Hydro-climatic Dynamics and Water Resource Vulnerability: The Case of Nabatieh Governorate, Lebanon |Chapter 8 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 5

 

Climate variability and ongoing warming in the eastern Mediterranean are increasingly reshaping water availability and demand in Lebanon. This study aims to assess how key climatic elements (precipitation regime, snow cover, temperature, wind, solar radiation, and cloudiness) influence water-resource vulnerability in Nabatieh Governorate, and to identify priority vulnerability hotspots and feasible adaptation options. Methods and materials combined (i) high-resolution observations from a digital meteorological station, (ii) analysis of historical station rainfall records and spatial precipitation classes to estimate annual precipitation volumes, (iii) field questionnaire data on household water consumption by season and elevation, and (iv) evaporation measurements, alongside standard climatic indices (e.g., Gaussen) to delineate dry months and examine daily wind temperature interactions relevant to irrigation timing. Results show that although the governorate receives an average annual precipitation volume of about 969.6 million m³ (semi-humid conditions), water security is undermined by a long dry season, strong interannual variability, and rising temperatures that intensify evaporation and evapotranspiration, producing annual losses of roughly 414 million m³ (≈43% of precipitation). Warming also increases demand: per-capita daily consumption rises from winter to summer and is projected to increase by ~5% under a ~2°C warming scenario, while higher temperatures accelerate snowmelt on Mount Hermon, shifting runoff toward winter and reducing summer water availability. Wind and solar radiation exacerbate dry-season evaporation but also offer operational opportunities: economically viable wind speeds (~6 m/s) occur for several continuous hours midday, and the lowest combined wind temperature window (about 5:00–7:00 AM) minimises irrigation losses. Conclusions indicate that scarcity is driven less by absolute rainfall shortage than by warming-amplified losses, seasonal supply demand mismatch, and limited adaptive infrastructure. Prioritise integrated adaptation, optimise irrigation scheduling (early morning), expand storage/ recharge and demand management, and pilot renewable energy-supported pumping with carefully conditioned cloud-enhancement assessments where meteorologically justified.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nasser Farhat
The Lebanese Center for Water and Environment (LCWE), Beirut, Lebanon.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v5/6948

Heat Gain and Heat Loss: Metabolism, Physical Activity and Environmental Factors | Chapter 11 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

This chapter defines heat gain and heat loss during metabolism and physical activity. The metabolic heat generated by a person increases as a function of the physical work performed. Metabolic heat can be estimated based on actual measurement of oxygen consumption of a worker, or estimated using detailed calculations and tabulations. Metabolism, physical activity, digestion, and environmental elements including high outside temperature, humidity, sun radiation, lack of shade, physical activity, clothing, indoor climate, and urban heat island effect all contribute to heat gain. Convection, radiation, evaporation, respiration, and conduction are the ways in which heat is lost.

Author(s) Details:

Manjari P.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Muralinath E.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sravani Pragna K.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan C.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Tulasi Rukmini T.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Guru D. V. Pandiyan,
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.

Guru Prasad M.,
Vaishnavi Microbial Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13232

Multifunctional Device for Measuring and Monitoring Parameters of a Photovoltaic Module | Chapter 12 | Research and Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 4

 In this work, analyzes of existing devices for measuring the current-voltage characteristic were carried out in order to compare several devices. The purpose of this work is to develop a device for measuring the current-voltage characteristics of photovoltaic modules and the environmental factors affecting them. The paper discusses a system for monitoring solar module parameters that measure air temperature, module temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, current-voltage characteristic, maximum power point (MPP), efficiency, and fill factor (FF) and stores the data in a computer. The system is constructed around a programmable microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter built in. The suggested system's program code also includes an algorithm for determining the maximum power point of the solar module. Because every parameter are taken into account automatically and written to the computer in the form of tables, the system performs all measurements in real time and is simple to use.  In order to compare the suggested monitoring system with alternative commercial measuring equipment, the research looked at their properties. The proposal includes a circuit diagram for a monitoring system as well as an electrical circuit to measure current-voltage characteristics.

Author(s) Details:

Davronov Shokhjakhon,
Department of Software Engineering, Karshi Branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies Named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Karshi, Uzbekistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RADER-V4/article/view/10749

Impact of Desert Aerosols on the Solar Radiation of a Solar Central Photovoltaic (PV): A Modelling Approach | Chapter 11 | Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 9

 The goal of this research is to simulate the effects of desert aerosols on a central solar photovoltaic system (PV). Our physical model is similar to that of a multilayer. The mathematical equations that govern the physical model have been described and discretized. We also looked at how the parameters a and X affected the amount of solar radiation that reached the surface of solar PV modules. The study's findings, as shown in Figs. 6(a)-(d), demonstrate that: if = 0 and X = 0, IC = 67.87 percent; if = 0.5 m and X = 0.5 m, IC = 21 percent; if = 1.8 m and X = 0.8 m, IC = 12 percent; and if = 1.5 m and X = 1.5 m, IC = 4%. These findings indicate that desert aerosols have a major impact on the amount of global solar energy received. Unfortunately, this influence reduces the overall output of central solar PV. The current study seeks to evaluate the impact of desert aerosols on the production yield of the IRSAT solar central PV and analyse the influence of desert aerosols on the production yield of the IRSAT solar central PV. The study's specific goals are to: I determine the optical depth of desert aerosols in the atmosphere above the solar central PV; (ii) model the process of dust suspended in the atmosphere and/or deposited on the solar PV field; and (iii) assess the impact of desert aerosols (on different suspension layers and/or disposition) on incident (direct, diffuse, thoughtful, and global) solar radiation and solar PV production yield.

Author(S) Details

Wend Dolean Arsène Ilboudo
Département Energie, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Laboratoire d’Energie Thermique et Renouvelable (LETRE), 03BP7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NPER-V9/article/view/6301

Investigating the Effect of Thermal Conductivity of Salt Water and Bottom Reflectivity on the Performance of the Salt Gradient Solar Pond | Chapter 2 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 13

 The presence of undissolved salt and dirt at the bottom of the prototype salt gradient solar pond increases reflectivity. The solar pond's effectiveness drops linearly as the reflectance of the pond's bottom increases. The thermal conductivity of salt water is affected by salt content and temperature. The pond's surface temperature is believed to be the same as the ambient air temperature. The impact of various parameters on the efficiency of solar pond collectors is investigated in this study. Dirt and reflections at the pond's bottom have also been taken into account.

Author (S) Details

Sunil Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.

S. K. Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V13/article/view/3487