An Investigation of the Environmental Quality through Anthropogenic Metal Analysis in Targeted Niger Delta Aquatic Systems, Nigeria | Chapter 5 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 2

 

Background: Water, an essential resource for life and ecosystems, faces increasing threats due to the escalating pace of industrialization, particularly in oil-rich regions like the Niger Delta in Nigeria. This area is a hotspot for petroleum production, where extensive gas flaring and illicit artisanal activities introduce substantial pollutants into the environment, directly impacting the quality of surface and rainwater.

Aims: This study aims to investigate the impact of anthropogenic activities, particularly oil industry operations, on environmental quality in the Oyigbo Local Government Area (L.G.A.), Rivers State, Nigeria, focusing on evaluating heavy metals in water sources affected by gas flaring and petroleum production.

Study Design: This is an environmental quality assessment study, utilizing geochemical and geospatial analysis of water to determine the distribution and impact of heavy metals.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Oyigbo L.G.A., Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria, within a duration of 275 days.

Methodology: A total of 41 water samples were collected, including 34 rainwater and 7 river water samples. The concentrations of four key heavy metals, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn), were analyzed. Two indices, the Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), were calculated to assess the environmental impact of these metals. Geospatial distribution analysis was performed to identify contamination hotspots. The geospatial analysis involved mapping the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) at various locations using ArcGIS 10.4 and Microsoft Excel.

Results: Pb levels in rainwater ranged from 0.11 to 2.42 mg/L, with locations like Atata and Okoloma Market, showing concentrations far exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 0.01 mg/L. River samples also had high Pb levels, peaking at 1.21 mg/L. Cu, Cd, and Zn concentrations were generally within acceptable limits, with Cu ranging from 0.08 to 0.43 mg/L, Cd consistently below 0.003 mg/L, and Zn between 0.018 and 2.011 mg/L.

Conclusion: The HPI identified Pb as the predominant contaminant, and the PERI classified the overall pollution risk as slight, with Pb posing the highest ecological threat. Geospatial analysis revealed Pb contamination was most severe in the northern-central and western parts, while Zn showed localized higher levels, suggesting specific pollution sources. The study highlights the urgency to address Pb contamination, posing significant risks to the area’s environmental and public health. Educating local communities on contamination risks, promoting water purification methods, and supporting ongoing research to monitor vulnerable areas will be essential for safeguarding public health and the environment.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Nurudeen Onomhoale Ahmed
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Ipoola Ajani Okunlola
Chemical and Geological Sciences Department, Al-Hikmah University, 240281 Ilorin, Nigeria.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v2/3212

Determination of Climate Change Impact on Growing Season Rainfall, Temperature and Crop Yields in Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol.2

 Climate change poses a significant threat to agriculture by modifying crop growth seasons, putting food production in jeopardy. The goal of this research is to see how climate change affects growing season rainfall and temperature on agricultural productivity. As a result, the impact of climate change on maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) yields in Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria, was investigated in this study. For a period of 30 years, rainfall and temperature data were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), and crop yield was derived from the archives of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMA) and the Agricultural Development Program (ADP), and was analysed using descriptive statistics, trend graphs, anomalies, and a regression model. As a result, the correlational research method was used. Annual mean maximum temperature increased by 0.0205 per annually, mean minimum temperature increased by 0.0143 per annum, and mean temperature increased by 0.0199 per annum, while annual growing season rainfall decreased by -0.3325 per annum. The mean temperature anomalies have been steadily increasing, particularly in the last five years (2012–2016), and rainfall anomalies have been decreasing in recent years (2007-2016). The multiple regression model revealed r2 values ranging from 0.30 to 0.89, indicating that rainfall and temperature in the states could explain 30 to 89 percent of cassava and maize yields, and the finding was significant at p0.05. It demonstrates that rainfall and temperature have a major impact on cassava and maize yields. The findings suggest a rise in temperature and a drop in growing season rainfall, both of which require immediate action because people in this part of Nigeria rely heavily on rainfall for agricultural purposes. For the country's long-term food security, it is advised that the government and private sector collaborate on agricultural irrigation and water borehole drilling, as well as raising farmer understanding of climate change challenges.

Author(s) Details:

Susan I. Ajiere,
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Moses Okemini Nwagbara,
Department of Soil Science and Meteorology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Abia State, Nigeria.

Nwaerema Peace,
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V2/article/view/5949

Antimalarial Activity of the Extracts of VernoniaAmygdalina Commonly Used in Traditional Medicine in Nigeria: An in vitro Study| Chapter 11 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 13

 In the tropics and subtropics, malaria is a serious infectious illness. Antimalarial drug resistance in P. falciparum has required the quest for new antimalarial agents. Vernoniaamygdalina, a plant used by traditional healers to cure malaria and other ailments, was tested in vitro against 14 fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Damboa, Borno State, Nigeria. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effectiveness of the extracts were also investigated. In comparison to controls, schizont development was significantly slowed.(The significance level is set at 0.05). The antimalarial activity of ethanolic extract was 78.10 percent with an IC50 of 11.2 g/ml, while aqueous extract was 74.02 percent with an IC50 of 13.6 g/ml. The antimalarial activity of both extracts was moderate. The extracts were shown to be non-toxic in rats and to have a high level of anti-inflammatory action. This research backs up the plant's long-standing use in malaria treatment. To isolate, identify, and characterise the active components in the plant, more research is required.

Author (S) Details

K. K. Sha’a
College of Science and Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2146, Yola, Nigeria and University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria.

S. Oguche
Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

I. M. Watila
Department of Paediatrics, State Specialist Hospital, P.M.B. 1014, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

T. F. Ikpa
Department of Wildlife, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.


View Book :https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V13/article/view/2808

Soil Management Investment on Cassava Production in Oyo State, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Using cross-sectional data, this study examines soil management investment in cassava production in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State (Nigeria). Agriculture is a major economic sector in Nigeria, employing the vast majority of the population. Commercialization at the small, medium, and large scale enterprise levels is transforming the sector. Data were collected from 88 respondents using a structured questionnaire; four villages were chosen at random for the study. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive, mean, and multiple regression techniques. According to the findings, 84.1 percent of farmers were male, while 15.9 percent were female. 45.4 percent were between the ages of 21 and 30 years, 60.2 percent had 1-10 years of farming experience, and 33.0 percent had tertiary education. The most common soil management practices used by respondents were fertilizer and manure applications; 44.3 percent of farmers spent between N11,000 and N20,000 on soil management during the farming season. The regression analyses revealed that farm size and cassava output were both positively significant (= 0.203, p0.10) and (= 0.262, p0.01)1, respectively, whereas labor used was negatively significant (= -0.163, p0.01).  p0.10) to the level of soil management investment It was suggested, however, that farmers be better educated on appropriate soil management coping strategies. As a result, farmers should be encouraged by the government to improve their soil management system in order to increase productivity in the study area by providing formal credit facilities with no or low interest rates. It is suggested that policymakers assist farmers by providing agricultural credit and farm machinery at a subsidised rate, which could solve the problem of labor intensity and increase farmer productivity.

Author(s) Details

Isaac. O. Oyewo,
Federal College of Forestry (FRIN), P.M.B. 5087, Jericho Hill, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Dr. Adejare. A. Adesope
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Esther. O. O. Ladipupo-Alade
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPPSR-V1/article/view/1864

Levels and Sources of Trace Metals and TPH in Aerosol Particles in Some Cities of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Statistical Approach | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This study calculated and compared seasonal trace element levels (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, and As), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and suspended particulate matter (PM10) in aerosol particles collected in four major cities (Calabar, Eket, Aba and Port Harcourt) in the Niger delta region between July-September 2005 and January-March 2006. PM10 concentrations ranged from the lowest in Calabar, 27.72 ± 11.33 μg/m3, to the highest in Aba, 75.50 ± 25.60 μg/m3, while TPH ranged from 6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3 in Calabar to the highest in Eket, 35.95 ± 16.30 μg/m3. The results of the trace metal analysis showed that the aerosols in the air basin contain concentrations of elements (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Co and As) < 15 μg/m3 at all sites in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. In Aba and Port Harcourt, higher mean Fe concentrations (41.26 ± 9.84 μg/m3) recorded at Calabar and Zn (39.76 ± 6.15 μg/m3) and (22.91±6.26 μg/m3) were registered. The median highest TPH concentrations (35.95 ± 16.30) and (33.05 ± 16.21 μg/m3) were obtained in the dry season (January-March 2005) at Aba and Eket respectively, while the lowest mean concentration (6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3) was obtained at Calabar. Significant seasonal differences in metal concentrations with higher concentrations during the dry season were confirmed by a paired independent t-test at p ⁇ 0.05 (df = 34, n= 36). To classify the origins and their contributions to the aerosol particles, enrichment factor (EF) analysis was adopted. Our findings showed that Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, Co, and As of anthropogenic origin, in the order Port Harcourt > Aba > Eket > Calabar, were highly enriched in the atmosphere in the cities studied. Multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component and Cluster) validated the trace metal sources, as well as their local meteorological factor controls. This study provides the region's baseline information and is useful for successful monitoring of environmental pollution in Nigeria's Niger delta region.

Author (s) Details

B. O. Ekpo
Environmental and Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group (EPGR), Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 3766, Calabar, C. R., Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V1/issue/view/33

Investigating Aflatoxins in Body Fluids and Food of Nigerian Children with Protein- Energy Malnutrition | Chapter 14 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Aflatoxins are natural food crop pollutants that are involved in the pathogenesis of different human diseases. Aflatoxins are natural pollutants in food crops, including milk, meat, and dried fruit, such as cereals, oilseeds, spices, and tree nuts. Various deleterious health effects, such as hepatotoxicity, liver cancer, miscarriage, malnutrition, growth retardation and immunosuppression, have been associated with acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxins. Nearly 30% of children under 5 years of age in Nigeria are malnourished[12], but research indicating a potential role for aflatoxin in PEM were focused solely on the discovery of high aflatoxin concentrations in autopsy lung, kidney and liver specimens of children who died of kwashiorkor. The goal of this study was to determine the associations between aflatoxins and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nigerian children with PEM by measuring aflatoxins in serum, urine and food. A cross-sectional study of 79 children with PEM (kwashiorkor n=36, marasmic kwashiorkor n=29 and marasmus n=13) and 33 healthy controls, matched by age and sex, was conducted in 3 agro-ecological regions of Nigeria (Guinea savannah, Sudan savannah and Rainforest) where aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 were measured in serum, urine and platelet food. The detection rates of aflatoxin among healthy controls were higher in the Guinea Savannah (72.2 percent) than in the Sudan Savannah (53.8 percent), although statistically insignificant. In comparison to dietary classes, aflatoxin identification concentrations were higher in patients with marasmic kwashiorkor (93.1%) and kwashiorkor (88.9%), compared with marasmus (76.9%) and controls (63.6%, p=0.013). The B1 aflatoxin detection rates followed a similar pattern, i.e. Marasmic Kwashiorkor (82.4%), Kwashiorkor (69.4%), Marasmus (53.8%), and controls (42.4%, p=0.007). M2 had the highest detection rates in all patient groups and controls of all forms of aflatoxins detected in serum. The median concentrations of aflatoxins detected in serum in each PEM group were significantly higher than in the control group, but there were no statistically meaningful comparisons between the PEM groups. The frequency and concentrations of aflatoxins found in urine and food were not statistically different in the PEM and control groups. However as opposed to PEM patients, the controls had the lowest serum/urine aflatoxin ratio as well as the lowest median aflatoxin concentrations in their food. In conclusion, aflatoxins are commonly found in Nigerian children's body fluids and food, but more often and at higher concentrations in PEM children, likely due to reduced excretion or increased exposure. If aflatoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of all forms of PEM and not necessarily kwashiorkor alone, future prospective studies are desirable to evaluate.

Author(s) Details

Prof. G. C. Onyemelukwe
Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria.

D. Ogoina
Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria.

G. E. Ibiam
Department of Boichemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

G. H. Ogbadu
Department of Boichemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/331

Critical Study on Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis among Antenatal Patients at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, South East Nigeria| Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of child-bearing age is bacterial vaginosis (BV). Of these women, about half are asymptomatic. Adverse effects are consistently associated with pregnancy and puerperium bacterial vaginosis. In order to analyze the prevalence, this study involved recruiting 230 participants and screening them for BV using the Amsel criteria. Identification and care of these women is hoped to help avoid any of the BV-associated sequela. Vaginal microflora restoration by treating reported BV cases would also help reduce the transmission of HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) as their replication and vaginal shedding are propagated by BV. Two hundred and thirty women were tested for BV in the age group of 16 to 40 years. All the participants showered, often using soap and water. Based on Amsel's criterion, 55 women (23.9 percent) had BV. The highest prevalence of BV (51.9 percent) was in women with only one sexual partner. An significant first step in preventing BV and encouraging its diagnosis and treatment would be to raise awareness of bacterial vaginosis among our pregnant females and their health care providers. It will also be an important first step in the prevention of BV sequela during pregnancy and in the time of puerperium.

Author (s) Details

Obiora Godfrey Asiegbu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria

Uzoma Vivian Asiegbu
Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.

Blessing Onwe
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.

Amobi Bobbie Chukwujioke Iwe
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria


View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/323

Widow′s Peak Scalp-hair Anomaly among the Yorubas in Nigeria | Chapter 17 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Introduction: The purpose of this scholarly work was to determine the preponderance among the Yorubas in Nigeria of the widow 's peak. Materials and Methods: This inquiry followed a cross-sectional descriptive survey technique and made use of the form of data and direct observation. 290 subjects and multistage sampling were included in the inquiry. An examination of the forehead of each subject was conducted to investigate the presence of the widow 's peak with a bright light. For the descriptive statistics and the use of chi-square tests to recognise the correlation between gender and distribution of widow 's peak, the records obtained were anatomized with simple frequency percentage. The Social Sciences Statistical Package ( SPSS) version 23 was used in the bid to anatomize the statistics. Any p-value not as high as 0.05 has been considered important. Results: 189 males and 195 females were scrutinised in total. In 19% and 13% of males and females , respectively, Widow's peak was found. The value of the chi-square is 2.315, the degree of freedom (df) = 1 and p is 0.125. There is also no major gender gap in the prevalence of the Widow 's peak in Nigeria among the Yorubas (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Among the Yorubas in Nigeria, Widow 's peak is not prevalent.

Author(s) Details

E. Anibor
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

 

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/296

Ameliorating the Impact of Caregiving through Supporting Family Caregivers of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Calabar, Nigeria | Chapter 4 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.4

 

The high prevalence of HIV in Nigeria and the degree of incapacitation at the terminal stage of

HIV/AIDS dictate the need for supporting family caregivers, who provide the principal informal longterm

care, to an ill or disabled family member. This paper investigated the ameliorative measures for

reducing the impact of caregiver’s burden on caregivers of people living with AIDS (PLWHA) in

Calabar, Nigeria. The study utilized a mixed method with convergent design and purposive sampling

technique guided the recruitment and data collection processes. About 260 participants were recruited

in the study and SPSS Version 16.0 and NVivo8 software were used for data analysis. Finding

revealed a high level of burden which was supported by physical, social, emotional and financial

burden themes. Limited support in reference to financial assistance, paucity of information on practical

and coping skills, emotional support and lack of physical help with caregiving. A significant

relationship (Chi-square value of 25.1, P< 0.05) between availability of support and caregivers burden

was obtained. With about 130,000 new HIV infection in Nigeria, more family members will take–up

caregiving role without adequate preparation to ameliorate caregiver’s burden. The development of

policies by Government which address the relief of the burden should be promulgated as well as the

institution of counseling services by national and international health organizations.

Author (s) Details

Ekaete Francis Asuquo

Department of Nursing Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Prisca Adejumo

Department of Nursing Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Margaret I. Akpan

Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

P. A. Akpan-Idiok

Department of Nursing Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/248

Highlights on the Inflammatory Bowel Disease, a Rare or under Diagnosed Disease in Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 4

Six Nigerians, consisting of 5 females and 1 male with confirmed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were recruited from a tertiary institution and two private hospitals in Lagos into this study from January 2001 to January 2014. Their ages at the time of first visit ranged from 27 to 65 years. They all had repeated bouts of bloody mucoid stools and abdominal pain plus or minus tenesmus requiring admission and fluid replacement. One of the cases even showed a total reversal of barium enema findings after the follow up treatment of oral sulphasalazine and prednisolone given. The four females and the male have remained relatively symptom free up to the time of their last visit in the follow up clinic, while one of the females was lost to follow up. This is a prospective case series that highlights the need for a high index of suspicion to make a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in an environment where the reported incidence is low. Its diagnosis requires a team approach between the gastroenterological surgeon, radiologist, gastroenterologist Physician and a sub-specialized pathologist. 

Author(s) Details

 Mobolaji Oludara
Department of Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria and Department of Surgery, Formerly Chief Consultant Surgeon, Eko Hospital Lagos, Nigeria.

Rachael Akinola
Department of Radiology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Abiodun Popoola
Department of Radiology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Samira Makanjuola
Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212

Experience with Oral Contraceptive Pills at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Southern Nigeria | Chapter 12 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 2

Background: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are one of the most widely prescribed forms of hormonal contraception. They are most popular non-surgical effective method of contraception.  Objective: This study is aimed at reviewing the prevalence rate, the yearly trend of OCP use and socio-demographic features of the acceptors of oral pills at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective study in which records of acceptors of oral contraceptive pills in the family planning unit of RSUTH from 1st January, 2008 to 31st December, 2017 were reviewed. Data collated were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM version 25.0 (Armonk, NY). Results: There were 1893 contraceptive acceptors during the study period. Out of which 86 (4.5%) accepted the oral pills. The mean age of the clients was 30.4 SD 6.92. Majority of the clients 66 (76.8%) were between the age range of 20 to 34 years. Over half 48 (55.8%) of the acceptors were multiparous women. Majority of the acceptors of oral pills 82 (95.3%) were Christians and had formal education respectively. The commonest source of information on the use of oral contraceptive pills was from clinical personnel, accounting for 36 (41.8%). There was a downward trend in the use of OCP during the study period. Conclusion: Oral contraceptive method was mostly used by young, multiparous and educated women. The rate of acceptance of oral contraceptive pills in our centre was 4.5%. As such, concerted efforts should be made to increase the uptake of oral pills in the family planning unit of the hospital.

Author(s) Details

Dr. E. I. Nonye-Enyidah
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Dr. F. C. C. Wekere
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Dr. R. Donubari
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/190

Recent Study an Evaluation of the GrowthMaximizing Size of Government Expenditure in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Current Strategies in Economics and Management Vol. 2

There has been a significant expansion in the size of government expenditure in most economies around the world. Many studies have shown that there is a negative relationship between government size and economic growth after a certain point of government participation in the economy is reached. This study, therefore, examines the optimal size of government (measured by overall government spending as a percentage of GDP) that maximizes economic growth in Nigeria between the periods 1985-2014. The overall results suggest that the optimal level of government spending is 17% according to the Scully log-linear model and 24% according to the quadratic model making a conclusive range of 17%-24%. The paper concludes that further expansion in the size of government, proxied by government expenditure, is encouraged for improved growth since current spending is below the range suggested by the result of the analysis. However, the study may not boost of same outcome if government expenditure is disaggregated and the government size is measure by the revenue generated.

Author(s) Details 

Ikechukwu Kelikume
Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.

Faith A. Alabi
University of Benin, Benin-city, Nigeria.

Korede Ajogbeje
Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/185

An Approach of Nigeria Consumption Function – An Empirical Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis | Chapter 9 | Current Strategies in Economics and Management Vol. 2

Consumption plays a significant role in determining the size of the multiplier and the dynamic effects of the economy shock. It also constitutes the largest component of the aggregate expenditure of an economy. As a result, economists have propounded theories in a bid to explain the determinants of consumption. These theories include the absolute income hypothesis by Keynes, relative income hypothesis (RIH) by Duesenberry, permanent income hypothesis (PIH) by Friedman, and the lifecycle hypothesis (LCH) by Modigliani. The objective of this study is to test the performance of the PIH as a description of consumption expenditure in the Nigerian economy using annual time series data over the period 1980-2015. Using the Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and the Adaptive Expectation Model (AEM) the study found that there exist a long-run relationship between consumption and income thus suggesting that consumption function under the PIH holds for the Nigerian economy.

Author (s) Details

Ikechukwu Kelikume
Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.

Faith A. Alabi
University of Benin, Benin-city, Nigeria.

Friday Osemenshan Anetor
University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/185

The Tooth Occlusion Pattern among the Emai People in Edo State, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Emerging Issues in Science and Technology Vol. 4

Introduction: The aspiration of this academic work was to determine the tooth occlusion pattern among the Emai People in Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This scrutiny arrogated a descriptive cross-sectional survey method and intricated the use of data form and direct observation. The scrutinization involved 290 subjects and multistage sampling. Tooth occlusion pattern were categorized following the fourfold models. Participants were regarded as owning any of these: Edge to edge bite, mild overbite, severe overbite and negative overbite. Data were elaborated with the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 18. Inferential statistics involved the use of chi-square test, and P-value < 0.05 was termed significant. Results: The frequency of mild overbite was seen as the highest (male = 21.02%, female = 29.30%) which was followed by edge to edge bite (male = 20.34%, female = 23.10%). Severe overbite was observed more in females and negative overbite was observed more in males (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The tooth occlusion pattern of the the Emai People in Edo State, Nigeria has been elucidated.  

Author(s) Details

Dr. E. Anibor 
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.  

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/184

Research on Degradation and Sustainable Practices for Forest Resources in Plateau State, Nigeria | Chapter 13 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 2

Aims: The study was carried out to determine the causes of degradation and sustainable practices for forest and its resources in Plateau state of Nigeria. Study Design: Descriptive survey research design. Place and Duration of Study: Kanke, Langtang, Quan Pan, Shendam and Wase Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Plateau State, between July 2013 and April 2014. Methodology: The study was guided by two research questions while the population was made up of local forest users. Stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a sample size of 500 local forest users. The instruments for data collection were a structured questionnaire and a structured interview guide. The reliability of the questionnaire instrument was established using Cronbach alpha technique and a co-efficient of 0.81 was obtained. Frequency and simple percentage were used to answer the research questions and to interpret the results.  Results: The study found 8 out of 12 causes of degradation and 13 out 14 adoptable sustainable practices for forest and its resources in the study area. Conclusion: The implementation of the identified sustainable practices for forest and its resources in Plateau state is necessary to help save and improve on the remnant forest in the state.

Author (s) Details

M. E. Ikehi
Department of Agricultural Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. 

View Book: -  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/172

Research on Musculoskeletal Complications of Sickle Cell Anaemia and Their Management Approaches in Makurdi, Nigeria | Chapter 15 | Emerging Research in Medical Sciences Vol. 4

Background: Musculoskeletal complications are responsible for up to 80% of indications for presentation to the hospital by sicklers during their life time. It is important to know when to expect the complications and the treatment options available. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving all sickle cell anaemia patients treated between June 2012 and May 2017 at Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), Makurdi, Nigeria. The data collected included age, sex, complications, anatomic site, stage of disease and treatment. Data obtained were analyzed using the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc; Chicago, Illinois) and presented as frequencies (%) and mean values (SD) as appropriate, P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Thirty one out of 85 sicklers presented with 53 musculoskeletal complications giving a prevalence rate of 36.4%.There were 18 males and 13 females with mean age of 14.2±1.03 years. Those ≤ 20 years had more complications than those 21 years and above, P=0.0001. The femur was involved in 20(37.7%) and avascular necrosis 17(20.1%) was the most common complication followed by septic arthritis 13(15.3%) and chronic osteomyelitis 8(9.4%). The mean Haemoglobin concentration 7.5±0.5 mg/dl of the patients with AVN was higher than those without it, P=0.02. Conservative treatment was employed in treatment of 40(75.7%) of the complications while others had arthrotomies and arthroplasties. Conclusion: Avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are the most common orthopaedic complication among sicklers in Makurdi. They occur predominantly in the younger age group and many are amenable to conservative treatment.

Author (s) Details
Dr. Williams T. Yongu 
Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. Itodo C. Elachi 
Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. Daniel D. Mue
 Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. Joseph N. Kortor 
Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. Joseph Orkuma 
Department of Hematology, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Dr. M. Ochoga 
Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

View Book: - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/167

Pre-operative Pulmonary Assessment and Risk Factors for Post-operative Pulmonary Complications in Elective Abdominal Surgery in Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Emerging Research in Medical Sciences Vol. 4

Post-operative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are recurring causes of rising morbidity and mortality in surgeries. This study sought to evaluate pre-operative risk factors for PPCs in abdominal surgery patients in Nigeria. This was a prospective study in patients booked for surgery in 2014. Biodata, medical history, pre-operative respiratory and cardiovascular examination findings, body mass index, serum albumin, serum urea, ventilatory function, chest x-rays and oxygen saturation were obtained. The association between pre-operative variables and PPCs was determined. The pre-operative spirometry was predominantly restrictive (62%). Overall, the prevalence of PPCs was 52%. This included non-productive cough (14%), isolated productive cough (10%), productive cough with abnormal chest finding (16%), pneumonia (8%), pleural effusion (5%), ARDS (2%). Percentage predicted FEV1 and FVC were lower in participants with PPCs. (p= 0.03 and p=0.01 respectively). Pre-operative cough, shortness of breath and consolidation were associated with PPCs (p< 0.05). Post-operative respiratory rate and pulse rate in participants with PPCs were higher than the values in those without PPCs (p=0.03 and p=0.05). The prevalence of PPCs was high in this study. Preoperative cough, shortness of breath, consolidation, abnormally low percentage predicted FEV1 and FVC were associated with PPCs. 

Author(s) Details
Chinyelu Uchenna Ufoaroh
Department of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Prince Udegbunam Ele
Department of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria

Arthur Ebelenna Anyabolu
Department of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria

Emeka Hyacinth Enemuo
Department of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria.

Chiemelu Dickson Emegoakor
Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria.

Chinedu Christian Okoli
Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria

Eric Okechukwu Umeh
Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu
Department of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Imo State University, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/167