Leaf Senescence in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Triggered by Drought Stress | Chapter 3 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 2

Wheat is a globally important cereal crop whose productivity is often constrained by drought stress, which accelerates leaf senescence. This study investigated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of natural and drought-induced senescence in wheat genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. Plants were cultivated under controlled conditions, with drought stress imposed by terminating irrigation after the booting stage. Flag leaves were sampled at 7 (early grain filling), 14 (mid grain filling), 21 (late grain filling), 28 (milk ripeness), and 35 (dough ripeness) days after anthesis. Physiological parameters, including chlorophyll and total protein content, membrane stability index, malondialdehyde level, proline accumulation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, benzidine peroxidase, and catalase—were assessed. Additionally, expression profiles of SOD isoform genes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, Mn-SOD) and WRKY transcription factors (WRKY14, WRKY36) were analyzed.

Cu/Zn-SOD expression increased during senescence, peaking at the milk ripeness stage in naturally senescing plants and at the late grain filling stage in stress-treated plants, followed by a sharp decline. Fe-SOD expression remained high until late grain filling, then decreased sharply with advancing senescence, showing a consistent association with drought tolerance, as transcript levels were significantly higher in tolerant genotypes of both wheat species. Mn-SOD expression increased steadily throughout senescence in most variants, reaching its maximum at the dough ripeness stage. WRKY36 expression was upregulated in drought-tolerant genotypes under stress, while WRKY14 was more closely linked to senescence progression. Drought-tolerant genotypes also exhibited slower chlorophyll degradation, reduced lipid peroxidation, improved membrane stability, enhanced antioxidant activity, and higher proline accumulation.

These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular and physiological responses of wheat to drought stress, highlighting key traits and gene expression patterns associated with stress tolerance and delayed senescence. This integrated understanding offers a solid foundation for the development of selection strategies and breeding programs aimed at enhancing wheat performance under water-limited conditions.

 

Author (s) Details

Samira M. Rustamova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Durna R. Aliyeva
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Turana Y. Isgandarova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Irada M. Huseynova
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v2/5336

Targeting the Proline-Glutamine-Asparagine Axis in Cancer Therapy |Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 2

 

The present study targets the Proline-Glutamine-Asparagine-Arginine Metabolic Axis in Amino Acid Starvation Cancer Therapy. The study also reviewed the interactive regulatory mechanisms that control cellular levels of these amino acids for amino acid starvation therapy and how drug resistance is evolved underlying treatment failure. The non-essential amino acids such as proline (Pro), glutamine (Gln), asparagine (Asn) and arginine (Arg) support this promise. While these amino acids can be synthesized endogenously in normal cells, however many human tumors, ranging from leukemia to solid cancers, do not produce sufficient amounts of these amino acids to support their growth. Our bodies are capable of producing the conditionally non-essential amino acids proline, glutamine, asparagine, and arginine. Nonetheless, they are necessary for the development of highly proliferative cells, including malignancies. These amino acids are expressed in lower quantities in many malignancies, necessitating their importation from the environment. While the biosynthesis of these amino acids is inter-connected but can be intervened individually through inhibition of key enzymes of the biosynthesis of these amino acids, resulting in amino acid starvation and cell death. Amino acid starvation strategies have been in various stages of clinical applications. Targeting asparagine using asparaginase has been approved for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Targeting glutamine and arginine starvations are in various stages of clinical trials and targeting proline starvation is in pre-clinical development. The most important obstacle of these therapies is drug resistance, mostly due to the reactivation of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the targeted amino acids and reprogramming of compensatory survival pathways, via transcriptional, epigenetic, and posttranscriptional mechanisms. This study provided a broader scope of targeting amino acid starvation beyond the current individual one. Perhaps it is time to think globally when designing strategies to target amino acid starvation therapy. This may eventually lead to the development of effective strategies in cancer treatment.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Macus Tien Kuo
Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

 

Helen H. W. Chen
Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.

 

Lynn G. Feun
Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

 

Niramol Savaraj
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Heaithcare System, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v2/391

Investigating the Effect of In situ Water Harvesting and Stress Management Practices on Relative Leaf Water Content, Leaf Proline and Yield of Cotton under Rainfed Vertisol| Chapter 17 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 3

 During the rabi season of 2016-17, a field experiment was performed at the Regional Research Station, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu with the SVPR test variety - 2. The goal of the present work was to research the impact of In situ water harvesting, stress management practises on Relative Leaf Water Content (RLWC) physiological parameters, cotton yield of Proline and Seed cotton under rainfed Vertisol. The experiments were conducted with three replicates in a split plot configuration. Different In situ water harvesting steps, viz., Wide bed and furrows, Ridges and furrows, and Compartmental bundling were the main plot treatments. Soil application of pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1, Soil application of pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1 + 1 percent KCl foliar spray, Soil application of pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1 + 5 percent Kaolin foliar spray, Soil application of pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1 + PPFM foliar spray @ 500 ml ha-1, Soil application of pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1 The results of this study showed that pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg ha-1 + PPFM foliar spray @ 500 ml ha-1 wide bed and furrow and soil application reported higher RLWC, seed cotton yield and lower Proline content values. The higher RLWC means that water in the cell is better available, which increases the photosynthetic rate, the development of dry matter and high productivity. In the rainfed state, the higher proline content in leaves indicates more stressed moisture of crops.

Author(s) Details

Dr. A. Mohammed Ashraf
Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai, 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimb atore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

T. Ragavan
Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai, 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimb atore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. K. Paulpandi
Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai, 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimb atore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Balakrishnan
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.

P. P. Mahendran

Department of Soils & Environment, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai, 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/293

Calendula Response to Salinity Stress | Chapter 5 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 3

 The object of this research, conducted at the Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt during the years 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, was to study the response of plant growth, floral characteristics and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis plants to salinity treatments at levels (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) and Atonik (nitrophenolate-based biostititium). A significant increase in vegetative parameters and total chlorophylls resulted in the spraying of stressed plants with Nitrophenolate at 2 ml/L. It also had a major positive effect on the number of ray florets, the diameter of the inflorescence, and the total flavonoids. In comparison to control plants, high catalase enzyme activity was reported from plants irrigated by 3000 ppm of saline water and sprayed with 2 ml/L nitrophenolate. It can be inferred from the results obtained that by spraying them with Nitrophenolate at the rate of 2 ml/L, saline stressed plants could have vegetative growth similar to non-stressed plants.

Author(s) Details

H. M. Swaefy
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

R. A. El-Ziat

Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/293

Critical Studies on Genetic Analysis for Terminal Heat Tolerance in Bread Wheat | Chapter 11 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol.1

 Heat stress is a rigorous threat and characterized by an increasing trend in average temperature

during reproductive and grain filling stages that caused the force maturity and it is one of the major
constraints of wheat productivity in arid, semiarid, tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Reductions in dry matter accumulation and grain yield, caused by reduced plant photosynthetic
capacity through metabolic limitations and oxidative damage to chloroplasts due to heat stress.
Nature and magnitude of gene action for yield and its attributing traits and important heat tolerant
parameters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum l em. thell) were examined to decide breeding
strategies and to identify parents and hybrids for future crop improvement. Twelve lines and four
testers were crossed in an L x T mating design. The 48 crosses and their parents were raised under
normal (21, November 2002) and late sown (1, January 2003) at the Experimental Farm of Rajasthan
College of Agriculture, Udaipur in India.). Llines K’sona, DWR 195, C 306 and K 9708 for different
heat tolerant parameters along with grain yield were found to be good combiners. The studies
revealed that combinations of Raj 3077 x Kailash under normal (E1) and late sown (E2), C 306 x PBN
51 (E1) and C 306 x HD 2189 (E2) for grain yield; had high sca effect. The crosses viz., K 9708 x PBN
51 for proline content and heat injury, DWR 195 with HD 2189, C 306 with Kailash for heat injury only;
had desirable significant sca effects. The other crosses, HD 2329 x Kailash for pollen viability, and Raj
3765 x Kailash for chlorophyll content, were the be best specific combiners. Parents like C 306,
K’sona, DWR 195, K 9708, Raj 3077, PBN 51 and Kailash could be utilised in multiple crossing
programme and further bi-parental matting for selection of high yielding progenies under terminal heat
tolerance situations.


Author(s) Details

S. S. Punia
College of Agriculture, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

Baldev Ram
Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, India.

Preeti Verma
Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, India.

A. K. Yadav
College of Agriculture, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/229