Developing a Tripartite Mechanism of Emotive Memory | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 2

Biological memory is the crux of learning, consciousness, and survival. But unlike binary computer memory, neural memory is primarily emotive, having psychic dimensions expressed as emotions. Evidence indicates that biological memory evolved from bacterial signaling, eventually to serve neural creatures. We suggest a mechanism whereby neurons employ conserved molecules and biochemical processes to elicit and encode emotive states for subsequent recall. Emotions distinguish neural intelligence (NI) from artificial intelligence (AI).

The evolutionarily conserved aspects of the chemographic tripartite mechanism for emotive memory were described. It is based on the interaction of neural cells with a surrounding lattice of anionic glycosaminoglycans (extracellular matrix (termed nECM/PNN), which serves as “memory material”. Stimulated neurons/glial cells eject metals and neurotransmitters (NTs) into their nECM/PNN, employing a “read/write” chemical code of metal-centered complexes (i.e., cognitive units of information (cuinfo)).

“Cloud computing” is characterized by data and functions distributed over multiple locales.  Thus, we meld the tripartite mechanism of memory with the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) hypothesis to detail the integration of the brain-dispersed but entangled cuinfo “cloud” to enable the recall of the experience, the basis of memory, learning, and consciousness.

 

Author (s) Details

Gerard Marx
MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel.

 

Chaim Gilon
Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v2/3997

Interrelationship between Ecological Risk Assessment with Trace Metals Levels in Surface Sediments from Fresco Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa| Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 8

 The objective of the study was to decide the trace elements concentrations in the sediments on individual hand, and in another way, to identify their main beginnings of contamination. This study will admit an updating of dossier, understanding of the origin and in consideration of contamination of these trace metals through their relating to space dispersion in the aquatic surroundings of the Fresco Lagoon. Contamination of aquatic surroundings by trace metals has been completely studied in current years, on account of the fact that metals are determined, toxic, likely to bioaccumulate, and that they encourage a risk for humans and environments.Surface sediments from Fresco Lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire) were analyzed to evaluate the contamination quality of the area. Concentrations of five picked trace metals (Pb, As, Mn, Zn, and Fe) and organic matter content were persistent in samples collected from ten (10) stations, from June 2019 to March 2020. Trace metals concentrations were driven using an ICP-OES Instrument, while the natural resources details were determined by the bulk loss on explosion. To assess the alloy pollution rank in the studied field, four pollution indications were also planned: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Degree of Contamination (DC), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Based on Igeo values, the sediments of Fresco Lagoon were in the range of clean to moderately fouled with As, but clean with Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe. The Enrichment determinants of Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Fe were: 64.22±52.32, 107.04±111.88, 227.29±203.06, 10.25±8.76, and 52.04±47.44 respectively, suggesting that the beginning of those metals was more likely to be anthropogenic. The dropping trend of advancement factors was in this manner: As > Zn > Pb > Fe > Mn. Moreover, the PLI (PLI>1) showed bigger principles at the stations closed to the city area, on account of the influence of direct external beginnings such as land runoff, and different anthropogenic inputs. There was no hazardous hazard for benthic creatures in the sediments from Fresco Lagoon when the trace alloy concentrations were compared to the debris quality guidelines. In conclusion, the findings of the current study have explained the necessity of best choice management of anthropogenic endeavors with regard to trace metals usually, and Pb and As in particular.

Author(s) Details:

Ouattara Yè Nicaise,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière de l’Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.

Trokourey Albert,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière de l’Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.

Tuo Adama Diarrassouba,
Centre de Recherches Océanologiques (CRO), 29, Rue des pêcheurs – BP. V 18 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V8/article/view/8685

Characterization of Oils Bleached with Clays Using Trace Metals, Peroxide, Acid, and Iodine Values | Chapter 2 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 9

By eliminating impurities and certain food components, edible oil bleaching is known to alter the composition of oils. The features of bleached oil are influenced by a number of factors, including the type of bleaching medium used, the bleaching temperature, and other factors. We analyse the peroxide, free fatty acid, acid, and iodine values, as well as the copper and iron content of bleached and crude oils to identify the features of edible oils bleached using smectite and kaolinite-rich clays. Even though every nation has naturally occurring clays that can be used to bleach oils, oil firms still spend a lot of money on bleaching earths. Even though many clay reserves are yet unexplored, more than US$ 700,000 is spent in Uganda alone each month. This research examined the trace metal composition, peroxide, acid, iodine, and free fatty acid contents of bleached and unbleached cotton-seed and sunflower seed oils. It was determined that the bleached oils were suitable for human consumption. Since silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide are ubiquitous minerals, clays are generally referred to as alumino-silicates. Clays are either kaolinites or smectites, however to bleach edible oils, montmorillonites or bentonites are used. Of all the bleached oils, the bleached oils had the most iron content decrease. The element with the least change was copper. When Kajansi clay was leached in 20% acid, the copper level in cotton oils reduced from 0.5 ppm to 0.15 ppm, while when Chelel clay was leached under the same circumstances, the decline was from 0.5 to 0.1 ppm. Iron content in sunflower oils reduced from 1.6 to 0.2 ppm when bleached with Kajansi clay leached in 20% acid, whereas it only decreased to 0.1 ppm when bleached with Chelel clay under the same circumstances. Since oleic acid has an average value in the spectrum of acids, it is principally responsible for the acidity of sunflower oils, whereas linoleic acid corresponds to cottonseed oil. For all of the clays utilised, the amounts of free fatty acid were found to vary from 3.8 to 3.2, exhibiting no discernible increase. Bleached oils had peroxide levels ranging from 1.2 to 0.8.

Author(s) Details:

Is’harq-Zubair Mukasa-Tebandeke,

Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Uganda.

Pancras John Mukasa Ssebuwufu,

Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Uganda.

Steven A. Nyanzi,

Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Uganda.

Andreas Schumann,

Department of Geology, Makerere University, Uganda.

George W. Nyakairu,

Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Uganda.

Festo Lugolobi,

Department of Earth Sciences, Wesleyan University, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V9/article/view/7375

Characterisation of Air Pollution on Trinidad’s North-West Coast (San Fernando to Port-of-Spain) | Chapter 1 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 3

 Air pollution is a complex mixture of poisonous gases and particulates that has been described as the world's most serious environmental problem today, causing 7-10 million deaths globally per year [1,2]. Trinidad is the Caribbean's most industrialised island, with a strong energy and petrochemical economy. In addition, seasonal Sahara dust has an effect (PM2.5). The baseline levels of fine and respirable particulates (three PM size fractions), as well as trace metals in PM, are characterised in this report. During the months of March and May, gaseous contaminants and meteorological parameters were measured at four locations along Trinidad's densely populated west coast. Rural, commercial, mixed-use, and industrial land uses are represented by stations. At all four stations (n=522), annual mean levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in ambient air surpassed WHO standards for public health safety. Over 70% of the time sampled at urban and industrial sites, PM2.5 and PM10 surpass the WHO (2006) safe limit guidelines (PM2.5 is 10 g/m3, PM10 is 20 g/m3). The time of year and the position of the station were found to be the variables that influenced PM distribution and form (size fraction) according to factor analysis (land use). The industrial station had a distinct temporal trend for PM than the other three stations, with a consistent high level during the year.

Beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, and nickel were contained in excess of Canadian (Ontario) 2012 [3] levels in PM10. Since they are genotoxic carcinogens present in the smallest PM fractions, Cd and Ni were considered to pose the greatest danger to public health. CO, NH3, NO2, N2O, and C6H6 were among the gaseous contaminants of concern. The most abundant gases were nitrogen dioxide and benzene, which were found in the highest concentrations at the industrial and urban stations. Because of the large amount of industrial combustion gases in the ambient air in the Pt, NO2 exceedance averaged 89 percent (often 2-3 times the USEPA cap for public health protection). Lisa's personal space. At the urban station (Port-of-Spain), benzene exceeded public health limit values >90% of the time, and at the mixed history station, it exceeded them >80% of the time (at San Fernando). Both gases are pollutant sources resulting from combustion and vehicle emissions. The pollutant data was used to develop and validate an aggregated Air Pollution Index (R2= 0.91) that could be applied to ongoing monitoring data in four statistically validated classification tiers: Good, Normal, High, and Very High. The industrial station has the most days with "extremely high" pollutant levels, as well as the most days with "healthy" air quality. The frequency of ‘normal' to ‘high' rankings was highest at the urban station. The overall air quality was much better at the rural station, as predicted. The worst months for air quality were June-July 2015 and December-January 2016. The best choice for driving data-driven decision making and successful air pollution control is to monitor data for air quality. The baseline levels of air pollutants are sufficient justification for revising existing local legislation to provide better public health safety from excessively high ambient air pollution levels.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Himawatee Baboolal
Centre for Environmental Studies and Applied Life Sciences, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, O’Meara Campus, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago.

Dr. Derrick Balladin
Centre for Environmental Studies and Applied Life Sciences, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, O’Meara Campus, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MAGEES-V3/issue/view/53

Levels and Sources of Trace Metals and TPH in Aerosol Particles in Some Cities of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Statistical Approach | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This study calculated and compared seasonal trace element levels (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, and As), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and suspended particulate matter (PM10) in aerosol particles collected in four major cities (Calabar, Eket, Aba and Port Harcourt) in the Niger delta region between July-September 2005 and January-March 2006. PM10 concentrations ranged from the lowest in Calabar, 27.72 ± 11.33 μg/m3, to the highest in Aba, 75.50 ± 25.60 μg/m3, while TPH ranged from 6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3 in Calabar to the highest in Eket, 35.95 ± 16.30 μg/m3. The results of the trace metal analysis showed that the aerosols in the air basin contain concentrations of elements (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Co and As) < 15 μg/m3 at all sites in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. In Aba and Port Harcourt, higher mean Fe concentrations (41.26 ± 9.84 μg/m3) recorded at Calabar and Zn (39.76 ± 6.15 μg/m3) and (22.91±6.26 μg/m3) were registered. The median highest TPH concentrations (35.95 ± 16.30) and (33.05 ± 16.21 μg/m3) were obtained in the dry season (January-March 2005) at Aba and Eket respectively, while the lowest mean concentration (6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3) was obtained at Calabar. Significant seasonal differences in metal concentrations with higher concentrations during the dry season were confirmed by a paired independent t-test at p ⁇ 0.05 (df = 34, n= 36). To classify the origins and their contributions to the aerosol particles, enrichment factor (EF) analysis was adopted. Our findings showed that Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, Co, and As of anthropogenic origin, in the order Port Harcourt > Aba > Eket > Calabar, were highly enriched in the atmosphere in the cities studied. Multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component and Cluster) validated the trace metal sources, as well as their local meteorological factor controls. This study provides the region's baseline information and is useful for successful monitoring of environmental pollution in Nigeria's Niger delta region.

Author (s) Details

B. O. Ekpo
Environmental and Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group (EPGR), Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 3766, Calabar, C. R., Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V1/issue/view/33