Effect of Gossypol on the Rumen Microbial Degradation of Whole Cotton Seed and Grass Hay Incubated in Consecutive Batch Cultures | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

It is well known that cottonseed is widely used as a feed supplement for ruminant animals. However, anti-nutrient gossypol in the seed of cottonseed may cause adverse effects on microbial degradation of the feed. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of gossypol on the rumen microbial degradation of whole cottonseed (WCS) and grass hay (GH) with and/or without antinutrient gossypol in a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that the presence of gossypol (1 mM) inhibits dry matter (DM) degradation, gas production from grass hay (GH), and growth of rumen microorganisms in consecutive batch cultures. There was a change in the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) when WCS was used as a substrate, suggesting the fermentation of WCS has altered the composition and the activity of the rumen microbial population. However, GH with 1 mM gossypol was still more degradable by mixed rumen microorganisms than WCS, and there was evidence that the microorganism might adapt to the presence of gossypol when GH was the substrate, but not when WCS was used.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/2214

Applying Fracture Mechanics and Weibull Analysis to Enhance T2052 Reliability | Chapter 4 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 8

This research provides a detailed analysis of crack propagation and fatigue in the T2052 coal mining/dumping machine. By employing fracture mechanics and Weibull analysis, a practical method for estimating component lifespan and optimizing maintenance was developed. Undetected cracks pose a significant challenge to mining equipment maintenance. To address this, we conducted static fracture analyses and modelled crack propagation based on material properties, stress intensity factors, and environmental conditions. Weibull analysis was used to characterize material variability. Our results indicate rapid crack propagation after reaching a critical length and relatively low variability in the mechanical properties of the OL52 material. Material properties and operating conditions significantly influence crack propagation rates. By modelling crack propagation, we can optimize preventive maintenance planning, thereby increasing equipment reliability and reducing costs. By identifying critical components and monitoring crack evolution, we can prevent catastrophic failures. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of fracture mechanics and Weibull analysis in assessing crack propagation and predicting component lifetime in T2052 coal mining/dumping machines. Mining operators can use these results to improve equipment reliability, reduce maintenance costs, and optimize operational efficiency. Future research could focus on refining the models used and exploring additional factors that may influence crack propagation.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mihaela Toderas
University of Petrosani, Romania.

 

Sorin Mihai Radu
University of Petrosani, Romania.

 

Florin Vilceanu
University of Petrosani, Romania.

 

Stela Dinescu
University of Petrosani, Romania.

 

Danciu Ciprian
University of Petrosani, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v8/3021

Experimental Demonstration on Suppression of LeTID in P-type Multi-Crystalline PERC Silicon Solar Cells by Biased Annealing Process | Chapter 12 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 1

 

P-type multi-crystalline PERC silicon solar cells are susceptible to strong light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID). This effect can cause more than significant power loss over several years of module operation in the field. Various approaches, such as illuminated annealing and modified thermal processes, have been investigated to suppress LeTID. An undesirable side effect of these processes is an increased contact resistance at the front screen-printed metal fingers, and therefore a lower fill factor (FF), which is the ratio of maximum obtainable power to the product of the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) of a solar cell device, and the subsequentially its energy conversion efficiency. Previous work has indicated that this may be caused by the transport and accumulation of hydrogen at the metal contacts and that this behaviour can be limited by applying a reverse bias across the cell during a thermal anneal in the dark. In this work, we have conducted a similar biased annealing process to investigate the effect of different cooling conditions on PERC cell performance and developed a biased annealing treatment that not only improves the efficiency but also maintains the stability during the light soak test. Preliminary results of transferring this process into 6-inch PERC cells using a full-scale industrial tool are also presented.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Li Wang
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Phillip Hamer
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Michael Pollard
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

Catherine Chan

School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v1/8188E

An Assessment of the Structure of Vegetables Farming and Farmer’s Perception of Soil and Water Degradation in Two Periurban Areas in Yaounde Cameroon | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

In peri-urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon, vegetable farming plays a significant role in the local agricultural economy. This study aims to assess the structure of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation in two peri-urban areas in Yaoundé, Cameroon, namely Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson. Peri-urban areas are characterized by the interface of urban and rural activities and are often subjected to various environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization. Understanding the dynamics of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. Results of our investigation in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson Peri-urban areas in 2016 and 2023 showed that most vegetable farmers (75%) lack training in agriculture, while up to 90% didn’t benefit from training on the management of pesticides. Spreading and landfilling of amendments are the most popular ways of applying fertilizers. It is interesting to note that the majority of fertilizers (90%) are applied at planting time, indicating that farmers commonly apply fertilizers just before or during the planting phase. Besides, young plots are more exploited (52.4% and 30%) compared to older ones (2.4% and 5%) in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson, respectively, as they are more responsive to fertilizer application. As a consequence, excessive and unbalanced fertilizer is applied to the oldest farms, which can lead to nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and negative impacts on soil health. For irrigation water, it usually comes from streams or small wells that are often highly polluted. The farmers’ perception of degradation is seen through the degradation of soil properties with time in the order of 14.3% to 60% and 15% to 44% at Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III respectively, resulting in a gradual decrease in crop production (up to 50%). It is also seen by introduction of contaminants into the soil through polluted water, affecting the quality of crops and potentially posing a risk to human health.

Author(s) Details:

Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso and Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Mamadou Traore,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Amina Aboubakar,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou,
University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Didier Begoude,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Zacharia Gnankambary,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Hassan Bismarck Nacro,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13913

The Paradigm of Complex Probability and Analytic Nonlinear Prognostic for Unburied Petrochemical Pipelines – A Relation to Dynamic Logic | Chapter 4 | The Paradigm of Complex Probability, Prognostic, and Dynamic Logic

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov put forward in 1933 the five fundamental axioms of classical probability theory. The original idea in my complex probability paradigm is to add new imaginary dimensions to the experiment real dimensions which will make the work in the complex probability set totally predictable and with a probability permanently equal to one. Therefore, adding to the real set of probabilities R the contributions of the imaginary set of probabilities M will make the event in C = R + M absolutely deterministic. It is of great importance that stochastic systems become totally predictable since we will be perfectly knowledgeable to foretell the outcome of all random events that occur in nature. Hence, my purpose is to link my complex probability paradigm to unburied petrochemical pipelines analytic prognostic in the nonlinear damage accumulation case. Consequently, by calculating the parameters of the novel prognostic model, we will be able to determine the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the degree of knowledge, the complex probability, the system failure and survival probabilities, and the remaining useful lifetime probability, after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline and which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random effects. Furthermore, we will apply the new paradigm to my novel ‘Dynamic Logic’ model.

Author(s) Details:

Abdo Abou Jaoudé,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TPCPPDL/article/view/13774

The Paradigm of Complex Probability, Prognostic, and Dynamic Logic | Chapter 1 | The Paradigm of Complex Probability, Prognostic, and Dynamic Logic

 The system of axioms for probability theory laid in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov can be extended to encompass the imaginary set of numbers and this by adding to his original five axioms an additional three axioms. Therefore, we create the complex probability set C, which is the sum of the real set R with its corresponding real probability, and the imaginary set M with its corresponding imaginary probability. Hence, all stochastic experiments are performed now in the complex set C instead of the real set R. The objective is then to evaluate the complex probabilities by considering supplementary new imaginary dimensions to the event occurring in the ‘real’ laboratory. Consequently, the corresponding probability in the whole set C is always equal to one and the outcome of the random experiments that follow any probability distribution in R is now predicted totally in C. Subsequently, it follows that, chance and luck in R is replaced by total determinism in C. Consequently, by subtracting the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the stochastic system, we evaluate the probability of any random phenomenon in C. My innovative Complex Probability Paradigm (CPP) will be applied to the established theory of logic in order to express it completely deterministically in the probability universe C = R + M. Therefore, after adding the time dimension, we will relate and join this original paradigm to a newly defined logic that I called ‘Dynamic Logic’ and it will be also implemented to pipeline prognostic with the aim of illustrating CPP and this novel kind of logic.

Author(s) Details:

Abdo Abou Jaoudé,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TPCPPDL/article/view/13771

Partial and Complete Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and Molecular Characterization of PCE-dechlorinating Bacteria | Chapter 10 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

 Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a changeable, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon namely widely used as a financially sound in the dry-cleaning and fabric-processing activities and as an agent for degreasing ore parts. It is an environmental contaminator that has been discovered in the air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil. PCE becomes a groundwater contaminator due to leaks and immoral disposal practices; it can carry on groundwater for years cause it has little contact with air. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has top-secret tetrachloroethylene as a hazardous air contaminant under the Clean Air Act, a toxic contaminant under the Clean Water Act, a contaminant under the Safe Drinking Water Act, a toxic waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and a hazardous meaning under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. EPA classified tetrachloroethylene as “inclined be carcinogenic to persons.” PCE is among ultimate prevalent groundwater contaminants. Its frequent occurrence at adulterated sites is due to allure widespread use as an industrialized solvent. PCE and its unfinished degradation amount are known or doubtful carcinogens. Therefore, the treatment of PCE-significance wastes and the remediation of PCE-contaminated soils and aquifers are worldwide priority in loud noises control. PCE can be reductively dechlorinated by anaerobic microorganisms to trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE). However, to create anaerobic bioremediation useful, PCE must be disgraced to nonchlorinated, environmentally acceptable innocuous products. Complete dechlorination of PCE to ethylene or ethane has happened reported in assorted cultures and few pure ideas belonging to Dehalococcoides spp. However, the unity is that although complete microbial subtractive dechlorination is possible in anaerobic aquifers, complete diminishing dechlorination to ethene is rarely observed on account of low energized matter donor chance, unfavorable redox environments, or the absence of appropriate microorganisms.This review shows the shame, biochemical and molecular description of the DPH-1 strain, a well-known instance of partial dechlorinating of PCE. In addition, me reviewed the dechlorination of PCE utilizing the Propionibacterium genus, not Dehalococcoides spp., that is known to dechlorinate PCE entirely. Finally, the author defined the complete degradation of PCE by a moving feet and body to music treatment of zerovalent ion and strain DPH-1. More basically, the author hopes this book branch will be valuable when conducting PCE remediation procedures and crafty treatment processes.

Author(s) Details:

Young-Cheol Chang,
Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V3/article/view/11029

A Study of the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Gelatin-based Bioplastics| Chapter 4 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 7

 Natural biopolymer proteins arisen fibrous insoluble collagen are usual by a wide range of commerces because of their ability to maintain and to be controlled easily. Scientists are interested in verdict alternative polymers of plastic that supply food safety in addition to being environmentally friendly. In this study, an inquiry was carried out to determine the possessions of gelatin as a bioplastic polymer for substitute of artificial film. This polymer is widely used as packing fabrics because of their good degradability and sustainability. In the laboratory, jam-based biofilms are produced by resolution casting in petri dishes. The results of qualified biofilms shows week stiffness (6.38 ± 0.20) and Break point elongation (611 ± 0.56) with separation energy 17 kJ/mol. However, 80% degradation worked out in gelatin biofilm with important protection given by gelatin coatings on food matters. Therefore, for strength, it is urged that to be mixed with the amount of synthesis and jam polymer, so it meets all the packing industry's accomplishment requirements.

Author(s) Details:

Asia Neelam,
Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.

. Omm-e-Hany,
Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V7/article/view/8548

The Importance of the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources to Improve the Livelihoods of Fishermen on the Islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi, Indonesia | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 5

Sumatra and Sulawesi, two of Indonesia's largest islands, have particularly rich fisheries that have the potential to be both profitable assets and the primary means of subsistence for fishermen. Even if they haven't been exploited to their full potential, these resources have deteriorated, and in certain places, their sustainability is in jeopardy. Anthropogenic pressures, particularly destructive and illegal fishing methods used by both local and outsider fishermen, were the main cause of the deterioration (domestic and international). The fishermen had to contend with seasonal consequences, particularly the growing frequency of bad weather that forced many of them to halt fishing, as well as limitations and difficulties in using shifting fisheries resources that relied on low-tech fleet and fishing equipment. In order to improve the lives of fishermen on the islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi, this study analyses the problems raised and the significance of sustainable fishing practises. On these islands, there is an urgent need for initiatives to lessen risks to fisheries resources and boost fishing capacity. The social evaluation of coral reefs conducted by COREMAP LIPI using a combination of quantitative (survey) and qualitative (open interviews and FGD) methodologies provided the data for this study. Additionally, it used secondary data culled from pertinent books, articles, study findings, and records.

Author(s) Details:

Deny Hidayati,
Research Center for Population, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

Widayatun,
Research Center for Population, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V5/article/view/7532

Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Adefovir Dipivoxil in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Its Stress Degradation Studies Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method: Experimental Investigation| Chapter 10 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.9

 Objective: To create a UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method for measuring adefovir, an anti-HIV medication, in bulk and pharmaceutical dose form that is simple, accurate, precise, and cost-effective.

The solvent employed was methanol, and the drug's maximum absorption peak was found to be 260 nm. Under ICH-recommended circumstances, defovir dipivoxil was subjected to stress degradation. The samples obtained this way were used in deterioration tests using the described approach.

With a regression coefficient of 0.999, a linear response was seen in the range of 5- 40g/ml. The approach was then tested for a number of parameters using ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines. Adefovir dissolves in acidic and alkaline environments, but stays relatively stable when subjected to dry heat, oxidation, and photolysis, according to stress degradation tests.

Conclusion: Without the use of excipients, this method can be used to determine adefovir in formulation quality control.

Author(s) Details:

Charushila H. Bhirud,
Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University (PIMS), Loni, Maharashtra, India.

Shivanand N. Hiremath,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy for Women, Chincholi, Nasik, Pin-422102, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V9/article/view/5970

Research on Nature and Extent of Salt-affected Agricultural Soils in Ho – Keta Plain in the Volta Region of Ghana | Chapter 5 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Soil salinization is one of the primary environmental challenges that has a significant negative impact on long-term agricultural production. A study was done at the Ho-Keta plain in Ghana's Volta Region to determine the amount of salt-affected agricultural soil deterioration. From Anyako, Anyenui, and Atiehife, two soil series, Oyebi and Ada, were selected in three salt-affected locations within the Lower Volta basin in the Ho-Keta plain. Soil samples were taken at random depths of 0-30 cm from various soil sites and brought to a laboratory for examination and measurement of pH (4.61), Calcium (5.60meq/l), Magnesium (3.17meq/l), Sodium (6.95meq/l), Potassium (1.83meq/l), and Electrical Conductivity (5.13dS/m). The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) were calculated using the mean values of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. In the three areas studied, the mean values of SAR and ESP were 43.89, 52.02, 42.85, and 33.87 percent, 40.77 percent, and 37.83 percent, respectively. The findings demonstrated that high levels of SAR and ESP caused land degradation in the research area, resulting in low soil chemical characteristics. The soil's fertility was extremely poor, necessitating management measures that encourage the accumulation of organic matter. It is strongly suggested that more research be done to show the extent and type of the soils in the study area.

Author (s) Details

Mr. L. Sackey
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

A. Sadick
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

F. M. Tetteh
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

E. O. Bennoah
Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V7/article/view/5171

Study on Biopolymers and Biopolymer Blends/Composites | Chapter 12 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 15

 With the growing worry about the environment as a result of the widespread use of non-biodegradable plastics, most research and industry are now looking at the possibilities of biodegradable polymers that might potentially replace those materials. Fortunately, our ecosystem contains a plethora of renewable resources on which we may rely, resulting in eco-friendly materials that are far more efficient than existing manufactured plastic materials. This study provides an overview of biopolymers, as well as the numerous mixes and composites that have been created thus far. The various methods for synthesising these mixes and composites are also described. Some of the most prevalent biopolymers are also investigated for their uses.

Author (S) Details

Kalyani Sreekumar
Department of Physics, Sree Naryana Institute of Technology, Theppupara, Adoor, Kerala, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V15/article/view/3483

Occurrence and Distribution of Mycorrhiza in Industrial Areas of Kota, Rajasthan, India| Chapter 12 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 7

Most vascular plants benefit from arbascular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) because they aid in plant growth and survival. The goal of this study was to compare the variety of AMFs in disturbed and undisturbed soil in Kota, Rajasthan, and their involvement in the ecological restoration of industrial waste disposal sites and degraded land. Rhizosphere soil samples were taken from four different sites: one natural soil (undisturbed soil), three industrial waste disposal sites (disturbed sites), and spore density was measured. Reduction in In comparison to the undisturbed site, the overall spore density in industrial waste disposal sites shows that degraded soil properties have a negative impact on the mycorrhizal association, whereas an increase in spore density of some mycorrhiza species in disturbed sites indicates the possibility of selecting a host plant for revegetation in restoration efforts. In the rehabilitation of degraded areas, native leguminous plants with a high to extremely high level of VAM colonisation can be utilised.

Author (S) Details

Suresh S. Rajpurohit
Department of Botany, J.D.B. Govt. Girls College, Kota, Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Poonam Jaiswal
Department of Botany, J.D.B. Govt. Girls College, Kota, Rajasthan, India.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V7/article/view/3064

 

Microbial Degradation and Transformation of Organic Pollutants: An Eco-Friendly Strategy for Waste Mitigation | Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 Organic waste pollution, particularly hydrocarbons, pesticides, herbicides, and other toxic wastes, is a worldwide issue. Despite the economic boom created by the petroleum industries in many countries, it has also resulted in environmental and socioeconomic challenges. The main cause of water and soil pollution is the accidental or intentional release of hydrocarbons into the environment. Pesticide applications on agricultural soil are now commonplace. Some of these pesticides persist in the soil, forming pollutants that may harm the environment. This can occasionally result in surface and ground water contamination. The role of microorganisms in organic pollutant biodegradation is an important subject to research because it is a safe alternative to physicochemical techniques. The general principles of organic pollutant degradation by microorganisms were summarized in this paper. The biochemistry of hydrocarbon oxidation, specifically the terminal and sub terminal oxidation of n-alkanes, as well as the anaerobic degradation of alkanes, was highlighted. The paper also discussed the biodegradation pathways of organic chemicals such as pesticides, as well as the factors influencing organic pollutant biodegradation. Aside from these factors influencing biodegradation, efforts to improve microorganisms' biodegradative capabilities through biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the use of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEM) were also discussed.

Author (S) Details

Dr. A. E. Mbachu
Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

E. I. Chukwura
Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

N. A. Mbachu
Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V6/article/view/1676

Degradation of Plant Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites | Chapter 6 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 5

 The effects of moisture, heat, fire, and UV radiation on the properties of plant fiber-polymer composites are discussed in this chapter. Chemical treatments and additives such as fibre treatments, fire retardants, and stabilisers are also mentioned in relation to UV radiation. The strength of a plant fiber-polymer composite is obtained by optimum fibre content, according to the analysis, but the presence of fibre allows the composite to deteriorate due to moisture. Fiber treatments that increase the fiber-matrix interface improve composite moisture resistance, however the fibres become less resistant when exposed to weather. Plant fiber-polymer composites with fire retardants and UV stabilisers have better fire and outdoor performance. Their mechanical properties, on the other hand, tend to deteriorate. It is concluded that the ideal blend ratio of chemical additive should be developed in order to achieve a balance between mechanical qualities and weather resistance.

Author(s) Details

Wahyu Purwo Raharjo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Foundry Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Dody Ariawan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Kuncoro Diharjo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Wijang Wisnu Raharjo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

Bambang Kusharjanta
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V5/article/view/986

Study on Biodegradation and Dissipation of 14C-Carbofuran in Clay Soil from Loukkos Perimeter, Northwestern Morocco | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 7

 Over the course of 63 days, the mineralization and dissipation of ¹⁴C-ring labelled carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl-methylcarbamate), one of the highly toxic N-methyl carbamate pesticides, in an untreated Vertisol Moroccan soil used for sugar beet cultivation was studied in the lab. The experiment was carried out in both flooded and dry conditions. The ¹⁴CO₂ production from soil amended with U-ring¹⁴C-carbofuran was monitored to determine carbofuran mineralization. Higher rates of ¹⁴C-carbofuran mineralization were observed in both conditions. Mineralization was greater in wet conditions (19.2 percent) than in flooded conditions (12.4 percent ). The soil extractable pesticide residues decreased over time in both conditions, while the bound residues gradually increased. In flooded conditions, the rate of extractable ¹⁴C-activity disappearance was much higher than in non-flooded conditions. Under flooded and wet conditions, 15.8% and 31% of the applied dose were retrieved as extractable residues at the end of the experiment, respectively. In flooded soil, soil bound residues accounted for 33.3 percent of the applied dose, while non-flooded soil accounted for 29.1 percent. Organic volatiles were much more abundant in flooded soil (18.2 percent), compared to 5.6 percent in non-flooded soil. Carbofuran phenol was the key degradation product. The findings show that carbofuran is mineralized more quickly in moist soils than in flooded soils, and that there is a significant difference in the rate of degradation of the material in moist and flooded soils.

Author (s) Details

Benicha Mohamed
Laboratory of Pesticides residues, UR Research on Nuclear Techniques, Environment and Quality, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, 78, Bd Mohamed Ben Abdellah, 90010 Tangier, Morocco.

Mrabet Rachid
National Institute for Agricultural Research, Av. Ennasr, Rabat, P.O.Box: 415, Morocco.

Azmani Amina
University Abdel Malik Essaadi, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ancienne Route de l'Aéroport, Km 10, Ziaten. BP: 416. Tanger, Morocco.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V7/issue/view/41

A Peep into Microbial Isolates from Various Vegetable Oil Polluted Sites | Chapter 11 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 Spills of vegetable oil are becoming popular and potentially more difficult than spills of petroleum hydrocarbons. Among biocatalysts, microbial lipases occupy a position of prominence, sometimes used for the remediation of contaminated vegetable oil sites. This work was carried out to isolate microorganisms and screen them for their lipolytic activity from oil-polluted sites. Microorganisms were extracted from eight experimental soil samples contaminated with various forms of vegetable oil, soil from the Ibadan oil mill, and usual uncontaminated soil as soil samples were also obtained from the Oyo town palm oil mill at the same time as the control. The isolates were characterised, categorised and their lipolytic activity was screened for those common to at least one of the experimental sites and oil mill sites. Using the Duncan Multiple Range Test, the data obtained was analysed. 73 microorganisms have been isolated from the contaminated soil and have been classified as Bacillus species (16), Pseudomonas (12), Micrococcus (1), Aspergillus (9), Penicillium (6), Saccharomyces (4), Geotrichum (1), Kluveromyces (1), Flavobacterium (6), Alcaligenes (2), Proteus (3). Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas cepacia, Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes sp. Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus pumilus and Saccharomyces cerevisae were preliminarily screened for lipolytic activity and Candida parapsilosis, common to at least one of the experimental site and oil mill site in Ibadan, all nine verified by the existence of halos around the colonies The potential for oxidation of fatty waste is present in these tested species. Consequently, they may be used in the environmental clean-up of vegetable oil spill sites.

Author (s) Details

Bukola Margaret Popoola
Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria.

A. A. Onilude
Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/278

Research on Degradation and Sustainable Practices for Forest Resources in Plateau State, Nigeria | Chapter 13 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 2

Aims: The study was carried out to determine the causes of degradation and sustainable practices for forest and its resources in Plateau state of Nigeria. Study Design: Descriptive survey research design. Place and Duration of Study: Kanke, Langtang, Quan Pan, Shendam and Wase Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Plateau State, between July 2013 and April 2014. Methodology: The study was guided by two research questions while the population was made up of local forest users. Stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a sample size of 500 local forest users. The instruments for data collection were a structured questionnaire and a structured interview guide. The reliability of the questionnaire instrument was established using Cronbach alpha technique and a co-efficient of 0.81 was obtained. Frequency and simple percentage were used to answer the research questions and to interpret the results.  Results: The study found 8 out of 12 causes of degradation and 13 out 14 adoptable sustainable practices for forest and its resources in the study area. Conclusion: The implementation of the identified sustainable practices for forest and its resources in Plateau state is necessary to help save and improve on the remnant forest in the state.

Author (s) Details

M. E. Ikehi
Department of Agricultural Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. 

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