Advancements in Bulletproof Vest Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Design, and Applications | Chapter 3 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 10

This review paper examines the evolution, materials, and technological advancements in bulletproof vests, a critical component of protective clothing. Bulletproof vests have been developed to safeguard individuals, primarily in military, law enforcement, and civilian sectors, against ballistic threats. The paper explores the key materials used in bulletproof vests, such as aramid fibers, polyethylene, and advanced composite materials, and analyzes the improvements in design and comfort. Additionally, the paper discusses the regulatory standards, challenges in development, and future directions for enhancing the effectiveness and usability of bulletproof vests. It is designed to safeguard individuals from ballistic threats. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bulletproof vest materials, their technological advancements, and their diverse applications in law enforcement, military, and civilian use. The study examines the evolution of bulletproof vests, analyzing the impact of high-performance fibers such as aramid-based Kevlar and Twaron, as well as Dyneema, which is an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fiber. The review also explores recent developments in nanotechnology, graphene-based materials, and liquid armor. Additionally, the paper discusses the ergonomic and environmental considerations in vest design, offering insights into future trends in protective clothing. The research also explores legal and regulatory frameworks governing the development and distribution of bulletproof vests, ensuring compliance with global safety standards.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Krishnaveni Vasudevan
Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641049, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Kavya.D
Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641049, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Devipriya.V
Department of Management Studies, KSR College of Engineering, Tiruchengode – 637214, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v10/5154

Symmetric and Asymmetric Analysis of Graphene Based Antenna Using Kinetic Theory of Plasma | Chapter 1 | Design and Simulation of Classical and Quantum Antennas in Gigahertz and Terahertz: Applications in Radar Using Deep Neural Techniques

In this research, Graphene-based plasmonic nano antenna with symmetric and asymmetric structures are analyzed in the Terahertz range. Recent research on Graphene shows a huge amount of potential in microwave and millimeter wave applications due to its tunability properties. The Graphene nanoantenna is analyzed in plasmonic using the kinetic theory of plasma with the Vlasov equation which has further applications in Biomaterials, Sensors and in Quantμm Mechanics. SPP waves are generated due to third-order nonlinearity present in Graphene. The kinetic theory of plasma gives solutions to Fermi-level perturbations that cause charge transport in the plasmonic cavity. The change in the Fermi levels is generated by artificially designed symmetric asymmetric structures. The change causes electron and hole transport. Breaking the symmetry in the patch antenna also leads to the quantμm phenomenon. The quantμm transport between the left and right arms of antennas or source and drain causes the heavy flow of charges that makes the plasmonic antenna radiate. These antennas are of significance in various applications as absorbers, electromagnetic shielding, linear nonlinear waveguides, photodiodes, rectennas and quantμm mechanics. The devices of Graphene are in demand due to their low power dissipation and increased sensitivity. Various antenna scattering radiation patterns and absorption peaks in the Terahertz range from (3-20 THz) are shown for different symmetric, asymmetric antennas. The conductivity and current are given in terms of the kinetic theory of plasma and quantμm wave phenomenon. Due to Graphene's high-frequency operations at nanostructures, the antennas are better in control as compared to large sizes of metal and copper antennas at high frequencies. These antennas are more flexible giving better tunability by controlling the applied voltages. Due to this, the antennas are more suitable for biomedical applications and THz applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Manisha Khulbe
Netaji Subhash University of Technology Delhi (East Campus), New Delhi, India.

 

Rocky Chawla
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, New Delhi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-41-1/CH1

The Influence of the Addition of Graphene Loading on the Conductivity and Stability of Biopolymer Composite Solid Electrolyte | Chapter 8 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 10

 Aims: To study the influence of the addition of graphene loading on the conductivity and stability of biopolymer composite solid electrolytes.

Study Design: Solution-casting technique using sol gel method. 

Place and Duration of Study: Chemistry Research Laboratory, Level 2, PASUM Complex, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Kuala Lumpur between June 2016 until December 2018.

Methodology: These composites were synthesized by mixing of alpha cellulose with graphene flakes via the solution-casting technique using sol gel method. The addition of graphene into composite was varied between 10 wt.% to 70 wt.%.

Results: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed, at 60 wt. % graphene loading, XRD patterns exhibited the decrease in intensity at peak 26° indicating that graphene is more dispersed in the alpha cellulose mixture and reduced the crystallinity properties of biopolymer composite solid electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the conductivity of the composite. Sample without the addition of graphene acts as an insulator with the lowest conductivity value of 1.77×10^-7 S cm^-1. The highest conductivity achieved was 2.85×10^-4 S cm^-1 and observed at 60 wt.% graphene content. Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy showed the absorption peaks of C-O stretching vibrations of composite was weakened and the hydroxyl group is slightly shifted compared to the one without the addition of graphene. This might relate to dehydration of cellulose. Thermogravimetric Analysis was used to study the thermal stability and decomposition of composite. The derivative thermogravimetric curves, showed two degradation peaks of composite. The first degradation peak (Tp₁) occurred between ~70 to 110˚C while the second degradation peak (Tp₂) was between 250-400˚C. Tp2 peak of composite with 60 wt.% and 70 wt.% were at 300 ˚C and 275˚C, respectively. This suggested that 60 wt.% graphene content has higher thermal stability compared to 70 wt.%. Linear sweep voltammetry results showed that the electrochemical stability of composite solid electrolytes exhibited up to 3.2 V.

Conclusion: Biopolymer composite solid electrolyte with high conductivity was successfully prepared using an eco-friendly method. BmimCl ionic liquids are favorable in dissolving α-cellulose and aided graphene dispersion. An increase in graphene content has increased the conductivity of biopolymer composite provided that graphene is uniformly dispersed in a cellulose matrix. This research provided an eco-friendly method to prepare cellulose/graphene biopolymer composite which is useful in the energy field for future applications.

 

Author (s) Details

Fauzani Md. Salleh
Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Farzana Abd. Hamid
Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Nor Sabirin Mohamed
Physic Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v10/3320

Extraction of Microwave Properties Using a Single Transmission Line: Application to Carbon Nanopowders Decorated with Magnetic Nanoparticles | Chapter 1 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 6

 The cook properties of element-based nanopowders, whether or not they are painted with drawing nanoparticles, are characterized using a singular approach in this phase. The microwave characterization of matters is of prime interest for several uses. Dielectric constant, electrical generated power, and complex magnetic permeability, that are its microwave features, are derived from tests accompanying a single broadcast line acting as the test cell. Successful tests were administered on two different broadcast line geometries. A phenomenological model is used to evaluate the measurement dossier and fit the conductivity and dielectric continual measurements, giving intuitiveness into the powder sample's compacity quality. Additionally, the finding of a ferromagnetic resonance with a uninterrupted dependence on the extrinsic DC magnetic field supports the extraction of the permeability.

Author(s) Details:

Francisco Mederos-Henry,
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine (CReAPatrimoine), Square Jean Servais, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Sophie Hermans,
Université Catholique de Louvain, IMCN Institute, MOST Division, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Isabelle Huynen,
Université Catholique de Louvain, ICTEAM Institute, ELEN Division, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V6/article/view/10827

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Thermal Properties of Graphene | Chapter 4| Progress in Chemical Science Research Vol. 2

For many potential applications in nanotechnology, graphene’s thermal and mechanical endurance is essential. Applying strains more than 15% can alter the band structure of the material. We ascertain the temperature dependence of the volume thermal expansion, bulk modulus, and thermal expansion coefficient of graphene using the equation of state (EOS) based on thermodynamic variables. A straightforward theoretical method is used to determine the thermal expansion and thermal expansion coefficient of graphene. Potential is unaffected by the model utilised in this study, which only includes two input parameters.

Author (s) Details

Neetu Sorot

Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India.

B. R. K. Gupta

Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/PCSR-V2/article/view/7567

The Study on the Graphene and its Health Effect | Chapter 11 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 5

 The goal is to look at the health implications of using graphene, which could be beneficial or harmful. This research will examine graphene risk information in order to identify potential environmental and health issues. It serves as a roadmap for future graphene risk research. The research will focus on graphene's emissions, environmental destiny, and toxicity. It reveals that graphene has a high toxicity, and that graphene emissions from electronic devices and composites may be feasible in the future. Graphene is known to be both persistent and hydrophobic. Although these findings suggest that graphene may have negative environmental and health implications, they also show that there are many risk-related knowledge gaps in the environment to be filled. Graphene can bind to the cell surface and harm the cell membrane physically and chemically. Graphene has been shown to interact with proteins and nucleic acids, causing structural and functional changes. However, graphene has the potential to replenish reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can destroy membranes, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Graphene's toxicity should be investigated further.

Author(S) Details

M. K. Awodele
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

O. Adedokun
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

I. T. Bello
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Olusola Akinrinola
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V5/article/view/4959

Study on Pseudo-Biological Highly Performance Capillary-welded Hybrid Diameters Silver Nanowires Transparent Electrodes for Optoelectronic Devices | Chapter 8 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 5

 In the field of optoelectronic devices, graphene/silver nanowire composite sheets have a lot of potential as transparent conductive electrodes. Antioxidant and junction resistance reduction have been two main factors in silver nanowire electrode research so far. A pseudo-biologically inspired structure for transparent electrodes was presented in this research by coupling a hybrid diameter silver nanowire network with a passivation layer made of chemical vapour deposition-grown (CVD-grown) graphene. For the creation of capillary forces at the liquid bridge, an environmentally benign liquid, deionized water, was chosen, hence improving the wire junction problem. In comparison to silver nanowi With a sheet resistance of 26.4/sq and a transmittance of 91.4 percent at 550nm, the value of the figure of merit (FoM) of the graphene/silver nanowire composite film increased by 69.6%. Additionally, graphene was used as an encapsulating layer to preserve silver nanowires from oxidation while increasing electrical properties, making the composite films promising as electrodes for underwater optoelectronic devices or as a potential development in high humidity conditions. The capillary-welded silver nanowire/graphene composite film was also used as the substrate. To make organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices, a transparent anode is used. The devices emitted green electroluminescence at 516 nm, with a turn-on voltage of around 3.8 V and a maximum brightness of 50810 cd/cm2, which is higher than ITO-based devices of the same configuration. As a result, this new silver nanowires/graphene electrode holds a lot of promise for optoelectronic device applications.

Author(s) Details

Lianqiao Yang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Yanchang Road 149, Shanghai 200072, China.

Pengchang Wang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Yanchang Road 149, Shanghai 200072, China.

Yiru Li
Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Yanchang Road 149, Shanghai 200072, China.

Jianhua Zhang
Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Yanchang Road 149, Shanghai 200072, China.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V5/article/view/2089

An Overview of Graphene Based Application | chapter 2 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 3

 Graphene, a two-dimensional material with an atom's thickness, has some surprising properties (hyperdensity, intrinsic mobility millions of times greater than silicon, high thermal and electrical conductivity, large surface area, is nearly 200 times stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and is extremely flexible and elastic) that have resulted in a profound change in the field of material science. and, as a result, it is an excellent candidate for a wide range of applications. In this regard, the goal of this study is to present an overview of the main areas in which graphene could be applied, as well as a brief discussion of its main synthesis methods.

Author (s) Details

Giuliana Vinci
Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161, Rome, Italy.

Marco Ruggeri
Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161, Rome, Italy.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V3/article/view/1849