Radiolographic Study on Dentition of Goat (Capra hircus) During the Prenatal Development| Chapter 4 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

The present study was planned to generate scientific baseline data on prenatal development of teeth in goat. The mammalian dentition is classified as heterodont dentition because the teeth develop differently in each region of the mouth according to their use and are grouped into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. For the present investigation, a total of 42 representative goat fetuses were taken and they were prepared for incisor block and hemisections of head. After preparation, they were radiographed in dorso-ventral and latero-medial projection, respectively. The sequential progression of development of deciduous incisors was found as Di1, Di2, Di3, Di4. The beginning of crown formation was detected at the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th week for Di1, Di2, Di3 and Di4 in goat fetuses, respectively. The complete crown formation and beginning of root formation were detected at 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st weeks for Di1, Di2, Di3 and Di4, respectively. All deciduous incisor teeth had roots at different stages of development at full term, but none had fully developed. The current investigation found bilateral symmetry in the development of the goat fetuses' deciduous incisor teeth. No radiological evidence was found to support the development of permanent incisor teeth in the upper and lower jaw or upper deciduous incisors. The scientific baseline data generated from the present study on various radiographic developmental stages of deciduous incisor teeth could be utilized as a guideline to estimate age in goat fetuses from the 12th week to full term. The present investigation revealed bilateral symmetry in deciduous incisor teeth development in goat fetuses. There was no any radiographic indication for development of upper deciduous incisors as well as permanent incisor teeth in the upper and lower jaw.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Joshi N. H
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, India.

Patel K. B
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, India.

Desai M. C.
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, India.

Raval S. H.
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, Gujarat, India.

Parmar R. S.
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, Gujarat, India.

Chudasama M. M.
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/8268E

Alobar Holoprosencephaly with Cyclopia: An In-Depth Exploration | Chapter 8 |Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare lethal congenital anomaly frequently accompanied by other malformations (such as cyclopia) and characterized by large variations in incidence. HPE is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly, a congenital brain malformation caused by incomplete division of the forebrain during early gestation. This results in a single, central brain ventricle, absence of the interhemispheric fissure, corpus callosum, olfactory structures, and non-separation of subcortical nuclei. Cyclopia, a rare and severe facial manifestation of alobar HPE, involves the merging of the eye orbits into a single central cavity, often with a proboscis, and is typically incompatible with life. The condition arises from genetic mutations (e.g., SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGIF1), chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., trisomy 13, trisomy 18), and environmental factors such as maternal diabetes, alcohol abuse, and teratogen exposure. Clinical features include severe neurological impairments, developmental delays, seizures, and facial abnormalities. Diagnosis relies on prenatal imaging (ultrasound, MRI) and genetic testing, with most cases resulting in stillbirth or early neonatal death.

Management is primarily supportive, focusing on symptom relief and palliative care. This chapter underscores the importance of early detection, prenatal counseling, and multidisciplinary care while advocating for further research into the genetic and environmental contributors to this rare condition to improve diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic approaches.

The prognosis for infants with alobar holoprosencephaly and cyclopia is extremely poor, with most cases resulting in stillbirth or neonatal death. Survivors have profound neurological impairments and very limited life expectancy. The management of this condition is primarily supportive and palliative, focusing on alleviating symptoms, providing nutritional support, managing seizures, and ensuring comfort and quality of life.

This chapter emphasizes the need for early detection, prenatal counseling, and a multidisciplinary approach to managing alobar holoprosencephaly with cyclopia. By understanding the genetic, environmental, and clinical complexities of this condition, healthcare providers can better support affected families and explore potential avenues for early diagnosis, prevention, and improved care strategies. Despite advances in medical knowledge, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for continued research into the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions for this rare and devastating congenital anomaly.

 

Author (s) Details

Himani Malviya
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Bandana Sharma
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Rahul Ray
Department of Neurosurgery, SSB Multispecialty Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India.

 

Anchal Malik
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2236

Meconium Proteins as Potential Biomarkers for Fetal Iron Status and Intrauterine Inflammation | Chapter 13 |Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

The lack of specific biological materials and biomarkers limits our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying intrauterine regulation of iron supply to the fetus. Determining the meconium content of proteins functionally related to the regulation of iron metabolism may explain their role in fetal development. This study assesses the homeostasis of iron metabolism in intrauterine fetal development by determining the concentrations and interdependencies in neonatal meconium proteins commonly recognized in laboratory diagnostics for the assessment of iron status. Ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and calprotectin were determined by ELISA in meconium samples obtained from 122 neonates. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistica Version 13 (StatSoft Inc., TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). There were strong correlations between the meconium concentrations of haptoglobin, transferrin, and NGAL (p < 0.05). Meconium concentrations of ferritin were several-fold higher than the concentrations of the other proteins, with the exception of calprotectin whose concentration was approximately three-fold higher than that of ferritin. Meconium ceruloplasmin concentration significantly correlated with the concentrations of MPO, NGAL, lactoferrin, and calprotectin. Strong correlations between specific proteins in meconium, such as haptoglobin, transferrin, and NGAL, suggest their collaborative involvement in iron homeostasis within the fetus. Furthermore, the study's findings provide valuable information about the potential role of ceruloplasmin in regulating neutrophil activity in the intrauterine environment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ewa Skarzynska
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

 

Artur Jakimiuk
Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Diseases and Gynecologic Oncology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland and Center for Reproductive Health, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Tadeusz Issat
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/4167

Investigating the Histopathological Changes in Multiple Fetal Tissues Exposed In-Utero to Zidovudine | Chapter 8 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 6

 Objective: To avoid vertical transmission of HIV infection, zidovudine, the first antiretroviral treatment, is used. The medication was prescribed to pregnant women without sufficient evidence of its efficacy for the foetus. The purpose of the present experiment is to study the effect of zidovudine in foetuses exposed to the drug in utero at a light microscopic stage. Materials and Methods: There were 60 Swiss mice divided into two control groups (n=20) and experimental groups (n=40). A 50 mg / kg / day dose was administered by mouth to the experimental group and an equal amount of regular saline to the control group was administered. The drug was given from day 8 to day 16 of gestation, and the animal was sacrificed on day 19. In 10 percent neutral formalin, foetuses collected after laparotomy were fixed and then subjected to a light microscopic analysis to determine histopathological changes. It studied H&E stained portions of the liver , lung, kidney , brain, and maternal ovary. Results: liver fat degeneration, degenerative changes in the kidney portion, alveoli dilatation with alveolar wall thinning, cerebral cortex microcystic degeneration were observed. The experimental group's maternal ovary had a thin corpus luteum. Conclusion: In multiple foetal tissues of mice, we observed various histopathological changes that, while they could not be correlated with the previous works done by numerous researchers, our result may, however, project a composite image of the side effect of ZDV affecting almost all body tissues. An electron microscopic analysis of the same will be suggested to validate the adverse effect of the drug in more detail in different animals. Finally, the seriousness of the toxic impact of ZDV in children perinatally exposed to ZDV can be shown in years to come as children born to mothers exposed to ZDV may all have been below 20 years since it was only recommended for use in 1994.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Rajlakshmi Chongtham
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Imphal, Manipur, India.

Prof. Asima Bhattacharyya
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Imphal, Manipur, India.

Prof. Mohan Kumar

Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Imphal, Manipur, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/313

Abortion in Ancient Times | Chapter 4 | New Horizons in Education and Social Studies Vol. 2

Introduction: Abortion was generally known and widespread among ancient people, as well as in ancient Greece.  Purpose:  Delve into the beliefs of ancient individuals, and especially the Greeks regarding the practice of abortion.  Materials and Methods: A thorough academic and scientific research of writers of Ancient Greece and related studies and articles was conducted. Results: In the chapter, details of the concepts of ancient people (Chinese, Egyptians Hebrews, Greeks and Romans) about abortion are given. According to their beliefs, some ancient people supported the abortion while others did not. On the other hand, ethical and legal issues related to abortion, of that time, are presented. It appears that law and religion allowed the physician to do whatever he considered the best practice. Conclusions: In ancient times, as well as in ancient Greece, abortion was well known. The causes of abortion differed along with individuals who either applied or recommended its application.

Author(s) Details

Kourkouta Lambrini
Department of Nursing, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece

Frantzana Aikaterini
General Hospital Papanikolaou of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece and European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Iliadis Christos
Private Therapeutic Center of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Ouzounakis Petros
General University Hospital of Alexandroupoli, Alexandroupoli, Greece.

Plati Panagiota
Department of History/Archaeology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/215