Demographic Patterns and Biochemical Determinants of Iron Disorders: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Disorders of iron homeostasis, including iron deficiency and iron overload, represent clinically important and biologically interconnected conditions. Iron deficiency remains the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and a major cause of Anemia, impaired cognitive function, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conversely, iron overload—most commonly due to hereditary hemochromatosis or secondary causes—can lead to progressive parenchymal iron deposition, culminating in hepatic, cardiac, and endocrine complications. Real-world comparative data across the full spectrum of iron dysregulation in hospital-based populations remain limited.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to characterise demographic patterns and biochemical profiles of iron deficiency and iron overload and to identify independent predictors using routinely available laboratory parameters.

 

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 110 patients who underwent iron profile testing at a tertiary care centre. Patient data were extracted from the hospital’s electronic health records. Patients were categorised into iron deficiency, normal iron status, and iron overload groups using predefined cut-offs for serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Laboratory analyses were performed in an accredited clinical laboratory using standardised automated immunoassays and spectrophotometric techniques. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors.

 

Results: Iron-deficient patients were significantly younger and more likely to be female, with markedly lower ferritin and TSAT and significantly higher TIBC (p < 0.001). The iron overload group showed significantly elevated ferritin and TSAT with a male predominance and relatively lower TIBC. Post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences across all groups. Female sex, younger age, and higher TIBC independently predicted iron deficiency, while older age and elevated TSAT were associated with iron overload.

 

Conclusions: Hospital-based patients demonstrate clear demographic and biochemical stratification across iron status categories. The findings emphasise the importance of interpreting iron parameters as an integrated panel rather than in isolation. Integrated interpretation of iron indices, together with simple demographic variables, may improve early identification and risk stratification of iron dysregulation in routine clinical practice. Given the single-centre, retrospective design, future multicenter prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these findings and assess their clinical applicability across diverse populations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kuldeep Singh
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Sonalika Rajput
Government Medical College, Jammu, India.

 

Rohit
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Abid Manzoor

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Eishita Gupta
SMVDIME, J&K, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6980

Meconium Proteins as Potential Biomarkers for Fetal Iron Status and Intrauterine Inflammation | Chapter 13 |Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

The lack of specific biological materials and biomarkers limits our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying intrauterine regulation of iron supply to the fetus. Determining the meconium content of proteins functionally related to the regulation of iron metabolism may explain their role in fetal development. This study assesses the homeostasis of iron metabolism in intrauterine fetal development by determining the concentrations and interdependencies in neonatal meconium proteins commonly recognized in laboratory diagnostics for the assessment of iron status. Ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and calprotectin were determined by ELISA in meconium samples obtained from 122 neonates. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistica Version 13 (StatSoft Inc., TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). There were strong correlations between the meconium concentrations of haptoglobin, transferrin, and NGAL (p < 0.05). Meconium concentrations of ferritin were several-fold higher than the concentrations of the other proteins, with the exception of calprotectin whose concentration was approximately three-fold higher than that of ferritin. Meconium ceruloplasmin concentration significantly correlated with the concentrations of MPO, NGAL, lactoferrin, and calprotectin. Strong correlations between specific proteins in meconium, such as haptoglobin, transferrin, and NGAL, suggest their collaborative involvement in iron homeostasis within the fetus. Furthermore, the study's findings provide valuable information about the potential role of ceruloplasmin in regulating neutrophil activity in the intrauterine environment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ewa Skarzynska
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

 

Artur Jakimiuk
Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Diseases and Gynecologic Oncology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland and Center for Reproductive Health, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Tadeusz Issat
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/4167

Association between Serum Ferritin and Some Bio Variables in Obese Male and Female at Obesity Medical Center in Iraq | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 5

 

Obesity is a worldwide health complication. In 2014, 600 million adults and 42 million kids, less than five years of age, were obese. It is a hyperassembly of energy in the form of adipose tissues which has worse effects on health. The major factors of the obesity epidemic are: heavy meal which is rich in lipids, carbohydrates resulting in overweight and eventually obesity, and a decrease in physical activity that leads to defects in calorie conception. In health care facilities ferritin assay is used as a screening test to detect iron deficiency; however, its reliability in obesity has been questioned. The present study aimed to assess and compare the incidence of obesity, hyperferritinemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypouricemia among middle-aged hypertensive patients in the local setting and examined ferritin concentrations and other classical indices in obese males and females. Serum levels of ferritin was assessed using ELISA kit, while Hb was analyzed using Coulter LH 750 Hematology Analyzer and other parameters were assessed by colorimetric kits. This limited population study was conducted at the Obesity Medical Center at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq from January to March 2016. One hindered and eight patients were enrolled in this study plus to participate of 61 subjects as healthy control. Based on body mass index (BMI), 169 participants were divided into two groups: BMI ≥ 18.5–25 kg/m2 non obese (control), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 obese subjects. Patients with endocrine disease, pregnancy, and renal disease leading to hypertension were excluded from the study. The statistical package for the social sciences computer program version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistic software, IBM Corporation, New York, United States) was used for the analysis. The main demographic features data of the study population shows that systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were raised significantly in obese patients (P<0.05) compared with control. Serum hemoglobin levels were decreased significantly in obese males when compared with the non-obese group and no difference in the female group was observed. In addition, the levels of lipid profile and other studied parameters according to gender showed the following results:- significant elevation in TG, LDL, VLDL, glucose, and ferritin in the obese (for both genders) compared with the non-obese group. A significant decrease was noticed in HDL-c, uric acid, and urea levels in the obsessed group compared with the non-obese group in both genders. The comparison results between obese males and females concluded that a significant elevation in BMI with a significant decrease in VLDL and ferritin levels in obese females compared with obese males. The present study examines all types of correlations between parameters. In obese patients (n=108), stepwise linear regression analysis showed that serum ferritin levels were independently correlated with LDL, VLDL levels, and age, (P< 0.001). Increased BMI and ferritin levels are more frequent in females as compared to male obese patients which are an important risk factor for obesity complications.

Author (s) Details

 

Zaizafoon N. Nasif
Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Emad M. Eltayef
Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Nasser M. Al-Janabi
Department of Soil, Collage of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq.

 

Ali N. Niseaf
Department of Chemistry, Collage of Applied Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v5/4065

Utilizing Meconium Transferrin and Ferritin as Metrics for Fetal Homeostasis | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 1

 Aim: The aim of this study was to measure transferrin and ferritin concentrations in meconium specimens and assess their possible correlation with birth weight in study neonates.

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms regulating homeostasis in the developing fetus have not been satisfactorily elucidated. Meconium deposited intrauterine contains substances accumulated in the intestine that may indicate the development and growth of the fetus.

Objective: Measurement of transferrin and ferritin concentrations in meconium and checking the interconnections between these proteins with their effects on the development and growth of the fetus.

Methodology: The study was conducted in a group of 125 newborns, whose first portion of meconium was collected immediately after birth. This clinical material was homogenized. Ferritin and transferrin concentrations were determined in homogenates using commercial ELISA tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

Results: Higher birth weight was associated with lower ferritin concentrations in meconium (r = −0.22, p = 0.015). In neonates with a birth weight of more than 3750 g, there was a positive correlation between transferrin and ferritin concentrations (r = 0.51, p = 0.003). With meconium transferrin concentrations above 43.52 µg/g, a negative correlation between transferrin and ferritin was established (r = −0.37, p = 0.036), while with transferrin concentrations below 43.52 µg/g, the correlations between the birth weight and the meconium transferrin and ferritin concentrations were negative (r = −0.61, p < 0.001 and r = −0.43, p = 0.017, respectively).

Conclusion: The concentrations of transferrin and ferritin in meconium show mutual associations, the statistical significance of which increases proportionally with the weight of the newborn.  Setting reference limits for ferritin and meconium transferrin concentrations, as well as their correlation with clinical parameters during pregnancy, may help evaluate how intrauterine life affects the neonate's health and how well it adjusts to extrauterine life.

Author(s) Details:

Ewa Skarzynska,
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

Klaudia Mularczyk,
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

Tadeusz Issat,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

Artur Jakimiuk,
Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Diseases and Gynecologic Oncology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland and Center for Reproductive Health, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

Barbara Lisowska-Myjak,
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V1/article/view/14014

Comparison of IDA and Its Biochemical Markers in Pregnant/Non-Pregnant Women of Rural Areas of Central Maharashtra – A Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 7 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Toxicity of iron has been considered as one of the risk factors for pregnant women, though it is an essential trace element. Haemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin and Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) also plays an important role in the development of fetus. The aim of the present study is to assess the status of above parameters in pregnancy in rural areas. The pregnant women group comprised of 50 healthy pregnant women and 50 healthy non-pregnant women group. Hb% estimated by fully automated 5 part hematology analyzer (Cell Dn Ruby). Serum iron, serum ferritin, and TIBC were measured on fully automated chemistry analyzer. Statistical analysis was carried out in the form of mean±SD, Students ‘t’ test, df and probability. In our study rural pregnant women population showed a significant decrease in mean serum hemoglobin (<10.5 g/dl) as compared to non-pregnant women (13.99 g/dl). Mean serum iron in pregnant women was decreased (73.30±16.74 µg/dl) as compare to non-pregnant women (110.2±17.62 µg/dl). We found decreased mean serum ferritin (9.67±6.2 ng/ml) in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women (51.45±23.21 ng/ml), whereas mean serum TIBC level significantly increased pregnant women (476.22±98.36 µg/dl) as compared to non-pregnant women (325.44±70.5 µg/dl) in rural women (p<0.001). This results provides that, it is important to detect which form of iron become abnormal during pregnancy which may lead to cause of nutritional deficiency in pregnant women so as to reduce public problem in rural areas. Thus we recommend ways for increasing public awareness and tackling this health issue including the observance of “National Anemia Awareness and Treatment Day” especially in rural areas of Maharashtra.

Author(s) Details:

V. S. Hatolkar,
Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research (IIMS&R), At Post Warudi, Tq. Badnapur, Dist Jalna, India.

Savita Deshmukh,
Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research (IIMS&R), At Post Warudi, Tq. Badnapur, Dist Jalna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13520

Relationship between Iron Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Profile in Patients with Hyperthyroidism | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overworked. It is usually accompanied by erythropoiesis changes. The exact mechanism is still unknown.

The following are the study objectives: The goal of this study was to see if there was a link between thyroid diseases and haematological abnormalities.

Conclusion: Variations in thyroid status result in changes in serum ferritin, as well as other hematologic markers. Thyroid hormones affect ferritin levels, which has a direct effect on iron metabolism. Although elevated free iron levels are hazardous to the organism and serve as a measure of oxidative stress, hyperferritinemia protects against the increased oxidative stress associated with hyperthyroidism.

Author(S) Details

Monica Verma
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Renuka Verma
Department of Pathology, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Kiran Dahiya
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Isha Malik
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Vasudha Dhupper
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Ashuma Sachdeva
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V14/article/view/4995

Study on Association of Serum Uric Acid, Homocystine and Ferritin among Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Bangladesh | Chapter 8 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 The disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterised by the loss of neurons that control voluntary muscles. It's also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or motor neuron disease (MND). It's possible that serum uric acid, homocystine, and ferritin are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

However, we lack sufficient information on these subjects. The primary goal of this study was to look into the link between serum uric acid, homocystine, and ferritin and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the department of neurology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2010 to December 2011. Following the completion of the study, the 76 participants were divided into two equal groups, each having 38 participants. In group I (the case group), there were 38 ALS patients and 38 healthy persons (control group). Pre-designed questioners were used to collect data, which was subsequently processed and analysed using SPSS version 11.5.

Results: In this study, approximately 11% of patients in the case group and 5.3 percent of participants in the control group (a total of 15.8%) were merely former smokers. The mean (SD) uric acid level in the case group was 4.271.41 mg/dL, while it was 4.271.41 mg/dL in the control group, indicating a strong association between the two groups (p value > 0.05). We discovered a significant link between uric acid and gender of the case group when the p value was less than 0.05. Serum uric acid levels were found to be lower in females. In this investigation, blood uric acid levels were found to be inversely associated to disease duration and positively connected to the ALS functional rating scale.

Conclusion: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients had lower serum UA levels than healthy people, and female ALS patients had lower levels than male ALS patients. In the case group, uric acid levels were favourably correlated with the ALSFRS-R (severity) and negatively correlated with disease duration. In the early stages of ALS, UA levels could be used as a biomarker for disease progression.

Author (s) Details

Md. Raknuzzaman
National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Tasnim Jannaty
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Anis Ahmed
Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abu Shams
Department of Neurology, Anwer Khan Modern Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Hasan Ali Masum
Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Masud Rana
Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V1/article/view/2787

Study on Inflammatory Link between Stress and Major Depressive Disorder: An Approach through the Biochemical Lens | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

 Background: Various research have supported the link between depression and inflammation, with chronic stress leading to HPA axis activation and cortisol secretion being hypothesised to explain depression pathophysiology.

The goal of this study was to determine and compare the levels of cortisol, ferritin, and hsCRP in the serum of patients with Major Depressive Disorder and healthy controls.

Methods: In this study, the effect of cortisol and inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) was investigated in 150 patients with MDD and 150 age and sex matched control volunteers. The Enzyme Immuno Assay method was used to measure serum cortisol as well as two well-known acute phase reactant proteins, hsCRP and Ferritin, in all study participants.

Cortisol and hsCRP levels in the blood were found to be considerably greater in all MDD patients, although ferritin levels were significantly lower. There was no discernible variation in the characteristics across the various degrees of MDD. The ROC curve was utilised to determine whether these three measures may be used as biomarkers. Only the level of Ferritin indicated a significant difference when the parameters were compared by gender.

Conclusion: The large change in biochemical parameters that is not linked to grade-level changes shows that inflammation is most likely the first event that leads to depression. As a result, there is no gradual shift as the condition becomes more severe. hsCRP appears to be the biomarker that can be employed in MDD cases, based on the area under the curve in both female and male patients.

Author (S) Details

Soma Gupta
Department of Biochemistry, N.R.S. Medical College, 138, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Rd., Sealdah, Kolkata, West Bengal 700014, India.

Harendranath Das
(Retd.)Department of Biochemistry, R.G. Kar Medical College, 1, Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700004, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V12/article/view/2694

Assessing the Impact of Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment on Type 2 Diabetic Complications | Chapter 13 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 1

 The study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and type

2 diabetes, to estimate the effect of the IDA on the level of glucose and glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac)

and to assess the ameliorating effect of IDA treatment on progression of diabetes and its

complications. This study included 125 male Fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, CBC, ferritin, iron,

and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assayed. The HbA1c and FBG levels were significantly

higher in groups III and IV compared to group I. The results revealed a significant decline in HbA1c

and FBG levels in group V compared to group IV. Negative significant correlations were observed

between iron and ferritin with HbA1c and FBG. Ferritin was the most reliable predictor of type 2

diabetes in patients with IDA. The best cut off value for ferritin was 31.56 ng/ml. Low iron level has a

crucial effect on glycemic status by increasing the level of FBG and HbA1c, IDA is strongly correlated

with type 2 diabetes and the iron supplementation for diabetic patients with IDA ameliorates the

progression of diabetes and its complications.

 

Author (s) Details

 Amira S. Ahmed
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia and Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.

Rehab M. Elgharabawy
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia and Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt.

Amal H. Al-Najjar
Drug and Poison Information Specialist, Pharmacy Services, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Monerh H. Al-Abdullatif
College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Mona A. Al-Abdullatif
College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Turki A. Al-Mogbel

Buraydah Diabetes Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/239