Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria | Chapter 04 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Plasmodium falciparum being one of the five species infecting humans. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of malaria, there is an emergence and spread of Artemisinin-resistant parasites, which have raised serious concerns. The increasing resistance of Plasmodium species to antimalarial drugs necessitates periodic susceptibility testing to monitor and detect resistant strains.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the Susceptibility to Antimalarial Drugs of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Methodology: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between December 2024 and April 2025. A total of 385 blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites by microscopy. Species-specific screening was done using a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). Stock and working solutions of selected antimalarial drugs were prepared using standard protocols. The parasite cultivation and its susceptibility to selected antimalarial drugs were determined using the WHO protocol. Matured schizonts were quantified. The degree of antimalarial drug inhibition of scizont maturation was determined and the drug's 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) required to prevent parasite schizont maturation, indicating resistance, was determined. Using microscopy as the gold standard, the performance of the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was compared to it using MedCalc version 22.009 statistical package (MedCalc Software Ltd. Diagnostic test evaluation calculator).

Results: Malaria prevalence by microscopy was 29.9% (95% CI = 25.34 to 34.71%) and 26.7% by RDT. The RDT had a sensitivity of 89.6% (95% CI = 82.48% to 94.49%), specificity of 100.00% (95% CI = 98.64% to 100.00%), Positive Predictive Value of 100.00% (95% CI = 96.48% to 100.00%); and Negative Predictive Value of 95.8% (95% CI = 92.94% to 97.46%). The accuracy of the RDT was 96.88% (95% CI = 94.62 to 98.38%). Six out of the 35 isolates showed 17.1% resistance to Artemether + Lumafantrine.

Conclusion: Malaria is present in the study population and is resistant to some of the antimalarial drugs in use. The need to also explore the reintroduction of Chloroquine in the treatment of malaria may also be considered since it is cheap, effective, readily available and a quick parasite clearance antimalarial drug. The need for periodic antimalarial drug surveillance to determine the efficacy of drugs in use is highly recommended.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Igbawua IN
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Ngwai YB
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Nkene IH
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Yahaya I
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Timshana E
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

IbrahimT
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6664 

Assessing the Role of Saliva and Urine in Detecting Molecular Markers of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Background: Various interventions such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, rapid diagnostic tests, and, more recently, vaccines (RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M), continue to play a crucial role in the malaria control strategy. The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take and or give blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, which are not very invasive to collect, have not been widely used for malaria diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of saliva and urine in detecting molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

Methodology: This prospective study took place at the Anonkoua Kouté Health Center and the Port-Bouët and Ayamégeneral hospitals from February to August 2015. Blood, urine, and saliva samples were collected in three different localities from 94 patients over 2 years of age with microscopically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum uncomplicated malaria. P. falciparum genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was then extracted and amplified using primers specific for the Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter), Pfdhfr (Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase) and PfK13 propeller (Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 propeller) genes. The amplification products were processed by electrophoresis and analyzed against blood, saliva, and urine samples. A multivariate statistical analysis in the R programming environment was performed. A statistical difference and/or association was considered significant if the p-value < 0.05.

Results: This study involved a comparative analysis of the amplification products of urine, saliva, and blood DNA extracts with a view to finding an alternative to blood sampling in the molecular diagnosis of malaria and the study of genetic markers of antimalarial drug resistance. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplification products of each gene detected the Pfcrt genes at 80.85% (76/94), Pfdhfr at 95.74% (90/94) and PfK13 Propeller at 98.93% (93/94) in blood. In saliva, gene detection levels were 50% (47/94), 69.14% (65/94) and 4.26% (4/94) respectively for the K13 propeller, Pfdhfr, and Pfcrt genes. Unlike the Pfcrt gene, which was not detected, 45.74% (43/94) and 38.30% (36/94) of PfK13 Propeller and pfdhfr genes respectively were detected in urine. Taking blood as the reference biological sample, statistical analysis showed that, unlike urine, saliva exhibited a detection performance for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance (pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfK13 propeller) close to that of blood (p < 0.05). The performance of saliva and urine was also assessed on the basis of the detection of the molecular markers pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 using ROC (Reciever Operational Characteristic) analysis. The data revealed a high sensitivity of saliva compared with urine in the detection of the pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 propeller genes.

Conclusion: Current malaria diagnostic tools all require blood sampling, which is still not accepted by patients. The levels of detection of molecular markers of antimalarial drugs studied in saliva are close to those in blood. Saliva is a high-performance biological product that could potentially be used as an alternative non-invasive sample for the study of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dagnogo Oléfongo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Dago Dougba Noél
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angélo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Ako Ako Ako Aristide Bérenger
Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Bla Kouakou
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Touré Offianan André
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Djaman Allico Joseph
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2519

Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Among Children in Minna, North Central, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, predominantly caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is responsible for millions of deaths annually, with children being the most affected group. The study was conducted in Minna, the capital of Niger State in North Central Nigeria, with the objective of determining the seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to P. falciparum in children. This cross-sectional study involved 93 children aged 6 months to 17 years, recruited from outpatient departments of selected healthcare facilities in Minna. Blood samples were collected for malaria parasite detection and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing. The results show a high seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against P. falciparum antigens among children in Minna, indicating widespread exposure to malaria rather than protective immunity. Additionally, the presence of IgG antibodies in microscopically negative samples further indicates the potential for submicroscopic infections, which were confirmed by PCR. Parasite density did not significantly affect IgG responses, with seroprevalence reflecting exposure intensity rather than infection severity. Furthermore, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in antibody responses across different age groups, suggesting that age does not play a significant role in the development of anti-malarial IgG responses. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) in seroprevalence was observed between males and females, indicating unequal exposure to P. falciparum between the sexes. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of IgG antibodies in malaria immunity, highlighting the complex relationship between exposure, antibody production, and protection in children from malaria-endemic regions. The study emphasizes the importance of improving diagnostic tools and the need for further research into the immune responses that could lead to better control and prevention measures.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Usman-Yamman Hadijah
Department of Public Health, Newgate University Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Dr. Eke S. Samuel
Department of Biology, Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Airforce Base, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Dr. Otuu A. Chidiebere
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

 

Prof. Omalu C. J. Innocent
Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Prof. Abubakar Abdulkadir
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v5/2902

Investigation of the Efficacy of Home-based Chloroquine Treatment on Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in under-Five Children in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 This member aims to investigate the efficiency of home-based oral chloroquine situation on Plasmodium falciparum malaria with under-five children in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. This is a cross-localized study of 93 children with and outside malaria. Malaria was recognized using microscopy of Leishman's tainted thick and thin ancestry films, P. falciparum parasitemia was determined using standard microscopy methods, and a complete blood count was acted using a Beckman Coulter Analyzer. The carcass temperature on admission was considerably lower (p < 0.05) in the control non-malaria group (36.80oC ± 0.07oC) than in the three sickness groups respectively. The mean party temperature of chloroquine treated minors with sickness was significantly lower (p < 0.05) (37.94 ± 0.30 oC) than that of teenagers presenting accompanying severe malaria (39.24±0.47 oC). Parasitemia was considerably lower (p < 0.05) in the pre-admission chloroquine doctored group (18.13% ± 0.49%) than in the non-treated plain malaria group (34.35% ± 2.75%) and severe sickness group (43.57% ± 5.49%), respectively. The average number of days before the cases were stated in the hospital was 4.80 days. The red body fluid concentration of 7.23 ± 1.01 g/dl obtained for non-doctored malaria sufferers indicates a gentle anemia, when in fact the hemoglobin concentration principles of 9.60 ± 0.51 g/dl and 10.52 ± 0.16 g/dl obtained for chloroquine acted children and control minors respectively show that the two groups of youngsters were not anemic and the principles obtained were inside the normal range. This study has demonstrated that skilled was positive impact of home-located chloroquine treatment on Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and more in agreement with a study in Jos [1], shows reduced scope of anemia in offsprings under 5 years accompanying Plasmodium falciparum in Jos Metropolis of Nigeria. Similar research reports from Tanzania [2] and Gambia [3] also illustrated that unsupervised malaria situation at home was highly productive using Home-administration of malaria (HMM) strategy. Standardization and attainable implementation of HMM need expected considered as few malaria control strategies.

Author(s) Details:

Afolabi Segun Olomu,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Ubom Gregory Abraham,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Gazuwa Yusuf Samuel,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Johnson Titilayo,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Okolo Selina Nnuaku,
Paediatrics Department, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V7/article/view/10075

Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria: Challenges and Future Prospects, a Brief Review | Chapter 13 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Malaria imposes great socio- profitable burden on humanity and account for one of the major cause of global contagious complaint. This parasitic complaint affects nearly 90- 95 countries and homes in the tropical and tropicalregions.Approximately 40 of world populationpossess a threat to contract malaria. Malaria is a major vector- borne complaint in India. Climatic diversity, expansive geographical distribution and variable malarial epidemiology in India is associated with high sponger inheritable diversity and fleetly evolving medicine resistance. Malaria presents a individual challenge to laboratories in utmost countries.

In suspected cases of malaria accurate and raid opinion is demanded. It makes some of the more sensitive styles like skill grounded conventional, luminescence grounded microscopy and PCR methodsless suitable for routine laboratoryuse.Laboratory styles that bear further than 1- 2 hour to give a clear opinion of malaria aren't considered rapid-fire tests, although they might be used for referenceprocedures.Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in developing malaria rapid-fire individual test( RDT) accoutrements for the discovery of Plasmodium species. Tests targeting HRP- 2 protein, p- LDH and Aldolase contribute to further than 90 of the malaria RDTs in current script. still, the variable particularity, perceptivity and number of false cons with or without false negatives illustrates the difficulties and challenges in view of using RDTs. The major challenges while using RDTs are inheritable variability in the Pfhrp2 gene and the continuity of antigens in the bloodstream indeed after the elimination of spongers. The unborn prospects of resolving theseminor issues associated with current RDTs with a newer generation of indispensable malaria antigen targets are being studied. colorful studies have handed effective comparisonsas well as explanation on the feasibility and clinical applicability of usingnon-microscopic styles similar as RDTs for diagnosing malaria.

Author(s) Details:

Priyanka Gupta,
Department of Microbiology, GBCM, Subharti University, Dehradun, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8502

Assessing the Clinical Profile of Malaria and It’s Complications in Magadh Zone of Bihar, India | Chapter 10 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

The goal of the current study was to assess the clinical profile and its complications that aid in early malaria recognition and prompt treatment, thereby lowering morbidity and mortality.

One of the most frequent causes of fever and other associated human misery is still malaria. It continues to be a significant burden for tropical nations despite ongoing prevention initiatives. Despite being nearly eradicated from many nations, including the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia, malaria has recently presented new challenges in terms of changing clinical profiles and management, particularly p. vivax infection, which is frequently found to cause severe malaria and, contrary to popular belief, defies early detection and timely antimalarial medication.

From the indoor and outdoor sections of the Magadh Medical College Hospital in Gaya, a total of 96 patients were enrolled. Rapid testing and a peripheral blood smear examination are used to identify malaria. A comprehensive clinical examination was conducted, and both regular and specialised lab tests were run. Current clinical features were also documented. A thorough examination was done, the right therapy was given, and frequent follow-up was done. Serious malaria was defined according to WHO standards.

54 percent were infected with vivax, 47 percent with P. falciparum, and 9 percent with mixed illness. More than 30% of individuals exhibited atypical clinical characteristics, 8.6% showed warning signals, and 31% experienced severe malaria. In contrast to common belief, P. vivax also experienced problems.

Early diagnosis is the key to reducing morbidity and death. Typical but deceptive clinical symptoms include cough, severe headache, severe myalgia, diarrhoea, stomach pain, severe arthralgia, oliguria, and malena. Unusual symptoms were seen in a large majority of the individuals in this group.

In India, different regions have different rates of malaria as well as different ratios of p. vivax and p. falciparum. P. vivax is the dominating species in the Magadh zone of Bihar. Malaria is still a significant problem for public health. P vivax's altered clinical profile and increased pathogenicity have drawn attention. Understanding these traits enables early detection and improves results.

Author (s) Details:

Pramod Kumar Sinha,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College Hospital , Gaya-823001 (Bihar), India.

S. N. Singh,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Medical College Hospital, Gaya, (Bihar), India.

Deo Chaudhary,
Department of Medicine, Anugrah Narayan Medical College Hospital, Gaya, (Bihar), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7430 

Antimalarial Activity of the Extracts of VernoniaAmygdalina Commonly Used in Traditional Medicine in Nigeria: An in vitro Study| Chapter 11 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 13

 In the tropics and subtropics, malaria is a serious infectious illness. Antimalarial drug resistance in P. falciparum has required the quest for new antimalarial agents. Vernoniaamygdalina, a plant used by traditional healers to cure malaria and other ailments, was tested in vitro against 14 fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Damboa, Borno State, Nigeria. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effectiveness of the extracts were also investigated. In comparison to controls, schizont development was significantly slowed.(The significance level is set at 0.05). The antimalarial activity of ethanolic extract was 78.10 percent with an IC50 of 11.2 g/ml, while aqueous extract was 74.02 percent with an IC50 of 13.6 g/ml. The antimalarial activity of both extracts was moderate. The extracts were shown to be non-toxic in rats and to have a high level of anti-inflammatory action. This research backs up the plant's long-standing use in malaria treatment. To isolate, identify, and characterise the active components in the plant, more research is required.

Author (S) Details

K. K. Sha’a
College of Science and Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2146, Yola, Nigeria and University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria.

S. Oguche
Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

I. M. Watila
Department of Paediatrics, State Specialist Hospital, P.M.B. 1014, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

T. F. Ikpa
Department of Wildlife, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.


View Book :https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V13/article/view/2808

Reduced Effective T Helper Responses against Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection in ex vivo: Th1, Th2 & Th17 Immune Responses | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Background: Parasitic worms evade immune responses, and interactions between diseases can result in different immunologic outcomes than single infections. These interactions could have an impact on vaccine and chemotherapeutic efficacy. Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium falciparum are co-endemic in Uganda and are the most common parasitic causes of public health problems throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum is the primary cause of malaria, and Schistosoma mansoni is one of the primary causes of intestinal schistosomiasis. Objectives: As a result, the overall goal was, Methodology: This study evaluated the T helper immune responses in individuals with independent S. mansoni infection, independent P. falciparum infection, co-infection and non-infection in school attending children in a co-endemic area along Lake Victoria shores, Uganda. Immune responses were categorized into Th1, Th2, and Th17 based on unique cytokine(s) produced by the T helper subpopulation in ex vivo. Kato Katz thick smears and circulating cathodic antigen tests were performed for S. mansoni screening, whereas thick and thin blood smear techniques were performed for P. falciparum screening. In comparison to the uninfected group, we found an upregulated Th1 T helper subpopulation in independent P. falciparum infections. Independent S. mansoni infections were found to have suboptimal T helper immune responses, with a significantly lower Th1 (Z = 1.425, p = 0.0313) response in comparison to the non-infected group. Suboptimal T helper immune responses were also observed in co-infected individuals, with significantly lower Th1 (Z = 3.260, p = 0.0273) and Th2 (Z = 1.180, p = 0.0078) responses compared to independent P. falciparum infections. S. mansoni infection is a major contributor to a decreased effective T helper immune response.

Author (S) Details

Candia Rowel
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.

Rose Nabatanzi
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Prof. Joseph Olobo
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Ann Auma
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Benon Asiimwe
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Olive Mbabazi
Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda.

Alice Bayiyana
Microbiology Department, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Annet Enzaru
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.

Edridah Tukahebwa
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V4/article/view/1691

An Evaluation and Assessment of the Effects of Insecticide-Treated Livestock Protective Fences (LPF) for Protecting Humans from Anthropophilic Mosquitoes and Malaria Transmission in a Suburb of Kumasi in the Forest Zone of Ghana | Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 The chapter investigates whether a 100 cm high livestock protective fence (LPF) protects humans from anthropophilic mosquitoes (mosquitoes that are attracted to and bite humans) and thus malaria. Four experimental segregated, half-roofed shelters with concrete floors were built to accomplish this. Each shelter was 6m x 7m in size and 500m apart from the other. Each shelter was then surrounded by a 100cm high chicken wire fence. However, only one of them was surrounded by an LPF on chicken wire at a time. Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KC) conducted this experimental study on a cattle farm called Boadi Cattle Farm. The experiment lasted for four weeks. Mosquitoes were caught twice a week using human landing catches (humans sitting down as bait to attract and catch mosquitoes). During the same night, two groups of two mosquito collectors (catchers) worked at each of the four shelters; one group collected from 18.00 hours to midnight, and the second group collected from midnight to 6.00 hours. One mosquito collector sat and collected inside the shelter, while the other sat and collected outside, about 20 meters away. A total of 6118 mosquitos were collected, including 773 Anopheles gambiae, 11 Anopheles funestus, 874 Anopheles ziemanni, and 4460 Culicinae. The number of mosquitoes caught in the shelters was analyzed, and there was no significant decrease (P = 0.30) in the number of A. ziemanni entering the LPF-enclosed shelters compared to the number of the same type of mosquito (A. ziemanni) entering the non-enclosed shelters. However, there was a significant (P = 0.0003) decrease in the number of culicines entering LPF-enclosed shelters compared to the number of the same mosquito type (culicines) entering non-enclosed shelters. However, the most efficient malaria vector, A. gambiae, was found in significantly greater numbers. entered the LPF-fenced shelters than in the non-LPF-fenced shelters (P = 0.0008)! Analysis of A. gambiae hourly biting activities revealed that at Boadi, the majority of them bite between 0100 and 0400. However, at two different locations in Anwomaso, 0.7 and 1.3 kilometers northeast of one of the shelters in Boadi, the majority of the same A. gambiae mosquitoes bit people at 11.00 hours and 0300 hours, respectively! Plasmodium falciparum infections were found in 1% of A. gambiae but not in A. ziemanni. All 47 A. gambiae s.l. samples that were randomly selected and tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were found to be A. gambiae s.s. As a result, we reach the following conclusion:

Author(S) Details

Dr. A. Abonuusum
Department of Ecological Agriculture, School of Applied Science and Art, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Box 767, Bolgatanga, Ghana.

K. Owusu-Daaku
Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology (TAB), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.

A. Benjamin
Department of Statistics, School of Applied Science and Art, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Box 767, Bolgatanga, Ghana.

B. Bauer
Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.

R. Garms
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.

T. Kruppa
Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM) Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V6/article/view/1665

An Overview of Plant-Derived Drugs in Malaria Treatment | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

Artesunate and quinine, both obtained from plants, are also used to treat acute malaria. The use of successful antimalarial drug formulations against the highly mutable parasite Plasmodium falciparum is reviewed in this brief summary.

Author (s) Details

E. Hempelmann
Department of Science in Biochemistry, University Tuebingen, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V2/issue/view/55

In silico Evaluation of Antimalarial from Bioactive Compounds of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) and Its Toxicity with Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH) and Plasmepsin (Plm) Enzymes as Targets | Chapter 8 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 2

Malaria is one of the important health problems in the world caused by intracellular obligate protozoa of the genus plasmodium. P. falciparum causes the most severe infections and the highest mortality rate. The previous in vivo and in vitro research of crude alkaloid on bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.) can prove antimalarial activity in P. Falciparum but the active compound which suitable for this activity is unknown yet. This study aims to evaluate in silico of twenty-five (25) bioactive compounds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) as an inhibitor of the PfLDH and Plasmepsin enzymes. The PfLDH enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate which is a source of energy for P. falciparum and the enzyme plasmepsin works by degrading hemoglobin to be a food source.  The method used is molecular docking with software PLANTS, YASARA, MarvinSketch, and visualization using VMD, PyMOL and YASARA. As a positive control, Hoslundal is used as a PfLDH inhibitor and Pepstatin as a Plasmepsin inhibitor. The results obtained five (5) candidates for active compounds as PfLDH inhibitors, namely cucurbitine, α-elaeostearic acid, gentisic acid, galacturonic acid and momordol with very low toxicity and there is no active compound candidates as Plasmepsin inhibitors.

Author(s) Details

Prof. Dr. Syamsudin Abdillah
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Esti Mumpuni
 Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Rima Melati
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, Indonesia.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/173