plus pasture and/or animals) are the second category, which includes: Plantation crops with pastures and animals I Trees on rangeland or pastures; (ii) Protein/Fodder banks; and (iii) Plantation crops with pastures and animals. Agrosilvopastoral systems (trees + crops + pasture/animals) are the third category, which includes: I Animal-friendly home gardens; (ii) Multipurpose woody hedgerows; (iii) Apiculture with trees/Beekeeping; (iv) Aquaforestry/Fisheries; and (vi) Rotational woodlots. There was another important feature of sustainable management of natural forests and woods, which might be related to trees and shrubs, in addition to the three categories. The acceptance and growth of agroforestry systems in Africa is too sluggish, according to research, and this chapter discussed elements that might directly or indirectly impact agroforestry adoption among smallholder farmers in Africa. A review of recent case studies links poor agroforestry adoption and scaling up to a number of factors, including: I a lack of understanding of the benefits of agroforestry/ignorance of the advantages of agroforestry; (ii) delayed return on investment and under-developed markets; (iii) a focus on commercial agriculture; (iv) mass agricultures' focus on using fertilisers and pesticides; (v) a lack of tree seed supplies; and (vi) (viii) Market restrictions; (ix) Inadequate extension work and research; (x) Lack of ability, knowledge, and awareness; (xii) Lack of interest; (xiv) Gender and age; (xv) Policy constraints and Adverse Regulations; and (xv) Policy constraints and Adverse Regulations As a result, pushing agroforestry on the policy agenda is critical and urgent. The following are the basic facts for choosing to develop and regulate agroforestry through policies: I To remove legal and institutional barriers to agroforestry; (ii) To promote favourable agroforestry outcomes; and (iii) To pay farmers for delayed returns. Africa might benefit from lessons learned from African and international agroforestry success stories. These lessons include that for agroforestry to thrive, four concerns must be addressed: I Agroforestry only occurs when it benefits farmers; (ii) Tenure rights must be protected; (iii) Agroforestry connects sectors; and (iv) Forest management standards must be strictly enforced.

Conclusion: In order to establish and develop packages of agroforestry systems in Africa, five imperatives must be observed: I It is critical to transition from traditional to modern farming systems; (ii) It is critical to shift from a sectoral to a multi-sectoral to an inter-sectoral approach to farming (Integrated farming); (iii) There is significant potential for small-scale forest enterprise development (agroforestry); and (iv) There is a pressing need for effective forest.

Author(s) Details:

Cliff S. Dlamini,
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Botswana.

Stanley Dlamini,
Independent Environmental and Agriculture Consultant, P.O.Box 7514, Manzini, Eswatini, M200, Botswana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V7/article/view/6778

Study about Income Diversification: An Approach to Farm Family Household in Different Agro-climatic Zone of J&K, UT | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 Households can diversify their portfolios as an alternate method to reduce income variability and ensure a minimum level of income. The study included multi-stage sampling, binary logistic regression, and a logit regression methodology. In the year 2016-17, the study was carried out in Jammu & Kashmir State (Union Territory), with a total sample size of 630 farming families selected from four agro-ecological zones. 15 farming households were taken at random from each of the designated villages, with no replacements, and only 10 farm families were kept for analysis. From the total sample size of 630, the mean age of farming families in the sub-tropical, intermediate, temperature, and cold-arid zones was 53, 50, 47, and 51 years, respectively, and the educational level of middle pass was 24.40 percent. The majority of households (78.40%) did not diversify their off-farm activities, while the very few households (1.90%) had a high level of income diversification from off-farm activities. The average gross revenue from on-farm operations was Rs. 77,623 per year, whereas the average gross income from off-farm activities was Rs. 1,17,643 per year. The push factors that drove agricultural family families to diversify into other activities were education, family size, and fragmented land holdings. According to the study, there is a need to promote education and skill development training among farm family families, as this will undoubtedly improve their ability to diversify their various sources of income.

Author(S) Details

Parvani Rekhi
MS Swaminathan, School of Agriculture, Shoolini University, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V8/article/view/4833

Cause and Effect of Livelihood Diversification on Cocoa Production in Papua New Guinea: A Case Study | Chapter 2 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 11

 Cocoa is Papua New Guinea's (PNG) most important cash crop. Despite significant government investment, productivity remains below capacity due to the government's emphasis on technological research, development, and extension (RD&E). The purpose of this study was to see how livelihood diversification affected cocoa production in specific areas of PNG's Morobe and East New Britain provinces. The specific goal was to see if farmers' livelihood diversification activities influenced cocoa production in the study areas. The impact of livelihood diversity on cocoa production A cross-sectional descriptive analysis involving semistructured interviews and discussions in the form of phenomenological reflection was conducted in the selected provinces. The data was analyzed using the NVivo software. The key causes of farmer participation in diversified livelihood activities were discovered to be land scarcity, land tenure, risk minimization, cultural influences, farming system patterns, opportunities, comparative advantage, and the impact of modern changes. The primary motivation for diversifying livelihood practices was to expand a household's income portfolio. improve their social standing As a result, smallholder farmers do not devote their full attention to cocoa production, despite its high value.

Author (s) Details

Assistant Professor William Kerua
Department of Agribusiness and Extension, College of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji, Guinea.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V11/article/view/1961

Impacts of Ecotourism Activities on Sustainable Livelihood of the Communities Living on Wasini Island, Kwale County, Kenya | Book Publisher International

 Ecotourism is a unique type of tourism that can help local people earn a living while also being environmentally conscious. Although ecotourism has the potential and capacity to improve the local community's life, this is not always the case. The research was carried out on Wasini Island in Kwale County to analyse the effects of ecotourism on the lives of Wasini Island residents and to create a link between ecotourism initiatives and sustainable livelihood activities carried out by Wasini Island residents. living on Wasini Island, as well as to investigate the relationship between ecotourism initiatives and the rights of the Wasini Island communities. The study used a descriptive research design and a mixed method research technique, with the community on Wasini Island and stakeholders operating on the island as the units of analysis. The study had a sample size of 320 respondents who were interviewed utilising questionnaires, 15 interviews, and an eight-member focus group discussion. Respondents for interviews and focus groups were chosen using a purposeful selection technique, whereas respondents for questionnaire surveys were chosen using a systematic random sample technique. During data analysis, descriptive statistics were used to establish the link between variables, and multiple regression was utilised to establish the relationship between variables. The goodness of fit of the variables was measured using the Chi square. Ecotourism initiatives were used as the dependent variable, with financial, physical, natural, human, and social assets as the independent factors, and the results revealed a significant difference (F = 1.303, p = 0.262). The primary problems for ecotourism activities on Wasini Island are a lack of funds (23.8 percent) and cultural exploitation (23.1 percent). Training (53.1 percent) was viewed as the best option to tackle the problems of ecotourism projects, according to the findings. Finally, ecotourism has aided the building of a sustainable livelihood for the Wasini Island residents. According to the conclusions of the study, increased community participation in ecotourism, community training, and government support should be encouraged. EI contributed to knowledge (SA – 61.3 percent ), skill upgrading (A – 61.3 percent ), human resource (A – 40.3 percent ), creativity (A – 40.9 percent ), adaptive methods (A – 35.3 percent ), and health aspects (N – 29.1 percent ) according to the findings on human assets. Aside from physical assets, respondents indicated EI helped with building construction (SA – 48.4 percent), roads (A – 40 percent), machinery improvements (SD – 28.4 percent), agriculture and livestock enhancement (SD – 30.9 percent), and schools (A – 34.7 percent). In terms of natural assets, respondents stated that EI contributed to soil protection (SA – 45%), natural environment protection (A – 49.4%), water protection (A – 34.4%), air protection (A – 33.1%), and forest/vegetation protection (N – 29.4%). EI also contributed to good governance structure (SA – 37.2 percent), decision-making power (A – 48.4 percent), stronger community groups (N – 36.9%), societal structure (N – 34.1 percent), cultural preservation (A – 31.3 percent), and a robust society (N – 40 percent) when it came to social assets. Finally, in terms of financial assets, respondents noted that EI led to higher salaries and wages (SA – 45.9%), local living conditions (A – 56.6%), the economy (A – 36.3 percent, N – 36.3 percent), income (A – 39.7%), savings (N – 36.9%), and economic empowerment (N – 38.1%).

Author(s) Details

Jairus Nyongesa Koki
Tourism and Hospitality Department, School of Business and Economics, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 210-60401, Bondo, Kenya.

Noah Sitati
Wildlife Species Expert, WWF, Tanzania.

Beatrice Imbaya
Senior Lecturer, Tourism Management Department, Moi University, Kenya.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEASLCLWIKCK/article/view/2129

Rural Youth and their Opportunities for Employment in Agri-Allied Sector: A Case of Bargarh District in Odisha| Chapter 2 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 4

There has been a great deal of discussion in recent times about employment and its possibilities. With more reverse migrations happening on a daily basis and a shortage of job opportunities for rural youth, there has been growing concern about and participation of entrepreneurial activities for rural youth. The opportunities and options available, however, play a major role for any agri-allied start-up. Therefore, a study was carried out on the livelihood opportunities available in the Bargarh district of Odisha in the agri-allied sector and to examine the constraints faced by the respondents therein. The study results showed that the majority of respondents were interested (mean score=1.30) were engaged In the vegetable vending industry, where it was least favoured as an oil extraction machine (mean score= 1.03). Dairy unit (mean score=1.19) was favoured over others in animal husbandry-based inventories, participation in forestry-based inventories showed Mahua flower/fruit selection (mean score=1.09) was ranked fifth, whereas Lac cultivation and processing was ranked fourth (mean score=1.02). Major findings revealed that access to agricultural implements and equipment at low prices, followed by the availability of agricultural credit at the right time, correspondence of correct information at the right time by extension officers, execution of extension activities, etc., were sufficient to resolve the constraints. Kisan mela, demonstration, show, training, visits, training requirements for improved poultry farming, fish farming and livestock management, crop insurance facilitation, recommended timely information on seeds and fertilisers, low-priced herbicides and pesticides and irrigation facility provision, respectively. The study suggests that encouragement is mainly required for the successful participation of rural youth in indigenous entrepreneurial activities, along with proper training and self-orientation. Programmes for jobs. It is important to recognise that rural youth need to be inspired and educated and, in addition, to be made aware of their livelihood opportunities. Proper training and advice on self-employment programmes is therefore required. Rural youths can use the Odisha Youth Innovation Fund (OYIF) to set up new businesses with government support.

Author (s) Details

Dwity Sundar Rout
Department of Agricultural Extension, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.

Dr. Bishnupriya Mishra
Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Avisweta Nandy
Department of Agricultural Economics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Suvangi Rath
Department of Agricultural Economics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/348

A Descriptive study on the Livelihood Status of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) Fishermen of Greater Noakhali Regions of Bangladesh | Chapter 8 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 2

 During August 2014 to January 2015, the current study aimed to explain the livelihood status of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishermen in Lakshmipur and Noahkali Districts in Bangladesh by means of a questionnaire survey tool. Pangas (Pangasius pangasius), Koral (Lates calcarifer) and Poa (Johnius coitor) were also found to be captured during Hilsa fishing, as by catching Chandi jal (set gill net). The use of mechanised (5-40 HP; Horse Power) boats in the study areas has been observed by 85% of fishermen. Hilsa fishing was observed mostly during October-November, while such activities were almost absent during February-May (off-period), forcing fishermen to temporarily begin migrating for their livelihoods to the nearby urban areas. Average net profits of fishermen on a daily basis during fishing The duration was 600 BDT, while their actual daily field income by fishing is expected to be 1695 BDT if they are assisted by nets, ships, fuels, etc., which means that the aratdars take almost 64 percent of their daily income. In the adjacent region, the socio-economic situation of the fishermen was not satisfactory. Therefore, for the better livelihood of the fishermen in the greater Noakhali region, subsidies could be suggested as a means of networks, boats, fuels, engines, etc.

Author (s) Details

Md. Jahangir Sarker
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

A. M. M. Borhan Uddin
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

Md. Shamsul Alam Patwary
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.


Mehedi Hasan Tanmay
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.


Farhana Rahman
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

Moshiur Rahman
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/288

Urban Agriculture and Household Food Security in Cities | Chapter 10 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol.1

Urban agriculture is a veritable tool for improving household food security in major cities of the world.
It also creates employment and livelihood opportunities for poor urban households and provides
additional income for economic empowerment thereby reducing poverty. Urban agriculture holds the
potential for complementing primary source of food for urban farmers in developing countries.
However, in some African countries like Nigeria, urban planning and development approaches do not
consider food production as an objective; thus, food production capacity may become severely
constrained as urbanization proceeds. In the absence of friendly land use policy and plan that
encourage urban agriculture, city farmers are subjected to harassment and subsequent eviction from
government lands. It is recommended that urban agriculture should be integrated into national food
security policies or food aid programs of aid organizations to facilitate access of low-income and poor
urban communities to technical assistance and extension programs. There arises the need for a close
and efficient collaboration between stakeholders who include national governments, municipal
authorities, aid organizations and civil society actors through adequate national urban agriculture
policies that will guide and direct the design of urban agriculture in order to reduce food insecurity

Author(s) Details

Dr. E. N. Mbah
Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

Dr. R. K. Jiriko
Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. N. E. Amah
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/221