Assessing the Mathematical Model of a Passenger Railroad Car Crossing through Stochastic Technical Stability Test | Chapter 3 |Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 6

 

This article presents a definition of stochastic technical stability that was applied to test a mathematical model of a passenger railroad car crossing a turnout with a speed exceeding 160 km/h. The disturbances occurring in the track are presented in the form of the realization of a stochastic process, illustrating the change of the track gauge. The presented method can be used to study both nonlinear models with random disturbances of mechanical and electrical systems. The definition of stability makes it possible to verify Lyapunov's stability for a nonlinear system and with track disturbances. A nonlinear mathematical model of a passenger carriage was subjected to an STS test by means of motion perturbations resulting from changes in the track gauge and wheelset motion in a direction transverse to the track axis. The main aim of this paper was to determine the influence of various factors and technical conditions on the assessment of the stability of various means of transport. The analysis presented can be used to assess the dynamics of electric vehicles, whose mechanical parameters differ from those of combustion vehicles at present. The STS approach was used to determine the region of stable motion in the Lyapunov sense. To ascertain the wheelset transverse motion trajectory, simulations were run. For a single-point contact, the likelihood of discovering the wheelset in the stable motion region with respect to the rail was calculated. This is actually the wheel's only point of contact with the rail. The research findings are offered based on the conducted study.

 

Author(s) Details

Jerzy Kisilowski

47A Macedonska Street, 02-761 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Elzbieta Kowalik-Adamczyk
Transport and Mechatronics School Complex, 26-110 Skarzysko - Kamienna, Poland.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v6/579

A New Model of Hepatitis C with Cardiac Side Effects of Direct Acting Antivirals Treatment: A Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation | Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 12

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne infection that poses significant health risks, potentially leading to severe liver-related conditions such as liver failure, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and even death. It is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. Traditionally, the treatment of hepatitis C has been challenging, with few alternatives and severe side effects. However, introducing direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C. DAAs are a relatively new class of medications directly targeting the viral proteins essential for HCV replication, offering a highly effective and safe treatment option. They have shown remarkable success rates in clearing the virus from the body, leading to the eradication of the infection in the majority of patients. Despite their efficacy, DAAs are not without potential drawbacks. One area of concern is their impact on heart health. Emerging evidence suggests that DAAs can have varying effects on cardiovascular health, with some patients experiencing adverse side effects on the heart, a phenomenon known as cardiotoxicity. Therefore, we developed a mathematical model based on hepatitis C patients, demonstrating the positivity and boundedness of the system solution. We determined the equilibrium point and assessed its stability using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, confirming it as asymptotically stable. Finally, we conducted numerical simulations to evaluate these findings.

 

Author (s) Details

Chaimae EL Mourabit
Laboratory LIPIM, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), Khouribga, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco.

 

Nadia Idrissi Fatmi
Laboratory LIPIM, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), Khouribga, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco.

 

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v12/1765

Preparation and Certification of a Multicomponent Reference Material from Natural Gas Mixture by Gravimetry and Dual GC-FID/TCD System | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 6

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important sources of energy for industrial and domestic consumption in the present era because it is cheap and free from sulfur im-purities. The processed natural gas consists of methane (main constituent), ethane, propane, and hydrocarbons of heavier molecular masses as well as other gases such as nitrogen, helium, and water vapor. Therefore, accurate and precise measurement of its composition is of fundamental importance for trade reasons. To improve the quality of natural gas measurements, certified reference materials (CRMs) should be used for the calibration of measuring equipment in order to ensure the traceability of the measurement results to the SI units. In the present article, the aim was to prepare and certify a natural gas mixture composed of, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, ethane, pro-pane, iso-butane, n-butane, iso-pentane, n-pentane and n-hexane. For traceability purposes, a multi-component natural gas mixture was prepared gravimetrically as a reference material according to ISO 6142 from pure helium, hydrogen, n-pentane, i-pentane, n-butane, i-butane, propane, ethane, hexane, methane, and nitrogen. The preparation was done in two dilution steps in 5 L aluminum cylinders. The calculated mole fractions and associated uncertainties of natural gas components were verified by a dual gas chromatography system equipped with a flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector (GC-FID/TCD) in accordance with ISO 6143. The GC system was calibrated by a series of primary gas mixtures (CRMs) produced by the National Metrology Institute, NMI. The results obtained by gravimetry and by GC measurements have been checked for compatibility as required by ISO 6142 and were found in very good agreement. Details of the preparation and calculation of the mole fractions and uncertainties of all gas components are explained in this article. The produced natural gas CRM is very important for gas analytical laboratories in calibration and quality control purposes.

 

Author (s) Details

 Adel Bassuoni Shehata
Department of Chemistry, National Measurement and Calibration Center (NMCC), Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Abdulrahman Rashed Al Askar
Department of Chemistry, National Measurement and Calibration Center (NMCC), Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Najjy Hamad AlY Ami
Department of Chemistry, National Measurement and Calibration Center (NMCC), Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Abdullah Suleiman Al Owaysi
Department of Chemistry, National Measurement and Calibration Center (NMCC), Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v6/1880

Mathematical Modelling of Forestry Biomass Conservation and Wildlife Population Dynamics| Chapter 6 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 5

Researchers have proposed various mathematical models to study forest depletion caused by resource-independent industrialization (population) by considering the spatial distribution of both forest biomass and the density of industrialization within a single homogeneous habitat. In this study, a non-linear mathematical model for the conservation of forestry biomass and wildlife population is developed and examined. The model assumes that the growth rate of wildlife conservation is directly proportional to the reduction of forestry biomass caused by the wildlife population. Additionally, in modelling process, the study investigate the impact of illegal trade on both forestry biomass and wildlife populations. The model equations are studied to understand the nature and stability of equilibrium points using the theory of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and numerical simulations. Moreover, sufficient conditions for the persistence of the system are derived through differential inequalities. The analysis reveals that the depletion of forestry biomass and wildlife populations can be mitigated through effective wildlife conservation. To achieve optimal results in wildlife conservation, it is crucial to minimize the rate of governance failure.

 

Author (s) Details

Rachana Pathak
Department of Applied Science and Humanities (Mathematics), Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Manju Agarwal
Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v5/2340

Dynamics of HIV Infection of CD4+T Cells: A Fractional Approach| Chapter 1 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Contemporary Developments Vol. 5

 

The dynamics of Mathematical model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus with three non overlapping classes has been taken into consideration in this chapter. A mathematical model that calculates susceptible CD4⁺T cells, infected CD4⁺T cells and virus particles has been examined here using the fractional differential transform method(FDTM) with stability analysis. A stability of the fractional nonlinear model with Hurwitz state matrix is examined using the Lyapunov direct method. A brief review of literature for integer order as well as fractional order on mathematical biological modeling has been collected to solidify our mathematical approach to solve the proposed HIV model. A nonlinear mathematical model of differential equations has been put forward and analyzed by applying FDTM. The proposed technique gives a solution in the form convergent series as a linear combination in the form of polynomial. An infinite series solution of the system of differential equation is computed by defining fixed components with different time intervals. Furthermore, the solution calculated through FDTM ( integer order) is correlated with the solution calculated using DTM and Laplace Adomain Decomposition Method. Additionally, the graphical representation of the model is given using the fourth order Runge Kutta Method. The solution is analyzed numerically and graphically by using the software Python.

 

Author (s) Details

A. R. Meshram
Department of Mathematics, Netaji Subhashchandra Bose, College, Nanded, Maharashtra- 431601, India.

 

R. A. Muneshwar
Department of Computer Science, N.E.S. Science College, Nanded, Maharashtra- 431602, India.

 

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcscd/v5/2140

Acute Traumatic Isolated Trapeziometacarpal Joint Subluxation: A Case Report and Literature Review |Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 12

The trapeziometacarpal joint (TMCJ) is a biconcave–convex saddle joint that is composed of the first metacarpal bone (1^st MC_ and the trapezium. It allows a wide range of motion and multidirectional movement of the thumb. TMCJ of the thumb is an unstable joint anatomically and depends on the integrity and normal functionality of the ligaments to prevent dislocation. Dislocation or subluxation of the trapezio-metacarpal joint generally appears more often as injuries accompanied by intraarticular fracture of the base of the first metacarpal or trapezium. Isolated dorsolateral subluxation of the trapeziometacarpal joint appears more often with osteoarthritis of the joint rather than as a traumatic lesion and is an unstable injury because the ligaments of the joint present some degree of impairment. Suspicions to diagnose the injury and precocious therapeutic management avoid complications, which lead to impairment of hand function quality. Therapeutic procedures for TMCJ dislocation are controversial in the literature. The aim of this study is to present a case of a 28 year-old man, who after a direct impact with a heavy object (hummer) over the base of the thumb, presented in the emergency department with an anterolateral subluxation of trapeziometacarpal joint and based on this case, to recall the modalities of the adequate treatment of the respective injury in literature. The patients reported pain on the base of the TMCJ, especially during motion of the thumb and swelling. Clinical examination revealed a painful trapeziometacarpal joint during range of motion and signs of partial instability. It was decided on an open treatment with scope to examine the capsuloligamentous complex of the trapeziometacarpal joint. Passive exercises and manual therapy were performed initially to increase soft tissue flexibility and the range of motion. Mobilization enhances the earlier recovery of mobility and return to the previous level of daily activities. Isolated traumatic trapeziometacarpal dislocation or subluxation is a very uncommon lesion that can be missed in the emergency department, so the physician must be suspicious of such a species of injury.

 

Author (s) Details

Kastanis G
Reconstructive Hand Surgery Unit, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece and Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Siligardou M.R.
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Tsioupros A
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Chaniotakis C
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Pantouvaki A
Reconstructive Hand Surgery Unit, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece, Department of Physiotherapy, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece and Department of Nursing, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece.

 

Kapsetakis P
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Ktistakis I
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Stavrakakis I
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v12/4880

PID Control and Robust Control | Chapter 8 | Modern Control Systems: Theory, Design and Applications

This chapter focused on two themes: PID control and robust control. Firstly, the basic adjustment laws of PID (Proportional-Integral-Differential (Controller), PID) control were narrated and explored. Then relatively specific control laws deduced from the PID controller were provided for readers. On the basis of PID control, robust control was introduced to realize the application of robust control in application.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Zhou Gaofeng
Zhongyuan University of Technology, China.

 

Zhang Qi
Zhongyuan University of Technology, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49473-76-8/CH8 

Algorithm for Pillar Stability Assessment Based on the Interaction Principle | Chapter 5 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 5

The room-and-pillar mining method is a prevalent technique for extracting rock salt, potash, and magnesium salt deposits. This method creates a network of rooms (excavated areas) and pillars (supporting columns), requiring careful optimization of their dimensions and the surrounding rock mass properties for each unique geological setting. Because pillars bear the highest loads, their dimensions are typically the primary focus of the design process, influencing the dimensions of the rooms and other system components.  Specifically, for deep salt mining using square pillars, optimizing the system involves four key steps: (1) determining the in situ stress state (the stress field in the undisturbed rock mass); (2) analyzing the secondary stress distribution within the pillars, both qualitatively and quantitatively (how the stress changes after excavation); (3) assessing the load-bearing capacity of the pillars (how much weight they can support); and (4) determining the appropriate pillar dimensions (size and shape). Several analytical and numerical approaches can be used to address these challenges. These include: limit equilibrium methods, which consider the effective stress in the pillars; continuum mechanics, which uses analytical models to evaluate stress and deformation in pillars and floors; and numerical methods, such as finite element analysis, often validated with laboratory and field measurements. A proposed methodology, based on the principle of pillar-room-salt mass interaction, offers an analytical approach to determining the stability of deep, dry rock salt mining operations. This method calculates the secondary stress and deformation within the pillars, accounting for salt's time-dependent deformation (rheological behavior), changes in pillar geometry during extraction, and the specific extraction method employed. This analytical approach can be adapted for use in other mining applications that utilize the room-and-pillar method.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mihaela TODERAS
Mining Engineering, Surveying and Constructions Department, University of Petrosani, Petrosani, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v5/4534

The Influence of the Addition of Graphene Loading on the Conductivity and Stability of Biopolymer Composite Solid Electrolyte | Chapter 8 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 10

 Aims: To study the influence of the addition of graphene loading on the conductivity and stability of biopolymer composite solid electrolytes.

Study Design: Solution-casting technique using sol gel method. 

Place and Duration of Study: Chemistry Research Laboratory, Level 2, PASUM Complex, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Kuala Lumpur between June 2016 until December 2018.

Methodology: These composites were synthesized by mixing of alpha cellulose with graphene flakes via the solution-casting technique using sol gel method. The addition of graphene into composite was varied between 10 wt.% to 70 wt.%.

Results: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed, at 60 wt. % graphene loading, XRD patterns exhibited the decrease in intensity at peak 26° indicating that graphene is more dispersed in the alpha cellulose mixture and reduced the crystallinity properties of biopolymer composite solid electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the conductivity of the composite. Sample without the addition of graphene acts as an insulator with the lowest conductivity value of 1.77×10^-7 S cm^-1. The highest conductivity achieved was 2.85×10^-4 S cm^-1 and observed at 60 wt.% graphene content. Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy showed the absorption peaks of C-O stretching vibrations of composite was weakened and the hydroxyl group is slightly shifted compared to the one without the addition of graphene. This might relate to dehydration of cellulose. Thermogravimetric Analysis was used to study the thermal stability and decomposition of composite. The derivative thermogravimetric curves, showed two degradation peaks of composite. The first degradation peak (Tp₁) occurred between ~70 to 110˚C while the second degradation peak (Tp₂) was between 250-400˚C. Tp2 peak of composite with 60 wt.% and 70 wt.% were at 300 ˚C and 275˚C, respectively. This suggested that 60 wt.% graphene content has higher thermal stability compared to 70 wt.%. Linear sweep voltammetry results showed that the electrochemical stability of composite solid electrolytes exhibited up to 3.2 V.

Conclusion: Biopolymer composite solid electrolyte with high conductivity was successfully prepared using an eco-friendly method. BmimCl ionic liquids are favorable in dissolving α-cellulose and aided graphene dispersion. An increase in graphene content has increased the conductivity of biopolymer composite provided that graphene is uniformly dispersed in a cellulose matrix. This research provided an eco-friendly method to prepare cellulose/graphene biopolymer composite which is useful in the energy field for future applications.

 

Author (s) Details

Fauzani Md. Salleh
Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Farzana Abd. Hamid
Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Nor Sabirin Mohamed
Physic Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v10/3320

An Investigation into the Creep Behavior of Rock Salt from Slănic Prahova | Chapter 3 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 2

The rheological behavior of rock salt, particularly creep deformation, significantly influences the stability of underground mining excavations. This study analyzes salt samples from the Slănic Prahova mine to characterize their rheological behavior and assess long-term excavation stability. Uniaxial compression tests revealed an increasing creep rate with increasing applied stress, following both exponential and power-law relationships. Impurities significantly influence the salt's rheological behavior, with higher NaCl content generally improving deformability. Creep mechanisms are complex, involving dislocation, diffusion, and polygonization processes. The salt from Slănic Prahova exhibits pronounced creep (Category 5), and empirical models better describe the observed behavior than constitutive models based on the theory of heredity. Rheological parameters such as modulus of elasticity, yield stress, creep rate, and creep coefficient, as well as the dilatation threshold, were determined. The mechanical properties of salt exhibit significant variability, with creep being the dominant deformation mechanism. Impurities and crystalline structure significantly influence the rheological behavior. The obtained results enable a more precise evaluation of mining excavation stability and highlight the need for more sophisticated numerical models to capture the non-linear behavior of salt.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mihaela Toderas
Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, University of Petrosani, Petrosani, 20 University Street, Romania.

 

Ciprian Danciu
Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, University of Petrosani, Petrosani, 20 University Street, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v2/3891

Numerical Study of Stability of Retaining Walls in the Presence of Horizontal and Chimney Drainage | Chapter 5 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 3

With heavy rainfall, underground water levels and pore water pressures can increase and cause earthen slope failure. Retaining walls are common structures that are used to increase earthen slope stability. In the present study, the stability of earthen slopes in critical hydrological cases was numerically simulated; the simulations included pore pressure behind the retaining walls, which led to instability. Among the investigated parameters were precipitation intensity, soil type, position, and the diameter of the drainage passages. Both horizontal and chimney drainages were used. In this study, the performance of horizontal and chimney drains in controlling pore water pressure and the stability of soil slopes during heavy rains are studied using two software programs, SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. First, the desired soil slope was modeled using SEEP/W software, and then, by defining the available materials and boundary conditions, the pore water pressure was determined. The results are then entered into the SLOPE/W software, and the effect of using horizontal and chimney drains on slope stability during heavy rainfall is investigated. Transient flow conditions are created with three soil textures located behind of retaining wall. The total number of simulated models was 150 cases, which comprised five cases for different distances of the horizontal drain from the retaining wall invert (h), five thicknesses of the chimney drain (T), two precipitation intensities (P), and three instances for soil texture. In an unsaturated medium, the soil characteristic curve, i.e., a relation between soil moisture and soil suction, is needed. Results show that for fine-grained soils with intensive precipitation, a single horizontal drainage passageway was unable to provide sufficient stability for the retaining wall. A retaining wall provides stability for coarse-grained soils with a single horizontal drainage pipe; the horizontal pipe can discharge the excess water behind the retaining wall. A chimney drainage system provides the best results and the stability of the retaining wall did not face any danger, even under the most severe circumstances. Concerning overturning moment and water pore pressure behind the wall, linear and non-linear regression relations are produced in dimensionless form. The accuracy of the regression relations supported their use in practical applications.

 

Author (s) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran.

John Abraham
School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105, United States.

 

Behrouz Oghati Bakhshayesh
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v3/4057

Experimental Demonstration on Suppression of LeTID in P-type Multi-Crystalline PERC Silicon Solar Cells by Biased Annealing Process | Chapter 12 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 1

 

P-type multi-crystalline PERC silicon solar cells are susceptible to strong light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID). This effect can cause more than significant power loss over several years of module operation in the field. Various approaches, such as illuminated annealing and modified thermal processes, have been investigated to suppress LeTID. An undesirable side effect of these processes is an increased contact resistance at the front screen-printed metal fingers, and therefore a lower fill factor (FF), which is the ratio of maximum obtainable power to the product of the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) of a solar cell device, and the subsequentially its energy conversion efficiency. Previous work has indicated that this may be caused by the transport and accumulation of hydrogen at the metal contacts and that this behaviour can be limited by applying a reverse bias across the cell during a thermal anneal in the dark. In this work, we have conducted a similar biased annealing process to investigate the effect of different cooling conditions on PERC cell performance and developed a biased annealing treatment that not only improves the efficiency but also maintains the stability during the light soak test. Preliminary results of transferring this process into 6-inch PERC cells using a full-scale industrial tool are also presented.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Li Wang
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Phillip Hamer
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Michael Pollard
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

Catherine Chan

School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v1/8188E

Geotechnical Conditions of Mining Waste Dumps – A Necessary Investigation for their Reintegration into the Surrounding Landscape: A Case Study from Jiu Valley (Romania) | Chapter 3 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 4

The waste rocks deposited in the dump that served the Jiet shaft is unsuitable for the installation of vegetation, so that, at present, the deposit makes a discordant note with the surrounding landscape, producing chromatic and aesthetic disturbances. Coal mining activity in Jiu Valley is approaching, faster than expected a few years ago, to its end and one of the main directions for transforming the area (while ensuring its sustainability) is the development of tourism. Under these conditions, a problem that has remained partially unresolved is related to the integration of the former mining perimeters, especially the waste dumps, into the surrounding landscape. Such an approach must always start from a thorough check of the technical condition of these artificial earth constructions. For this reason the stability of the dumps in the Jiu Valley is considered to be an important issue, considering that possible failures endanger both the natural and the anthropic environment. In the case of the Jiet waste dump considered as a case study, because several years have passed since the last sterile rocks were deposited and since stability studies were performed, a new such study was considered necessary (given that the deposited rocks underwent certain changes: compaction, mechanical disintegration, chemical alteration, etc.). This paper presents the results of the stability analyses carried out during 2022 and a series of conclusions regarding the limits within which the geometric elements must be framed so as to ensure a good stability reserve and thus allow the ecological restoration works to begin.

Author(s) Details:

Maria Lazar,
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, Faculty of Mining, University of Petrosani, Romania.

Florin Faur,
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, Faculty of Mining, University of Petrosani, Romania.

Izabela-Maria Apostu,
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, Faculty of Mining, University of Petrosani, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V4/article/view/13097

An Overview on Eigen Trick-based Hypergraph Stable Clustering (EtHgSC) Algorithm in VANET | Chapter 1 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 3

Thic chapter presents the Eigen trick-based Hypergraph Stable Clustering algorithm (EtHgSC), which has a two-fold scheme for stable clustering. A smart city's vehicular communication strategy is important. A significant problem with vehicular communication is scalability. Clustering can help with vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) problems; however, clustering in VANET faces stability problems because of the rapid mobility of the vehicles. This work introduces a novel efficient Eigen trick-based Hypergraph Stable Clustering algorithm (EtHgSC) to achieve high stability for the VANET. There are two schemes in this algorithm for steady CH selection. The cluster generation is handled by us in the first section of the suggested system. The ‘‘Eigen trick” method is used to partition both vertices and hyperedges, which provides an approach for reducing the computational complexity of the clustering. The Cluster Head (CH) is chosen in the second part, taking into account the requirements for keeping a stable connection with most neighbors. Compared to the most common clustering algorithms in the literature, the JCV method follows our proposed EtHgSC method in terms of stability, because the two methods solve the problem of CH stability at junctions by preventing the frequent cluster breakage. In addition to relative speed, neighboring degree, and eccentricity that are used to select the CH, the vehicle time to leave metric is introduced to increase the CH stability.  Every vehicle is given a score using the gray relational analysis model, and the CH is chosen based on the vehicle with the highest score. The outcomes demonstrate the superiority of our suggested system with respect to CH lifetime, CM lifetime, and CH change rate. Furthermore, the suggested plan accomplishes a significant decrease in packet latency.

Author(s) Details:

Mays Kareem Jabbar,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Misan, Al Amarah City, Misan Province, 62001, Iraq and CES_Lab, Ecole National d’Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Sfax University, Tunisia.

Hafedh Trabelsi,
CES_Lab, Ecole National d’Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Sfax University, Tunisia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V3/article/view/13032

New Understanding in Physics and Astronomy | Book Publisher International

 The shortcomings of the modern scientific picture of the world are associated with the currently accepted scientific method, in which almost all explanations of physical phenomena are based on hypotheses. The arbitrariness of accepted hypotheses is gradually forgotten, and invented explanations are affirmed as real structures of the world. In this paper, electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are considered from the standpoint of a non-hypothetical approach. Its essence lies in the study of phenomena as such, in the measurement of various properties of natural objects and in the establishment of relationships between them. The results obtained form a new understanding of the phenomena of the surrounding world. The laws of change in the frequency of light and its direction by a moving source follow from the laws of electromagnetism. The dynamics of the orbits of the planets over the interval of 100 million years was studied by a new numerical method and the stability of the Solar system was established. This method was used to study the evolution of the motion of two asteroids Apophis and 1950DA over a 1000-year interval. Various ways of converting their trajectories into the orbits of the Earth's satellites are considered. It is proved that the observed rotation rate of Mercury's perihelion coincides with that calculated from the Newtonian interaction of the planets and the compound model of the Sun's rotation. As a result of the numerical solution of the equations, the influence of the planets, the Sun and the Moon separately on the rotational motion of the Earth for 10 thousand years was studied. The evolution of the Earth's axis over 20 million years under the combined action of these bodies has been studied. It has been established that the Earth's axis precesses relative to a fixed direction in space, different from the direction of precession of planetary orbits. It has been established those particles: neutrino, bosons etc. were introduced as a result of an incorrect theory of interactions in the Theory of Relativity. It is shown that gravitational waves do not exist. They were introduced to explain the excessive rotation of Mercury's perihelion. However, it is due to the oblateness of the Sun.

Author(s) Details:

Joseph J. Smulsky,
Institute of Earth's Cryosphere, Tyumen SC of SB RAS, Federal Research Center, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPA/article/view/12612

Seasonal Ground Water Level Fluctuations on the Stability of the Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills of Ukhiya, Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh—A Threat for Sustainable Development | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 3

 A risk drawing of the researched domain has been anticipated the local people in order to guarantee their safety, raise knowledge of the situation, and reassure them to retreat the area in the event of monsoonal slope collapses. This risk print is based on the security factor (Fs) at miscellaneous slope positions of the camp hills. Groundwater level is an sign of groundwater availability, groundwater flow and the physical traits of the groundwater system. Bangladesh is a on west side when facing north Asian Monsoonal Country and the recent rain pattern in the Cox's Bazar area of Bangladesh is changeful and increasing the number of monsoonal slope failures and landslip hazards in the Kutubpalong & Balukhali Rohingya camp area. An attempt has existed made to visualize the influence of seasonal alternative of ground water level (G.W.L.) fluctuations on the balance of the eco hills and thickets of Ukhiya Teknaf region. Ukhiya piles are in great hazard because of cutting wood from the hill slopes and it is traditional that due to current changes of climate, temporary rainfall for any consecutive days during tornado might show an influence on the determinant of safety (Fs) principles of the camp hill slopes. A clear G.W.L. alternative between dry and wet seasons has an influence on the stability (Fs) principles indicating that humidity has a strong influence on the balance and threatening tenable development. A stable or a little stable slope maybe unstable all the while raining and show a difference of ground water level (G.W.L.). The generation of pore water pressure (P.W.P.) is further influenced by migratory variations of ground ocean's surface. During wet season negative P.W.P. called assimilation plays an important role to happen slope failures in the Ukhiya piles. Based on all calculated determinant of safety principles (Fs) at different locations, four (4) exposed landslide risk zones are labeled. They are very high risk (Fs = 0.18 to 0.46), extreme risk (Fs = 0.56 to 0.75), medium risk (Fs = 0.76 to 1.0) and marginally fixed areas (Fs ≈1). Proper geo-architecture measures must be taken by the worried authorities to weaken P.W.P. during tornado by installing a pure liquid hydrogen and oxygen harvesting system, admitting sufficient seepage & other geotechnical measures to humiliate the risk of slope failures in the Ukhiya highlands. The established "Risk Maps" can be secondhand for future geological manufacturing works in addition to for sustainable preparation, design and construction purposes relating to modification and mitigation of landslip risks in the investigated region.

Author(s) Details:

Abu Taher Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Sheikh Jafia Jafrin,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Purba Anindita Khan,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Mahmuda Khatun,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Tanmoy Dutta,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Hasan Imam,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Ruma Bakali,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Hossain Sayem,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Shakil Mahabub,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.
 
Mohammad Emdadul Haque,
Geological Engineering, Geo-Hazards & Disaster Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar Union, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V3/article/view/12396

Development and Investigation of Antimicrobial Ointment Containing Eupatorium glandulosum Hort. Ex Kunth | Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 This episode highlights to evaluate the antimicrobial project of an ointment adapted from alcohol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of Eupatorium glandulosum Hort. ex Kunth (E. glandulosum). The swift emergence of opposing bacteria is occurring general, endangering the productiveness of antibiotics, which have revolutionized medicine and saved heaps of lives. The dried plant fabrics of E. glandulosum were individually extracted utilizing alcohol, ethyl acetate, and anesthetic by Soxhlet method. These three different types of extracts were secondhand for the preparation of balm and evaluated for the phytochemicals, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, hose extrudability, stability, and antimicrobial endeavor. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were used to test the manufactured ointments' efficacy, and mug-plate techniques were used to test the in vitro decontaminating activity of ointments from plant extracts. Comparing the results of the samples' zones of inhibition allowed investigators to assess an lotion's antibacterial efficiency. The antimicrobial project of optimized expression showed significant venture against the tested bacterial pathogens. The findings of the study plan that these improved readinesses of various E. glandulosum solvent extracts are effective antibacterial formulations and grant permission be helpful in similar means. The researchers need isolation in order to identify potential activities.

Author(s) Details:

M. Silpa,
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

Suresh Joghee,
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

G. Haripriya,
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V7/article/view/11430

Safety Factor of the Open-pit Bench from Rosia Poieni Quarry, Romania | Chapter 7 | Techniques and Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 3

 In addition to field and laboratory studies of mechanical properties, development bench stability calculations should be performed. Based on this, it is possible to determine the failure curve with the greatest risk of slippage. On the other hand, the corresponding value of the safety factor. A level of +805 m was set as his daily operating limit for the Roşia Poieni open pit mine. The bench was created by cutting a 15 m thick horizontal slice equal to the height of the bench based on this plane. Thus, there were 23 benches in the Luginish region and 27 benches in the Kuratura region. The general approach angle was set at 35°. This is the angle at which the amount of tailings and the implied aperture factor are calculated. Stability analyzes were performed for the typical slope of the quarry (consisting of 24 benches) using a single bench, a two-bench system, and two methods (Fellenius and Jambu). The values ​​obtained are above 1.3 for the single-slope and two-bank systems and above 3.754 for the typical slope, corresponding to the values ​​imposed by the standards. A polygonal slip surface was also modeled. These landslide-prone areas occur on the slopes of the Russian Punic Quarry, due to the natural cracking system of the massif and secondary cracks caused by the operations used for drilling and blasting (development technology) There is a possibility. Stability assessment was performed using the Hoek graph analysis method and the safety factor values ​​found meet the requirement of 1.3 or higher. Under these circumstances, no additional measures are required to increase the stability reserve.

Author(s) Details:

Mihaela Toderaș,
Department of Mining Engineering, Surveying and Underground Constructions, University of Petrosani, 20, University Street, Petrosani, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAIER-V3/article/view/8429

Investigating the Effects of a Slashpipe Training Intervention on Postural Control Compared to Conventional Barbell Power Fitness | Chapter 12 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 2

Maintaining balance and stability in situations involving your health depends on your ability to manage your posture. Core stability, which is characterised by the capacity to maintain tension in the abdominal and lumbopelvic area and distinguishes between a global and local stability system, is necessary for postural control. Several training methods have been proposed in the past to enhance postural control. One of these concepts is "Slashpipe" training, which entails carrying out workouts using a pipe that is partially filled with liquid that are comparable to those seen in barbell power fitness programmes. The purpose of the study was to investigate how Slashpipe training affected participants' ability to balance. Eleven of the 31 persons we assembled practised with a Slashpipe for eight weeks (intervention group 1, IG-1), Eight of them (intervention group 2, IG-2) had eight weeks of strict weight training, whereas the other eleven received no training (control group, CG). A Posturomed with a two-dimensional sensor was used both before and after the 8-week period to assess single leg postural sway. The outcomes for IG-1 and IG-2 shown a significant improvement. The CG's postural sway remained unchanged. Thus, we found proof that Slashpipe training enhanced stability. Slashpipe could be a helpful training tool to utilise in conjunction with other forms of training, according to the findings of this study.

Author(s) Details:

Nicolas Kurpiers,

Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Germany.

Teresa Rovelli,

Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Germany.

Christin Bormann,

Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Germany.

Tim Vogler,

Centre for Sports Medicine, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V2/article/view/7351

Equivalent Position Workspace for a Coal Gangue Picking Robot and Its Application to Stability Analysis: A Descriptive Study| Chapter 11 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.4

For green mining, the removal of gangues from coals is critical. This project develops a coal gangue picking robot with an end-grab controlled by four cables that uses a machine vision system to separate coals from gangues. The suggested robots have a highly dynamic gangue pick-and-place capability, including a high payload-to-weight ratio and good placement accuracy. Not only are there benefits to adopting cable actuation in robots, but there are also drawbacks. One of the most important issues is the robot's stability, which is directly connected to whether the target gangues can be effectively sorted. As a consequence, in order to learn more about the stability of a coal gangue picking robot, this study focuses on the equivalent position workspace, which has the same stability as a coal gangue picking robot. First, the robot's kinematic and kinetostatic models are provided in order to assess their impact on the stability of the coal gangue pickup robot. Furthermore, a non-iterative polynomial-based optimization method with the right optimal objective function is developed based on convex optimization theory, in which the cable with the minimum cable tension at any posture is determined. Then three position performance indicators are supplied to show the impact of end-grab locations on the coal gangue pickup robot's stability in a specified workplace zone. In addition, a new workspace called Equivalent Position Workspace (EPW) has been added. Finally, simulation data is used to adjust the theoretical link between the two performance indices as well as the stability. The research has substantial guiding importance and practical utility for coal gangue robotic separation.

Author(s) Details:

Peng Liu,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Xidian University, Xi’an 710000, China.

Xiangang Cao,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China.

Xuhui Zhang,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China.

Xinzhou Qiao,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V4/article/view/6938