Impact of Hyperthyroidism on Heart Disease: A Systematic Review | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 6

Introduction: The cardiovascular consequences of hyperthyroidism are particularly worrying, as it is capable of causing and aggravating a variety of heart diseases, from arrhythmias to heart failure, which are important clinical concerns because they can cause high morbidity and mortality.

 

Objective: To provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the effects of hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system.

 

Methods: This study constitutes a systematic review, classified as exploratory and descriptive. The preparation of the research was a bibliographical search in electronic databases on methods associated with RSL (Systematic Literature Review) and the applications of SMARTER (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique using Exploiting Rankings).

 

Results: A comprehensive systematic search of the literature yielded 4490 articles referring to the impact of hyperthyroidism on heart disease, of which 26 articles were eligible to be included in this systematic review.

 

Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism has a significant impact on the cardiovascular system, contributing to the development and exacerbation of several heart diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

Cristianne Confessor Castilho Lopes
University of the Joinville Region - Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Vitor Ohana Marques Azzini
State University of Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Natascha Szumsztajn Beker
Souza Marques College - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Eduardo Barbosa Lopes
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Fábio Herget Pitanga
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Mozartt Arthor Bondan
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Rondnelly Matheus Saraiva Rodrigues de Sousa Nelo
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Rondnelly Matheus Saraiva Rodrigues de Sousa Nelo
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Juelkson Vieira Sales
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Joacir Ferreira Junior
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Lucas Sena dos Santos Borges
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Tulio Dylan Eickoff
Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University - Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

 Larissa Silva Guimarãe
Belo Horizonte University Center - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.’’

 

Daniel Furlan
Federal University of Santa Catarina - Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

 

Patrícia Cota Lima
Federal University of Rio Grande - Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Lívia Strital Defáveri
University of Vale do Taquari - Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Raul Souto
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Ana Clara Sevá
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Maria Eduarda Carvalho de Souza

Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Gabriela Costa Trofino
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Rafael Coutinho Fournier
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Eduardo Afonso Zechlinski dos Santo
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Thalys Augusto Menegazzo Trombetta
Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

 

Fabio Kopp Vanuzzi
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Túlio Gamio Dias
University of São Paulo - São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Carolina Della Latta Colpani
Lutheran University of Brazil – Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

 

Túlio Gamio Dias

University of São Paulo - São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v6/1808

Correlation of Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions with Thyroid Dys-Function in Adults by Cold Pressor Test: A Prospective Case-Control Study | Chapter 3 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 The objective of the episode is to judge the cardiac autonomic status in adult hyperthyroid and hypothyroid victims by Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and to study the correlation middle from two points thyroid status and the autonomic functions managing cardiovascular (CV) system. Changes, in thyroid rank, have pronounced effects on cardiovascular scheme reflecting individual dysfunction and increased morbidity. Exact interplay between individual nervous activity and thyroid hormones is dubious. Prospective case–control study done by dispassionate examination and serum levels of (T3, T4 and TSH). Three groups hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and control group were classification and blood pressure (BP) answers to CPT were evaluated in these groups. Statistical analysis was acted using student’s t-test. In hypothyroidism, basic sympathetic tone is raised to compensate for thyroid birth control method deficiency, and this reduces reflex incitement of sympathetic whole during stress, which exhibits crippled sympatho - excitatory responses superior to aortic stiffness and opposition. This prevents fall in systolic pressure and further results in hypofunctioning of parasympathetic volume. Hence, rise in systolic BP after CPT sank but statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). In hyperthyroidism, the rise in systolic BP after CPT is considerably decreased (P < 0.01) that suggests unbalanced sympathovagal volume, i.e., diminished parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. In hypothyroidism, a meaningful rise in diastolic BP after CPT (P < 0.01) implies impaired response to testing receptors, over activity of beginning receptors and endothelial dysfunction resulting in increased minor resistance. In hyperthyroidism, rise in diastolic BP following in position or time CPT is insignificant (P > 0.05) which implies direct action of thyroid birth control method on vascular smooth muscles causing vasodilatation. In addition skilled is reduced vagal & agreeable activity. Thus, the study revealed thyroid dysfunction leads to sympathovagal inequality affecting cardiac unrestrained politically function.

Author(s) Details:

Sunita Milind Tiwale,
Department of Physiology, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Padmaja Rajey Desai,
Department of Physiology, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V3/article/view/11985

Can Thyroid Gland Impact Your Fertility? | Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 

The second most prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age is thyroid illness. Significant links between thyroid conditions and anomalies of the reproductive system have now largely been established. Primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in both males and females have both been well-documented to cause varying degrees of gonadal dysfunction (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, lack of sperms or infertility). The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis interact to modulate neuroendocrine controls over reproductive processes in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones may cause changes in the male reproductive hormonal environment that lower testosterone levels and worsen the quality of sperm. All aspects of reproduction are impacted by thyroid disorders because they play a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the development of infertility by interfering with the actions of the follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on the steroid biosynthesis by specific triiodothyronine (T3) sites on oocytes.

Author(s) Details:

Ehab Tousson,
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.

Manal Elbandrawy,
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V2/article/view/7740

Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Associated with Myotonic Dystrophy: A Review of the Literature | Chapter 15 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Background: Primary hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction are all typical endocrine symptoms in myotonic dystrophy (MD).

The goal of this study is to provide a rare case of primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism associated with MD, as well as to assess its significance through a literature review.

We describe a 46-year-old mother with a kid who has a family history of MD. She needed a pacemaker after being diagnosed with cardiac arrhythmia. Her eyes were found to have a bilateral cataract. Her complaints were muscle weakness, extensive myalgia, and palpitation. Electromyography revealed myotonic discharges (EMG). Serum calcium was 2.83 mmol/L, serum phosphate was 1.2 mmol/L, parathormone was 362.5 pg/mL, and thyroid stimulating hormone was TSH FT4 21.17 ng/mL, 0.02 mIU/L (normal range: 0.34–5.6 mIU/L), and negative anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies. During a cervical ultrasound, a multinodular goitre was identified. Using 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy, a lower right parathyroid adenoma was detected. Clinical evidence, family history of MD, EMG data, and endocrine abnormalities all pointed to MD being linked to hyperthyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism.

Author(S) Details

Yosra Cherif
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

Baha Zantour
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

Wafa Alaya
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

Olfa Berriche
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

Samia Younes
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

Mohamed Habib Sfar
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Hiboun District, 5100, Mahdia, Tunisia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V9/article/view/6910

Relationship between Iron Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Profile in Patients with Hyperthyroidism | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overworked. It is usually accompanied by erythropoiesis changes. The exact mechanism is still unknown.

The following are the study objectives: The goal of this study was to see if there was a link between thyroid diseases and haematological abnormalities.

Conclusion: Variations in thyroid status result in changes in serum ferritin, as well as other hematologic markers. Thyroid hormones affect ferritin levels, which has a direct effect on iron metabolism. Although elevated free iron levels are hazardous to the organism and serve as a measure of oxidative stress, hyperferritinemia protects against the increased oxidative stress associated with hyperthyroidism.

Author(S) Details

Monica Verma
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Renuka Verma
Department of Pathology, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Kiran Dahiya
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Isha Malik
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Vasudha Dhupper
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Ashuma Sachdeva
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V14/article/view/4995

The Use of Free Thyroxine and Free Triidothyronine as an Index for the Assessment of Thyroid Function in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The laboratory examination performed through blood tests is an important aspect of diagnosing thyroid problems. In order to choose the best treatment options for thyroid disease patients and improve workflow and efficiency, a trustworthy and precise diagnosis is required. Because of the increased late diagnosis of thyroid disease in patients with diverse thyroid problems, this study was conducted. As a result, the goal of this chapter is to introduce concepts related to thyroid illness diagnosis.

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the use of fT3 and fT4 in the diagnosis of various thyroid disorders. Medical professionals who treat thyroid illnesses require the right tools to deal with their patients' issues. Free thyroxine (fT4) and free triodothyronine (fT3) were calculated and utilised as indices for the differential assessment of thyroid function. Between February 2010 and April 2013, nine hundred and seven (907) people were diagnosed with various thyroid dysfunctions at various hospitals and clinics in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out using the enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. 532 of the 907 patients were females, accounting for 58.65% of the total, while 375 were males, accounting for 41.35 percent. According to the findings, 55.46 percent of patients diagnosed with primary hyperthroidism had elevated serum levels of both total and free T3, T4 with low TSH values, while 3.09 percent of hyperthyroid cases had normal total T4 and T3 but elevated values of fT4 and fT3. 0.88 percent of patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism had normal total T4 and T3 but low serum levels of fT4 and fT3, and were diagnosed clinically. In 9.81 percent of the patients, triiodothyronine (T3) toxicosis was observed, with high fT3 and normal fT4 serum levels. 9.26% of individuals with non-thyroidal disease had low serum fT4 levels. In addition to high blood TSH levels, two patients (about 0.22 percent) with TSH Secreting Tumors exhibited an elevated serum fT4 level. This study discovered that fT3 and fT4 can be used as a diagnostic tool for thyroid problems.

Author(S) Details

F. C. Ezeiruaku
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Collage of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

D. C. Ukaji
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E. M. Eze
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

C. U. Okeke
Department of Prosthesis and Orthopaedic Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V10/article/view/4631

Study on Resistant Hyperthyroidism, Responses Dramatically to Adjunctive Oral Cholestyramine| Chapter 7 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 11

 A small percentage of hyperthyroid patients are resistant to antithyroid medicines. Cholestyramine has been shown in multiple studies to sequester thyroid hormones in the intestine, resulting in a faster drop in thyroid hormone levels when administered as an adjuvant treatment to traditional antithyroid medications. The goal of this study is to provide a case of resistant Graves' illness that responds well to adjunctive oral cholestyramine, as well as to explore the safety and efficacy of this medicine. We present the case of a 27-year-old female patient with Graves' disease who had been experiencing thyrotoxicosis symptoms for 18 months and had not reacted to even a high dose of Neomercazol, Propranolol, and Prednisolone. Her T4 level was 19.3 (4.9–11.0 g/mL) at the time of presentation. As an additional therapy, we give oral cholestyramine (5g twice day). After one week, the patient's T4 level was 10.6 (4.9–11.0 g/mL), indicating a significant response. After another week of the same medication, a total thyroidectomy was performed. The postoperative period was uneventful and free of problems.

Author (s) Details

Sadq Ghaleb Kadem
Department of Surgery, Al-Shiffa General Hospital, Basrah, Iraq.

Zainab Taher Ibrahim
Department of Radiology, Al-Sadder teaching Hospital, Basrah, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V11/article/view/2500

Association of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase among Thyroid Patients: A Brief Study | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, and when these hormones malfunction, thyroid diseases occur. They are one of the most common endocrine illnesses in the world, ranking second only to diabetes. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the two most common thyroid conditions. These disorders are linked to a number of risk factors, including aberrant iodine levels and specific molecular indicators. The goal of this research is to learn more about the link between acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and thyroid diseases. The hypo and hyper thyroid patients in this study had higher levels of acid phosphatase than the controls. Whereas alkaline phosphate levels are lower in hypothyroid patients than in controls, it is closer to normal levels in both patients and controls in hyperthyroid patients. In the introduction and the results, the linked literature correlation is explored in detail.

Author (s) Details

B. Dharani Priya
Former Coordinator, BVK PG College, Visalakshinagar, Visakhapatnam-43, India.

U. Prathyusha
Former Coordinator, BVK PG College, Visalakshinagar, Visakhapatnam-43, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V8/article/view/2168

Influence of Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Changes on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Imbalance in Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid Patients | Chapter 17 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The thyroid gland is the body's main metabolic regulator. Normal organ development necessitates thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones in high doses have been shown to change oxygen metabolism in cells and accelerate the formation of free radicals. When compared to normal and hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone has a pro-oxidant action and increases the generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting in a drop in antioxidant status in hyperthyroidism. Oxidative stress is also caused by thyroxin administration. Oxidative stress and hypothyroidism both impair the immune system. The thyroid gland appears to play a key role in the generation of widespread oxidative stress in pathological states. Thyroid hormones are essential regulators of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The goal of this research is to examine at free radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, and other related topics. and antioxidant levels in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism patients In conclusion, our findings imply that individuals with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a high generation of ROS and oxidative stress, as well as increased lipid peroxidation and a failure of antioxidant defence mechanisms.

Author(s) Details

Babu Kandasamy
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Indira A. Jayaraaj
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jeganathan Prabhakar
J. P. Thyroid Clinic, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V12/article/view/1379

Oxidative Stress Regulates the Activity of Nrf-2 Factor and the Transcription of Antioxidant Enzymes in Lymphoid Tissue of a Murine Model of Hyperthyroidism | Chapter 9 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine condition marked by excessive thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T3) secretion (T4). Thyroid hormones (THs) have pleiotropic effects on a variety of tissues and cause an overall rise in metabolism, including higher energy demand and oxygen consumption. As a result, the aim of this study was to look into the effects of hyperthyroidism on the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice's lymph node and spleen cells, as well as the antioxidant mechanisms involved in resetting the cellular redox state. Thirty female Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to one of two groups: euthyroid (placebo treatment) or hyperthyroid (treatment with 12 mg/l T4 in drinking water for 30 days). In lymph node and spleen cells of hyperthyroid mice, we discovered a substantial increase in ROS as well as an increase in the genomic and protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1). The expression of CAT and GPx-1 was increased in lymphoid cells from euthyroid mice after in vitro treatment with H2O2 (250 M). The phosphorylation levels of Nrf-2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related factor) and the kinase activity of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase were increased by hyperthyroidism (ERK). Furthermore, we discovered an improvement in the expression of the classic PKC isoenzymes, and. Nrf-2 was phosphorylated and translocated to the cell nucleus by the PKC and ERK kinases. In conclusion, these findings showed that a rise in ROS in hyperthyroid mice's lymphoid tissue induced the transcription of antioxidant enzymes by activating Nrf-2. In lymphoid cells from hyperthyroid mice, we explain the molecular mechanisms that regulate the enzymatic antioxidant system. The discovery of new molecular targets for the treatment of pathologies linked to elevated levels of oxidative stress could be aided by understanding how the cellular redox state is modulated.

Author (s) Details

Melisa Costilla
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Rodrigo Macri Delbono
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Alicia Klecha
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Mariana Daniela Kovalovsky-Barreiro
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

Graciela Cremaschi
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

María Laura Barreiro Arcos
Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Avenue Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600 (C1107AAZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V13/article/view/740