Leaf Senescence in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Triggered by Drought Stress | Chapter 3 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 2

Wheat is a globally important cereal crop whose productivity is often constrained by drought stress, which accelerates leaf senescence. This study investigated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of natural and drought-induced senescence in wheat genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. Plants were cultivated under controlled conditions, with drought stress imposed by terminating irrigation after the booting stage. Flag leaves were sampled at 7 (early grain filling), 14 (mid grain filling), 21 (late grain filling), 28 (milk ripeness), and 35 (dough ripeness) days after anthesis. Physiological parameters, including chlorophyll and total protein content, membrane stability index, malondialdehyde level, proline accumulation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, benzidine peroxidase, and catalase—were assessed. Additionally, expression profiles of SOD isoform genes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, Mn-SOD) and WRKY transcription factors (WRKY14, WRKY36) were analyzed.

Cu/Zn-SOD expression increased during senescence, peaking at the milk ripeness stage in naturally senescing plants and at the late grain filling stage in stress-treated plants, followed by a sharp decline. Fe-SOD expression remained high until late grain filling, then decreased sharply with advancing senescence, showing a consistent association with drought tolerance, as transcript levels were significantly higher in tolerant genotypes of both wheat species. Mn-SOD expression increased steadily throughout senescence in most variants, reaching its maximum at the dough ripeness stage. WRKY36 expression was upregulated in drought-tolerant genotypes under stress, while WRKY14 was more closely linked to senescence progression. Drought-tolerant genotypes also exhibited slower chlorophyll degradation, reduced lipid peroxidation, improved membrane stability, enhanced antioxidant activity, and higher proline accumulation.

These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular and physiological responses of wheat to drought stress, highlighting key traits and gene expression patterns associated with stress tolerance and delayed senescence. This integrated understanding offers a solid foundation for the development of selection strategies and breeding programs aimed at enhancing wheat performance under water-limited conditions.

 

Author (s) Details

Samira M. Rustamova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Durna R. Aliyeva
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Turana Y. Isgandarova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Irada M. Huseynova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v2/5336

Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb Essential Oil | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 4

In the present study, the antibacterial activity and antioxidant properties of Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil and its protective effect against lipid peroxidation were investigated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometrical analyses were used to determine the chemical composition of the studied essential oil. The antibacterial activity of E.caryophyllata essential oil was evaluated by using disc diffusion method and agar incorporation method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested essential oil against four pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33862, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using tree different tests, DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Our finding indicated that E. caryophyllata essential oil has shown a strong antibacterial effect against all the tested bacterial strains with inhibition zone diameters varied from 17.5 to 20.5 mm and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.8 μL / mL and 4.4 μL / mL. Gram-positive bacteria, B. cereus and S. aureus are the most sensitive species with a MIC value of 0.8 μL / mL, however P. aeruginosa is the most resistant species to the inhibitory effect of the studied essential oil with a MIC value of 4.4 μL /mL. The result of the antioxidant effect demonstrated that E. caryophyllata essential oil exhibited a powerful antioxidant activity higher than that of standard antioxidants: gallic acid, vitamin C and BHT. The tested essential oil showed a protective effect against lipid peroxidation better than that of the standard antioxidants: gallic acid and vitamin C, confirmed by a significant decrease in malonic dialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results suggest that the essential oil of E. caryophyllata may be alternative natural source medicine to prevent and treat many diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and oxidative stress.

 

Author (s) Details

Fatiha Abdellah
Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v4/654

Antioxidant Properties and Protective Effect of Phenolic Extracts of Olive Leaves and Olive Mill Wastewater against Lipid Peroxidation | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 6

 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the In vitro antioxidant activity of the phenolic extracts of olive leaves and olive mill wastewater and their protective effect against lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of two varieties (Chemlal and Sigoise) of the tested olive leaves and olive mill wastewater was evaluated using three different antioxidant assays (DPPH radical scavenging test, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay). The protective effect of the tested extracts against lipid peroxidation in an in vitro model of rat liver homogenate was evaluated through the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The obtained results showed that the phenolic extracts of olive leaves and olive mill wastewater are rich in phenolic compounds mainly flavonoids, with the highest content found in the extract of Chemlal olive leaves (88.35±0.73 mg GAE/g of extract for polyphenols and 45.98±0.36 mg QE/g of extract for flavonoids). Furthermore, significant anti-free radical activity and reducing power have been shown by the tested extracts. In fact, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be neutralized by the studied extracts. The extract of Chemlal olive leaves exhibited the most important antioxidant activity. The tested extracts showed a significant decrease in malonic dialdehyde (MDA) levels and a protective effect against lipid peroxidation. The high protective effect was exhibited by the phenolic extract of Chemlal olive leaves. According to the obtained results, it appears that the phenolic extracts of olive leaves and olive mill wastewater have an important antioxidant potential and protective effect against lipid peroxidation and they can be used as natural antioxidant agents in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Author(s) Details:

Fatiha Abdellah,
Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products at Ibn Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V6/article/view/14927

In vitro Action of 2.2’-Azobis-2 Amidinopropan Dihydrochloride, Wine Polyphenols, Resveratrol and Catechin on Anion Permeability for Chloride and Low Density Lipoprotein Complexes in Mammalian Blood: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 7 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 The purpose concerning this chapter search out assess the ability of polyphenols (merlot polyphenols, resveratrol and catechin) on anion permeability for chloride and oxidative damage in human erythrocytes unprotected to the water-soluble free radical initiator 2.2’-azobis-2 amidinopropan dihydrochloride (AAPH).The aim of this research search out investigate the biological characteristics of LDL in the presence of sweet drink polyphenols when subjected to AAPH-dependent and free peroxidation. We compared the answer to resveratrol, flavonoids, and a proanthocyanidol-rich red wine extract (WE).The efficacy of lowering agent situation was determined by weighing anion permeability for chloride, lipid peroxidation, and hemolysis in red blood containers (RBCs). Flow cytometry was used to assess LDL receptor action in LDL labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Chinese hamster ovary containers (CHO-KI). Incubating CHO-Kl for 16 hours with oxidized FITC-LDL discounted the proportion of fluorescent containers from 97% to 4%.When compared to control and AAPH-stirred cells, polyphenol treatment is guide a significant increase in anion permeability for chloride. Treatment accompanying polyphenols was associated with a significant decline in mean ± standard error of the mean sheet lipid peroxidation compared accompanying control and AAPH treatment. Hemolysis data are too obtained in the earlier described conditions.RBCs study of animal data actually confirm previous notes.At 40 μ M resveratrol and flavonoids entirely reactivated the AAPH oxidized LDL.Total radiance is attained with 20 mg/L of especially of wine extract (WE) in the oxidation structure.According to the findings, red wine polyphenols symbolize effective lowering agents on the CM sign of anion permeability. Red wine polyphenol extracts effectively alleviate the manifestations of oxidative stress. It must be considered that abundant compounds that are unequally distributed in wines concede possibility interact to invigorate their specific antioxidant properties. Some, to a degree resveratrol, are amphiphilic and can bind to lipoproteins. This may increase the aggregation of peroxidatively degraded sites in the microenvironment. These properties are inclined contribute to crop's protective role against atherosclerosis.

Effects of Methylmercury and Theaflavin Digallate on Adipokines in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: A Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity around the world, and it is frequently associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other inflammatory diseases associated with aging. Environmental factors such as metals and persistent organic pollutants, in addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, may increase the severity or lower the threshold of these conditions. Methylmercury is toxic to adipocytes in cell culture and may affect adipokine secretion. The effects of different concentrations of theaflavin digallate on methylmercury-exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cell culture were investigated in this study. Resistin, adiponectin, and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were all secreted. Lipid (Oil Red O) staining was used to evaluate the treatment of adipocytes. When compared to control cells, methylmercury exposure increased the levels of resistin, adiponectin, and 4-HNE. Cells treated with methylmercury had fewer adipocytes and clumped lipid droplets. These findings suggest that methylmercury causes reactive oxygen species to be produced, resulting in the development of an inflammatory response. Methylmercury was reduced by theaflavin-3,3′-digallate. maintaining adipocyte morphology and adiponectin, resistin, and 4-hydroxynonenal secretion patterns Other anti-inflammatory and signaling agents could be tested at the biochemical level using this experimental model system before being studied in animal models. To gain a better understanding of the anti-oxidative effects of polyphenolic compounds, different TF-3 concentrations can be used.

Authoor (S) Details

Shubhangi Chauhan
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

Kriya Dunlap
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

Lawrence K. Duffy
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1435

Influence of Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Changes on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Imbalance in Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid Patients | Chapter 17 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The thyroid gland is the body's main metabolic regulator. Normal organ development necessitates thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones in high doses have been shown to change oxygen metabolism in cells and accelerate the formation of free radicals. When compared to normal and hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone has a pro-oxidant action and increases the generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting in a drop in antioxidant status in hyperthyroidism. Oxidative stress is also caused by thyroxin administration. Oxidative stress and hypothyroidism both impair the immune system. The thyroid gland appears to play a key role in the generation of widespread oxidative stress in pathological states. Thyroid hormones are essential regulators of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The goal of this research is to examine at free radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, and other related topics. and antioxidant levels in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism patients In conclusion, our findings imply that individuals with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a high generation of ROS and oxidative stress, as well as increased lipid peroxidation and a failure of antioxidant defence mechanisms.

Author(s) Details

Babu Kandasamy
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Indira A. Jayaraaj
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jeganathan Prabhakar
J. P. Thyroid Clinic, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

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Liver Damage due to the Interaction of Malathion with Cimetidine in Rat: Advanced Study | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 Cimetidine (C) and cimetidine with malathion (M + C) were employed in this chapter to analyze oxidative stress enzymes indicative of liver damage in rats exposed to malathion (M) in a subchronic form. Cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, has been shown to inhibit a variety of CYP450 isoforms. Malathion, an organophosphorus pesticide that is widely used, causes oxidative liver damage. Male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were investigated after being exposed to Malathion (0.15 mg/kg/day, 2 mg/kg/day, 15 mg/kg/day) and cimetidine (10 mg/kg/day) were given orally for three weeks. Malathion influences oxidative stress susceptibility and may modify antioxidant defense capacity directly or indirectly. This research will lead to new clinical diagnoses and treatments for pesticide-induced liver disease, as well as a focus on oxidative stress in organophosphate-exposed individuals and the development of intervention approaches.

Aiuthor (s) Details

Alba D. Campaña-Salcido,
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, México. A. Obregon Av.and J.O.de Domínguez St., Postal code 80001; Culiacán Sin., México.

Dr. Álvarez A. Anthon,
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, México. A. Obregon Av.and J.O.de Domínguez St., Postal code 80001; Culiacán Sin., México.

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Toxicological Studies and Oxidative Stability of Choibá Oil (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) with Addition of Rosemary Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) | Chapter 4 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol.2

 

Choibá (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) is a promising source of edible oil with high nutritional quality and a
significant content of oleic acid (52% - 54%). To promote Choibá as source of edible oil is necessary
to ensure its stability along the time of production, distribution and storage, as well as knowing its
toxicity. Loss of nutritional and organoleptic quality in lipids is mainly due to lipid peroxidation
reactions. The aim of this research was to evaluate the oxidative stability of Choibá oil supplemented
with rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and to evaluate the degradation kinetics and shelflife at 35˚C, 45˚C and 55˚C without addition of antioxidants (Control) and with addition of best
concentration of rosemary extract obtained from previous study. Progress in oil oxidation was
measured through the extent of oxidation products: peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS); additionally, the cytotoxic and mutagenic effect using MTT and DNA
comet alkaline test over human lymphocytes were evaluated. Results revealed that the addition of
rosemary extract at 1500 mg/L significantly reduced de formation of hydroperoxides (PV), more than
BHT. Through correlations between concentrations of antioxidant (including control without
antioxidant) with peroxide values, the kinetics of degradation and shelf-life of Choibá oil with predictive models are evaluated in real time and accelerated conditions (35˚C, 45˚C and 55˚C) using the Arrhenius equation. In addition, the oxidation reactions of this oil follow a first order kinetic model for PV and zero order kinetic model for TBARS. The rate of formation of PV was dependent on the
storage temperature, according to the Arrhenius equation with activation energy of 4611.51 J/mol for
Control and 7409.58 J/mol for RE1500 treatment. The result of TBARS did not adjust to Arrhenius
model, thus measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) wasn’t a useful parameter for shelf-life
determination of Choibá oil. Toxicological tests showed the oil did not show cytotoxicity or genotoxicity
at concentrations up to 1200 μg/mL, presenting estimated IC50 values of 5830 μg/mL, which
represents a low risk of cell damage, however, more tests must be carried out to ensure complete
safety of this new food ingredient.

Author (s) Details

Andrés Felipe Alzate-Arbelaez
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.

Ana María Piedrahita
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.

Jeanine Peñaloza
Tecnas S.A., Medellín, Colombia.

Álvaro Cogollo
Jardín Botánico de Medellín “Joaquín Antonio Uribe”, Medellin, Colombia.

Benjamin Rojano
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/258