Breeding for Enhanced Root Traits to Improve Soil Carbon Sequestration | Chapter 10 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 5

 

One of the most serious issues that the world is facing today is global warming. The increase of CO2 is one of the major causes of global warming. Efforts have been made to reduce the emission of carbon and also to discover ways to sequester atmospheric CO2. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the vital mechanisms that can reduce the effect of rising temperatures of the earth by absorbing atmospheric carbon. The root architecture of crop plants, when modified through breeding techniques for carbon sequestration, plays a role in reducing global warming. This chapter focuses on the various root characteristics that can contribute to soil carbon storage for a longer period of time. For instance, perenniality of crops influences a longer and more stable root system, which can serve for long-term carbon storage. The conventional breeding techniques have some disadvantages when it comes to breeding for root traits for carbon sequestration. Here, various new breeding approaches such as phenotyping, molecular breeding, genomic prediction, QTL, GWAS, metagenomics, etc. have been discussed in brief that can be used for breeding of crop varieties with enhanced root traits for soil carbon storage. Also, the various constraints related to it and the future prospects are discussed here.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sanjukta Saikia
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Gobin Ch. Bora
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Debananda Rajbongshi
Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Shreya Sarmah
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Anwesha Bhattacharyya
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v5/6561

 

Towards Sustainable Electricity Generation: A Review of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources | Chapter 2 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 6

 

As the global population grows and socio-economic development advances, the need for electricity continues to increase. However, the widespread use of fossil fuels for electricity generation has been reviewed to contribute 75% of the environmental pollution and presents a significant threat to the environment due to carbon dioxide emissions, exacerbating global warming. This paper explores various methods of electricity generation, encompassing non-renewable and renewable sources. It underscores the pressing need for increased research and investment in technologies to enhance the operational efficiency of renewable energy sources. By prioritising renewable energy development, especially in regions like Nigeria, where the full impact of global warming is not yet felt, we can achieve sustainable electricity generation, ensuring a cleaner and more secure energy future.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ekundayo Gbenga
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria

Oluwalami Abimbola Samuel
Department of Electrical/Electronic, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v6/785

The Causes of Climate Change in Iraq and Steps for Practical Solutions | Chapter 11 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

Iraq was very different two decades ago. Dust fills the air and is stirred up by hot winds. There are vast areas of barren land dotted with stubborn palm trees that struggle patiently to withstand the elements. Climate change in Iraq is having impacts that make Iraq's environment, security, politics, and economic challenges worse, high temperatures, severe drought, declining rainfall, desertification, salinization, and the increased prevalence of dust storms have undermined the agricultural sector in Iraq.

 

In addition, Iraq's water security depends on the deteriorating Tigris and Euphrates river systems. National and regional political uncertainty will make mitigating climate change and addressing transnational water governance very difficult for the state of Iraq for years to come. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita are higher than the global average.

 

Human emissions of greenhouse gases are the primary driver of climate change today. CO2 and other greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide are emitted by burning fossil fuels in Iraq, Annual emissions figures for Iraq; CO2 country profile are often used for contribution to climate change.

 

Climate changes in Iraq due to greenhouse gas emissions lead to a decline in the Ozone layer, and thus the Ultraviolet radiation index that reaches northern, central and southern Iraq is very high.

 

Three steps of solutions are illustrated in this work to address climate change in Iraq for treatment of the burning of associated gas due to oil operations, which contributes effectively and extensively to pollutant gases to the atmosphere, which contribute to the phenomenon of global warming of the atmosphere, as it affects climate change in Iraq and the world.

 

The solutions that are reviewed can be implemented for the purpose of benefiting from the production of liquefied gas for export to support the national economy of Iraq or establishing gas-powered electric generating stations, in addition to developing plans to eliminate gas burning as a measure for environmental safety and preserving the health of humans and other organisms.

 

Author(s) Details

Saad M. Potrous
Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basra, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1833

Role of NOx and CO2 on Grain and Fish Production: Protection from Global Warming and Climate Change | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

Nitrogen-rich sea produces plankton, fish, and nitrogen, and water-rich land produces carbohydrates. Grain NOx and N, P are the most important substances for CO2 assimilation. However, seven developed countries started the elimination of NOx around 1980 by the reason that NOx is toxic. They eliminated NOx by ammonia.

 

4NO + 4 NH3 + O2 \(\longrightarrow\) 4N2+ 6H20

 

Developed countries are eliminating N and P in wastewater. Developed countries are forced to burn garbage at incinerators equipped with ammonia addition.

 

These NOx and N, P eliminations caused the lack of N, P. CO2 assimilation decreased and CO2 absorption decreased. Food production decreased. And global warming has started. Developer countries should stop NOx elimination by ammonia and close wastewater clean centers. Then CO2 assimilation is activated and global warming will stop and much food will be produced.

Author(s) Details

Shoichiro Ozaki
Department of Resource Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime prefecture, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1270

Life Cycle Assessment of Fish Carbon Footprints for Small-Scale Traders | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 1

 

Fish is one of the few animal sources of food mostly consumed worldwide. However, the transportation of fish releases harmful greenhouse gases, posing a serious threat of global warming effects. Transportation is usually done by motor taxis (tuk tuk), motorcycles (boda boda), and motor vehicle vans (matatu/probox) that support numerous fishmongers from the Lake to various destinations and cumulatively result in carbon emissions. The sustainable transport system for fish that is efficient and emits minimal greenhouse gases as compared to others is not known. Life Cycle Assessment framework was used to quantify the carbon footprints of fish from landing beaches, through transportation to consumption. The general objective of the study was to determine the life cycle of fish carbon footprints for small-scale traders with a specific objective to analyze the carbon footprint of fish per weight-kilometer moved using different motorized modes of transport. The research adopted was a descriptive design that involved a sample frame of 98 motors (14-seater van (matatu), probox van, and motorcycles). Stratified random sampling was employed. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and direct observation. Results showed that matatu emits an average of 0.66 L per kg-km; Probox emits 1.10 L per kg-km; motorcycles emit 2.17 L per kg-km when transporting fish. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed there was a statistically significant difference in the carbon footprints of the motorized modes of transport (F (2,77) =22.477, p<0.0005, α =0.05). Results indicate that different modes of transport emit and contribute to fish carbon footprints. The study concluded that there is a need for sustainable and efficient transportation practices and policies that aim at mitigating the effect of CO2 on climate change. The study recommended that the dominance of lower fish-carrying capacity modes be discouraged and initiate high fish-carrying capacity modes.

 

Author (s) Details

Charity Atieno Akuno
Department of Natural Resources Management, School of Spatial Planning and Natural Resources Management, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210-40610, Bondo, Kenya.

 

Patrick O. Hayombe
Department of Spatial Planning, School of Spatial Planning and Natural Resources Management, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210-40610, Bondo, Kenya.

 

John O. Oloo
Department of Natural Resources Management, School of Spatial Planning and Natural Resources Management, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210-40610, Bondo, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v1/1700

Climate Change, Land Degradation and Sustainability: Insight towards Innovative Solutions from Indian Perspective | Chapter 5 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 1

 Climate change in India is characterised by a 0.7 °C temperature rise, uneven distribution of rainfall, extreme weather events, reduced snowfall, and rapidly intensifying high-frequency cyclones along both coasts. These changes lead to various types of land degradation in different parts of the country, including soil erosion, desertification, prolonged waterlogging, and salt accumulation, which increases soil acidity. The most significant environmental issue in India is soil erosion, driven by both water and wind. Approximately 37 million hectares of agricultural land are affected by water erosion, which depletes the topsoil and impacts agricultural productivity. Additionally, coastal areas are experiencing saltwater intrusion, soil salinity, and waterlogging, which are growing concerns in areas reliant on irrigation. Agrochemical use and microplastic contamination are also emerging challenges contributing to land degradation. To address these land degradation issues, India has implemented watershed conservation programs, government schemes, and sustainable land management practices. These include the use of organic inputs for erosion control, controlled grazing, biofertilizers, and other measures to mitigate land degradation. To combat climate change, the country is focusing on protecting carbon sinks by sequestering carbon in soil to improve biomass, halting deforestation, regulating forest biomes, and following restoration and conservation practices. Protecting biodiversity, supporting local communities, and recharging groundwater are also essential actions. A comprehensive approach, including effective policy implementation, farmer education, and addressing soil and land degradation issues, is crucial to overcoming these challenges.

 

Author (s) Details

Dhanapriya M
Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi – 835215, India.

 

Gowtham S
Agriculture-ecosystem Modelling Division, National Remote Sensing Center, ISRO, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500032, India.

 

Vigneshwari R
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v1/5649

CO₂ Concentration and Global Temperature: Missing Experimental Evidence | Chapter 6 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 3

Understanding the role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) in influencing global temperature is essential to the contemporary debate about anthropogenic global warming. Human activities releasing greenhouse gases are identified as dominant contributors to the observed climate change, including global warming and its acceleration. The consequences for humanity are predicted to be severe. Therefore, to mitigate global warming, significant efforts are being devoted to reducing CO₂ emissions and stabilizing (or even reducing) atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Various countries are taking measures to curtail the utilization of fossil fuels, i.e., coal, oil products, and natural gas, with the intent of transforming the transportation, heating, and energy sectors. This enormous endeavor of ‘decarbonization’ comes with substantial costs, running into trillions of USD in Western countries alone.

Fundamentally, the entirety of endeavors, actions, and outcomes hinges upon the central hypothesis stating that the increase of CO₂ concentration from approximately 0.03% to more than 0.04% causes a noticeable temperature rise. Given the paramount significance of this hypothesis, the generally accepted rules of science would necessitate rigorous scrutiny for substantiation. Such substantiation is typically provided by experimental evidence.

Yet, surprisingly according to the results of this research, exactly this essential experimental evidence supporting the central hypothesis seems to be lacking, not fully adhering to fundamental principles of scientific analysis. Consequently, robust experimental evidence must be presented to substantiate the hypothesis, as the failure to do so would necessitate a reassessment of the emphasis on CO₂ emissions reduction as the primary solution to climate change. The discussion about this subject should be conducted objectively, fair, and open-mindedly, embracing diverse perspectives.

 

Author (s) Details

Andrej Pustišek
Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Schellingstr-24, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v3/3633

Protection of Sea Level Rise in the Mediterranean: An Unconventional Solution (Proposed Idea)| Chapter 3 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 3

 The Mediterranean bowl is individual of ultimate famous hotspots of environment and incidental changes. The most common and hazardous impact of atmosphere change is the Sea level climbing. Several nations are agony from this risk accident exceptionally the nations of the Mediterranean watershed. The need for an odd and tenable resolution has become essential and critical. The current plan is suggesting to claim the level of the Mediterranean by ruling the gushing waters, either from the Atlantic Ocean or the Indian Ocean, by assembling two monumental dams at the westerly and on the east side of outlet. The situated or toward the west dam is built on Gibraltar, and the easterly dam is built at the Gulf of Suez Many tangible, financial, and public goals maybe realized. The resolution will need a calculated environmental impact amount study, besides additional terrestrial, hydrogeological, and design completing ventures. These ventures endure be foreshadowed by building.

Author(s) Details:

Ali A. Abu Sedira,
Chemical Engineering & Freelancer Environmental Consultant, Egypt.

Ahmed E. Rakha,
Environmental Geology & Advisor (A) in Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V3/article/view/9373

Estimation of Atmospheric IR Absorption | Chapter 08 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 3

 We describe a method to numerically integrate the atmospheric absorption of infrared photons owing to carbon dioxide and water vapour in this paper. We also look into how water evaporation affects climate sensitivity. We give a prediction of a temperature increase of slightly under a fifth of a degree as a result of doubling CO 2.

Author(S) Details

Barry D. O. Adams
77 Twyford Abbey Road, NW10 7ET, London, England.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V3/article/view/6512

Qualifying Earth's Nature to be Able to Face the Latest Developments of the Climate Changes| Chapter 1 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol.2

The effects of global warming on climate change are numerous. Melting world's glaciers, desertification, and high-powered hurricanes are three of these consequences that have a severe impact on civilization and life on Earth. Melting world's glaciers guides world's sea level to extreme levels, threatening sinking of wide important areas of the Earth via sea water, and desertification threatens the demise of all kinds of life in green areas by turning them into deserts, while high-powered hurricanes threaten the demise of civilization and life on Earth. It became clear that climate change is an issue of increasing energy in the environment, which increases the speed of chemical and physical reactions and changes paths to negative effects and results. As a result, new and smart ways to handle high energies in the Earth's environment and divert negative paths to positive effects and results upon the environment and life should be discovered.
Purpose: Enhance Earth's natural beauty in order to mitigate the consequences of climate change on the environment and life.
Methods: Use the same energy resources that cause global warming and climate change to extract drinking water and qualify the Earth's nature to support life factors, avoiding the use of additional energy resources to extend the life of our used systems, and finally integrating them as natural landmarks.
Results: Global warming is the result of a high level of energy in the Earth's environment, which causes an increase in the speed of chemical and physical reactions among the materials in nature, resulting in unintended consequences, such as an unregulated distribution of water quantities in the Earth's environment, with a lack of water in some areas causing desertification and an increase in other areas causing flooding. Most of the causes of climate change are due to industrial emissions, but because the world's industry and economy still rely on fossil energy resources, it's impossible to change the current situation in a blink of an eye. There are some conferences and agreements aimed at reducing recent rates of industrial emissions, but the adopted programmes only work in the long run, until it's possible to build a sophisticated industrial base that relies on renewable energy sources. For instance, when attempting to combat desertification.
Volume 2 of Current Advances in Geography, Environment, and Earth Sciences is now available.
Qualifying Earth's Nature to Handle the Most Recent Climate Change Developments
The systems must already rely on the same factors that cause desertification, such as high rates of temperatures and atomic diffusion of water into the air, while taking advantage of the natural energies of heat and gravity force of Earth. Note that as the temperature rises, so does the rate of evaporation of water from the water surface.

Author(s) Details:

Armen Ohan,
Research Fellow, Materials Science and Physics, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V2/issue/view/569 

A Brief Study on Energy: The Link between GDP and Emissions | Chapter 9 | Modern Perspectives in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10

 With more and more evidence validating the climate change hypothesis, the global energy-environment problem is unfolding. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is inextricably related to economic output, as measured by GDP. We show the exact correlations between GDP, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions for the entire world, both across time and cross-sectionally. The energy consumption, which has expanded substantially since 1970, is the intermediating link between total GDP and total emissions. Although energy consumption per GDP unit has decreased, the increase in GDP is more than sufficient to ensure that energy consumption per capita continues to rise. The findings presented here are unmistakable: Reducing energy consumption would result in a halt in economic growth, as GDP affects overall energy consumption, which in turn decides total CO2 equivalent emissions to a great extent.

Author(S) Details

Jan-Erik Lane
University of Freiburg, Germany.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPEBM-V10/article/view/4051

A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Heating and Cooling Loads | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 6

 The continuous increase in energy consumption has drawn global attention to its significant environmental impact, which is exacerbated by increased greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and rapid climate change. As a result, more energy-efficient buildings are required to reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. The current study introduces a set of machine learning-based models for predicting building heating and cooling loads. Backpropagation artificial neural network, generalized regression neural network, and so on are examples of this. Radial basis neural networks, radial kernel support vector machines, and ANOVA kernel support vector machines are all examples of support vector machines. Comparisons were made based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean absolute error (MAE), relative absolute error (RAE), root relative squared error (RRSE), and root-mean squared error (RMSE) (RMSE). The significance of the machine learning models' capacities is assessed using two-tailed student t-tests. Finally, the average ranking algorithm is used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the machine learning models. The results show that the radial basis function network significantly outperformed the previously mentioned machine learning models.

Author (S) Details

Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader
Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

Abobakr Al-Sakkaf
Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada and Department of Architecture and Environmental Planning, College of Engineering and Petroleum, adhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen.

Reem Ahmed
Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V6/article/view/1721

Recent Advancement on Climate Resilient Millets for Food and Nutrition Security: Time to Promote for All Seasons | Chapter 3 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 9

 Millets are climate-resilient crops that can adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, needing less irrigation and providing greater growth and productivity in low-nutrient input conditions with little reliance on artificial fertilisers and a reduced vulnerability to environmental stresses. Millets, which are nutritionally superior, are also limited to conventional customers and lower-income groups. To improve food and nutritional security, the value of millet groups as health foods must be resurrected. Millets have the ability to prevent cancer, reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders, reduce tumour proliferation, lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart disease, cholesterol content, fat absorption rate, delayed gastric emptying, and improved gastrointestinal bulk due to their nutritive value. Millet grain value-adding as ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook products provides farmers with a good opportunity to increase their income, promotes production and marketing, and leads to nutritional stability, jobs, and revenue generation. These are nutritious, have health benefits, and need much less inputs and cultivation costs, as well as being naturally resistant to most biotic and abiotic stresses. Millets stand out as a crop of choice in the current climate because of these characteristics.

Author (s) Details

Dr. W. Jessie Suneetha
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PJTSAU, Wyra 507165, Khammam, India.

Dr. J. Hemanth Kumar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PJTSAU, Wyra 507165, Khammam, India.

Dr. P. Jagan Mohan Rao
Regional Agricultural Research Station, PJTSAU, Warangal – 506006, India.

Dr. Y. G. Prasad
ICAR – ATARI, Zone X, CRIDA campus, Hyderabad 500 059, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CPCS-V9/issue/view/44

Strategies to Reduce the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Mobile Sources on the Orizaba Valley, México | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 The Orizaba Valley is a Mexican region, located at the geographic center of Veracruz State, having

Orizaba City as the main demographic population surrounded by other municipalities, becoming the
fourth metropolitan populated area of Veracruz State. This region has the third position on economic,
historic and cultural relevance at Veracruz State, just after the Veracruz Port and Xalapa City. It was
one of the main places with a vast economic growing during the Viceroyalty of the New Spain, being
an obligatory passing route and resting place between Veracruz Port and Mexico City.
In this project we estimate the magnitude of the Greenhouse Gas emissions coming from mobile
sources at the Orizaba Valley. It includes the urban region of the municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlan,
Orizaba, Río Blanco, Camerino de Mendoza and Nogales. The collected data was processed
according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology and it was possible to
make the following projections: 1) One baseline scenario and 2) Three scenarios under hypothetical
mitigation strategies that promise to achieve a reduction of GHG emission of 30% from the year 2020
to 2050. Beyond this, also there is a significant reduction in fossil fuels consumption due to the
efficient use of energy. All projections were made by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives
Planning system software.
In addition of the achievement on the GHG emissions reduction goal, it is possible to glimpse an
economic recovery, if and only if, the decision makers of the governments decide to participate in the
international trade of carbon market.

Author(s) Details

Joaquín Pinto-Espinoza
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Adán Reyes-Pavón
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Angélica M. Bello-Ramírez
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Marco A. Benítez-Espíndola
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Gustavo Alvarado-Kinnell
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/247

2500 Years of Observations, Deductions, Models and Geoethics: Global Perspective | Chapter 2 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

It all began with observations. With Ovidius, changes and metamorphoses were incorporated in the ancient “scientific” knowledge. Aristotle’s was to formulate the world’s first model claiming that the Earth was in the planetary centre. This model fooled the world for 1800 years. There is a danger in ruling models. The nuclear waste handling and the global warming scenario are two such modern ruling models, both of which are here challenged because of observational facts. Geoethics calls for an increased respect for observational facts. Observation–interpretation–conclusion must be the base and backbone for science today, as it has been in the past

Author(s) Details

Nils-Axel Mörner
Department of Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Rösundavägen 17, 13336 Saltsjöbaden, Sweden.

View Book: - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/169