Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Clinical Implications and Interventions |Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 5

 

Cognitive dysfunction is increasingly recognised as a core and disabling component of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), extending beyond affective symptoms to significantly impairing everyday functioning. While traditional research has largely focused on mood disturbances, growing evidence indicates that deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning are highly prevalent and often persist even during symptomatic remission. Such impairments contribute substantially to poor psychosocial and occupational outcomes and represent an important determinant of long-term prognosis.

 

This chapter provides a comprehensive narrative review of the patterns and mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in MDD, integrating findings from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Evidence from the literature indicates that clinically significant cognitive impairment affects approximately half of individuals with MDD, with residual deficits frequently observed following remission of mood symptoms. Among cognitive domains, impairments in executive function, processing speed, and memory demonstrate moderate effect sizes and show strong associations with functional disability and reduced quality of life.

 

The chapter further examines underlying neurobiological and neurophysiological mechanisms, including dysregulation within prefrontal–limbic circuits, hippocampal alterations, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity, and abnormalities in event-related potentials such as prolonged P300 latency. Clinical implications are discussed, emphasising the importance of routine cognitive assessment and the integration of targeted cognitive interventions alongside standard treatment approaches. Finally, future directions for research and clinical practice are outlined, highlighting the need for individualised cognitive remediation strategies to optimise functional recovery in individuals with MDD.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sharma S
Department of Physiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Partap Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302033, India.

 

Kacker S
Department of Physiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Partap Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302033, India.

 

Saboo N
Department of Physiology, RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Partap Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302033, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v5/6939

Developing a Tripartite Mechanism of Emotive Memory | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 2

Biological memory is the crux of learning, consciousness, and survival. But unlike binary computer memory, neural memory is primarily emotive, having psychic dimensions expressed as emotions. Evidence indicates that biological memory evolved from bacterial signaling, eventually to serve neural creatures. We suggest a mechanism whereby neurons employ conserved molecules and biochemical processes to elicit and encode emotive states for subsequent recall. Emotions distinguish neural intelligence (NI) from artificial intelligence (AI).

The evolutionarily conserved aspects of the chemographic tripartite mechanism for emotive memory were described. It is based on the interaction of neural cells with a surrounding lattice of anionic glycosaminoglycans (extracellular matrix (termed nECM/PNN), which serves as “memory material”. Stimulated neurons/glial cells eject metals and neurotransmitters (NTs) into their nECM/PNN, employing a “read/write” chemical code of metal-centered complexes (i.e., cognitive units of information (cuinfo)).

“Cloud computing” is characterized by data and functions distributed over multiple locales.  Thus, we meld the tripartite mechanism of memory with the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) hypothesis to detail the integration of the brain-dispersed but entangled cuinfo “cloud” to enable the recall of the experience, the basis of memory, learning, and consciousness.

 

Author (s) Details

Gerard Marx
MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel.

 

Chaim Gilon
Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v2/3997

“Memory is Identity”, Probing into a Persistent Barnesian Obsession: Narrative Art and Ethical Implications | Chapter 1 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 7

 Most of the fictional and nonfictional works by Julian Barnes deal with identity-related memory. Traditionally, memory has been the most important criterion of personal identity. The Barnesian assertion that “memory is identity and identity is memory” pertains to the statement that memory presupposes personal identity and vice versa, since it is the memory that convinces us that we are the same person as who we were, say, 20 years ago. By raking up the theme of memory, we are led to some interesting discoveries about the author’s persistence in his postmodernist literary investigation into the nature of narrative art and the ethical implications thereof. A logical development is expected to be found between the two through close textual analysis, so as to reveal aspects of his unique moral concern.

Author(s) Details:

Ni Li,
School of Foreign Languages, Wuhan University of Technology, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V7/article/view/13934

Locke and Personal Identity | Chapter 6 | Recent Research Advances in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1

 John Locke reviews the idea of a distinct self and the maintenance of consciousness following in position or time death. The definition of a private identity across period is provided. Insofar as it is feasible, aforementioned a criteria describes the necessities that must be met orderly for people to survive. According to John Locke, cognitive continuity decides one's personal correspondence. He believed that the foundation of individual's personal similarity, or "self," was awareness, namely memory, rather than the entity of either the soul or the body. We endure in this essay, that the criterion of private identity for Locke is not thought but consciousness. Therefore, for Locke, memory rest on knowledge of the alike consciousness.

Author(s) Details:

Carlos João Correia,
University of Lisbon, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAASS-V1/article/view/12354

Could Artificial Neurons Create a Neural Plasticity of Their Own? | Chapter 8 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 2

This stage explores the tenants of organic neurons and their plasticity. It before proceeds with an study of artificial neurons and the potential for pretended neural plasticity. Artificial affecting animate nerve organs plasticity is before placed within the circumstances of strategic thinking. A conceptual foundation is then tried. Neural plasticity is the brain’s ability to restructure allure performance and function along organic, chemical, and material lines. It is the source of structural changes in intelligence functions and performance. It could be working but it could also be fundamental. The process is driven by three forces: learning, knowledge and memory or on account of trauma. It is created all the while different chapters of an individuals’ life opportunity. Early childhood designs a core and subsequent growth phases enhance and complement this gist. Current work on machine intelligence attempts, more frequently than not, to simulate human intelligence process. Those include affecting animate nerve organs plasticity. And the question could stand: could an affected neurons system or group of systems expand their own neural plasticity?  And by what method and for what purpose?The item could provide a progress in the question whether AI commit progress to the so called “self-awareness” development. Self-awareness adopts a measure of neural plasticity, a fundamental measure of a fully developed AI.

Author(s) Details:

M. S. S. El Namaki,
VU School of Management, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V2/article/view/11639

Immune Cell Functions in Human SARS-COV-2 Virus Pneumonia | Book Publisher International

 Covid-19 universal spread in almost all, all over the earth countries. Millions have happened affected and millions withered. The situation necessitate worldwide efforts of healing internists epidemiologists, immunologist, and vaccine technologist. Four main preventive cure versions were appropriate in hand for human mass immunization within one period after the universal spread. So far concerning immunology of the disease. Scientists early in the universal starts to assess humoral immunity appropriate for sero-diagnosis and sero-healing of the disease as well as inviting and still tempting to developing the covid-19 right preventive vaccines. Currently, container and lymphocyte immunologists take the forefront position in covid-19 research. They articulate cellular immunology, flow cytometery, alone cell RNA sequencing, mass transcriptomics, proteomics and container –cell bury-actomics for tracing lymphocyte immunotypes and the allied container type interactions. As well as their parts in; the pathogenesis, immune-pathogenesis, and disease effect prediction.The objective of the present book was putting onto the; growth, biology, molecular study of animal, immuno-typing of immune containers and their roles in covuid-19.In which new  information were collected, resolved and formatted as series of opinion documents. Lymphoid, lympho-myeloid and myeloid cell lineages for lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes in addition to their mature forms are forming the backbone of human and carnal immune system. The function of the invulnerable system is for the most part to recognize and destroy external invaders by way of a tripartite responses as; inherited, immune cross-roads and adjusting immune reactions. Immune cells the subject of the present book were filling a place these three immune system weaponry. The book is intended to  aid for immunology students, researchers and well-being professions.

Author(s) Details:

Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa,
Professor Emeritus, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim and HIlla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ICFHSVP/article/view/8900

Application of Chaos Theory, Thermodynamics and AI in the Analysis of the Behavior of Complex Systems | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 3

 This division is devoted to the hypothetical and practical facets of the application of chaos theory. The objects of research are involved nonlinear information arrangements. Methods for studying the performance of multidimensional nonlinear facts systems operating within the foundation of the Open System are presented. It concede possibility be noted that the physics of open structures develops a united approach to the description of a wide type of non-linear experiences. Using the achievements of aforementioned scientific fields as theory of randomness, thermodynamics, visual thinking and artificial intelligence, it is likely to discover secret patterns and additional information when studying aforementioned complex systems. In studies of the dynamics of complex methods, various characteristic signs are used. To study the incident processes of a dynamic arrangement in time, Poincare return times, Lyapunov exponents, Tsallis deterioration, fractal dimensions of bureaucracy, stability limits, etc. are used. In the ending part of the chapter, all these educational characteristic indicators of bureaucracy under study are projected to be secondhand for the input layer of the Recurrent Neural Network of the open ocean Learning Artificial Intelligence algorithm. The issues of imagination of measurement results and sciences concerned with information using the "Visual Thinking" science are considered. In the examples likely, due attention command a price of to the issues of modern imagination, which is the support for the implementation of the "Visual Thinking" science in research activities. The analysis of optical information distinguishing the dynamics of the limits of the system substitute will increase the speed of assessing its conduct, as well as the lawfulness of the decisions fashioned on its control.

Author(s) Details:

Bahram Ismailov,
Department of Instrument Engineering, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V3/article/view/8590

Histrionic Personalities in the Everyday Life and in Power: An Approach towards Interaction an Psychological Characteristics | Chapter 10 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 8

 

The most salient psychological characteristics of histrionic personalities, as well as the intricacies of their behaviour and thought in the condition of social normalcy, are discussed in this work. Histrionic personalities, like everyone else, aspire to be respected by others, achieve financial success, and get social recognition. The study focuses on the histrionic personality who aspires to power and has leadership characteristics. Psychological defence mechanisms, excessive suppression, typical motivations, self-esteem, and goals of histrionic personalities, as well as peculiarities of their conscience, memory, and behaviour in intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts, are all detailed. In psychotherapy and everyday life, the author proposes the most acceptable approaches to connect with these types of exaggerated personalities.

Author(S) Details

Reshetnikov Mikhail
The Meritorious Scientist of the Russia, The East-European Psychoanalytic Institute (University), St. Petersburg, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V8/article/view/4774

Study on Unexpected Bioenergetic Function of Neuromelanin. Implications in the Biology of Learning and Memory | Chapter 8 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 Progressional most recent The most common symptom of Alzheimer's disease is memory loss. Due to the highly complex mechanisms by which the Central Nervous System stores and organises daily interactions, evolved over 4 billion years of evolution, there is no clear or consistent explanation yet; therefore, learning and memory are poorly understood bio-logical processes. The discovery of melanin's previously unknown intrinsic property of converting light into chemical energy through water dissociation, similar to chlorophyll in plants; opens up a whole new world in terms of how the CNS generates and distributes chemical energy, transporting it through molecular hydrogen provided by the substantia nigra of the mesencephalon and other pigmented structures. Despite decades of study, the mechanisms by which humans modify their actions through learning and memory remain a mystery. However, the unexpected function of first-order melanin molecule bioenergetics, which is very different from chlorophyll and glucose, suggests that studying the fascinating processes involved in learning and memory on multiple levels is essential. The analysis of the generation and distribution of energy neuro-melanin-releasing to the entire brain should be the first step. While glucose is the universal precursor of all organic matter in our bodies, it is incapable of providing the energy required for its own metabolism. In this article, we clarify how hydrogen molecular (H2) -gas-, which results from the dissociation of water by neuro melanin, moves from its source and permeates easily through the different structures of the Central Nervous System, as well as being the smaller atom, does not combine with water, moves from its source and permeates easily through the different structures of the Central Nervous System. following the rules of basic diffusion as they pass through it. Since molecular hydrogen is the primary carrier of energy in nature in the world, once neuro melanin removes it from water, it loses its valuable cargo of energy as well as its remarkable antioxidant capacity to reduce oxygen and shape water.

Author (s) Details

Arturo Solis Herrera
Human Photosynthesis® Research Center, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Ruth I. Solis Arias
Human Photosynthesis® Research Center, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/840

Emphasizing the Dream and the Cave Allegory in the Work of Novalis Henry of Ofterdingen | Chapter 3 | Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 1

 The subject of this article is, according to the interpretation of the philosopher and cultural critic Walter Benjamin, the novel Henry of Ofterdingen by the Romantic poet Novalis and the allegorical aspects of the dream and the cave. We come across the figure of a traveller and his journey away from daily worries/ concerns in Novalis' work. The hero bears the name of a legendary and historical figure of the German Middle Ages, Henry of Ofterdingen, the great poet and Minnesinger, suggesting the ability of the author to blend past, legendary or real facts with current and future facts. The power of dreaming resides in the revelation of the potential personal direction of the hero. It is a journey from a vaguely canny young man to a poet: "By nature, Henry was a poet." In order to support his growth, several occurrences seemed to conspire, and yet nothing had disrupted the elasticity of his soul.

Author(s) Details

Anastasia Chournazidi

Department of German, Faculty of Philology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/296

Vicente Blasco Ibañez: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, the Civil War of Europeans as a Cultural Struggle and the First Worldwide Plague | Chapter 8 | Arts and Social Studies Research Vol.3

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, a novel about the First World War, was written in 1916 by the
Spanish author Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Ibáñez was a liberal intellectual and opponent to German
militarism and the Dinasty of Austria, whose kings were been intolerant and retrograde during its rule
of Spain in the Seventeenth Century. This study explores the imperialist, militarist and cultural
tensions of the Great War through Ibáñez’s novel. The formation of blocks of alliances and the
capture of rich territories, according to Lenin, translated into the juxtaposition of the German Reich—
represented historically by old Germania and the current German Empire fighting for European
supremacy—with the Latinity of Ancient Rome and the contemporary French Republic. This cultural
and ideological struggle is reflected in the novel’s characters and dialogue. Ibáñez suggests that the
1914 confrontation arose from the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. In the novel, the conflict is typified in
two opposing novelistic characters, a German and a Frenchman, who immigrate to Argentina, in
South America, to escape war and poverty. Both return to their countries of origin rich and related to
each other, having married the daughters of a rich landlord, Madariaga, although his sons have
become cousins and nephews and they face each other from opposite sides of the battlefield. World
War I is an irresistible force the magnitude of which draws together all the characters, Ibáñez was
absorbed in narrating the first year of the war, when France suffered bitter defeats, and writing about
this ongoing event led to his success in the USA, where he maintained the appreciation of the public
by quickly creating a film version of the novel.

Author(s) Details

José Maurício Saldanha-Álvarez
Cultural Studies and Media Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/223

Multifactorial Cognitive Training can Slow down the Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer Patients: Advanced Study | Chapter 15 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent dementia in the over 70-year-old people. Among the strategies examined to slow down the progression of AD, cognitive stimulation is underexplored. Yet, numerous studies showed that at early stage of AD, the brain is still able to show plasticity. Therefore, an adapted cognitive training can be considered as an efficient tool to fight the cognitive side of the pathology.  Objective: In the present study we investigate the potential of a memory and attention cognitive training to face the cognitive deficit observed in mild to moderate AD patients (n = 12; MMSE: 22.1 ± 0.9).  Methods: We proposed a training program (15 sessions from 90 to 120 min every two weeks) using a large set of memory and attentional tasks as well as various semantic tasks. Particular attention was given to the personalization of the difficulty level and content of the tasks as well as to the minimization of errors and negative experiences. Another important aspect of the training was the involvement of the caregiver in the training process during and between the sessions.  Results: Our results show a positive impact of our training program on one memory process, i.e., the recall, and one executive ability, i.e., verbal fluency. The impact on recall highlight that a memory training using recognition as retrieval mode can help improving recall in AD patients in the early stage as we already showed it in a MCI patients. The impact on verbal fluency shows that training the manipulation of semantic material through many different tasks may improve access to the lexicon.  Conclusion: The present results bring new data showing that at early stage of the disease, an adapted cognitive training program has the potential to slow down the cognitive decline of the disease.

Author (s) Details

Béatrice Alescio-Lautier
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNSC, FR3C, Marseille, France

Bernard-François Michel
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNSC, FR3C, Marseille, France and Department of Neurological Behavior, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.

Caroline Chambon
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNSC, FR3C, Marseille, France

View Book :-  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/203