A Review on the Role of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Chronic Wound Pathogenesis | Chapter 3 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Cutaneous wounds occur when the skin is injured mechanically, chemically, or by extreme temperatures. Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and spatially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound, and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Based on current published findings, a potential approach to treating chronic wounds after debridement was recently proposed. It was proposed that it is important to treat the physiological problems related to the comorbidities these patients have prior to and during wound treatment. Patients should also be put on a diet that is rich in products that stimulate an increase in the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ensure that the cells have sufficient energy to function, and is rich in α-tocopherol (Vit E) to decrease lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, and patients should also take antioxidants to reduce OS. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manuela Martins-Green
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Jane Kim and Klara Aziz
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6757

 

Drug Utilization Pattern at the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Health Care Hospital in India| Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 8

 

Drug utilization studies ensure patient safety by assessing the safe and effective use of drugs, optimizing treatment strategies for better outcomes and contributing to overall quality improvement in emergency care. The aim of the study is to understand drug utilization patterns at the emergency department of a tertiary health care hospital in India. The study was designed as a prospective observational study. The patients’ data were collected and distributed on the basis of age, gender, comorbidities, disease and drug class in which the patients were observed for 6 months, and the conclusion was obtained with a sample size of 100 patients. Where the result was obtained according to the gender, males (64%) were more prone to disease than females (36%). The age group 51-60 years was more prone to disease, i.e., 28% than the 61-70 years (24%), and the least age group that visited the Emergency department was those 91-100 years (3%). The most common comorbidities that were observed during the study were hypertension (56 Patients), diabetes mellitus (45 Patients), hypothyroidism (10 Patients), and coronary artery disease (15 Patients), while 10 patients had no comorbidities. The common drugs used in ER are Pantoprazole, Ondansetron, Optineuron and Acetaminophen. In this study, the findings highlight the need for promoting rational drug therapy by encouraging the prescription of essential drugs using their generic names to improve health care outcomes and also in optimising drug therapy in the Emergency department.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Badikela Rama Krishna
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus-School of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy - 501506, Telangana, India.

 

Ratnakar Cherukupally
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus-School of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy - 501506, Telangana, India.

 

Pranaya Pakir
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus-School of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy - 501506, Telangana, India.

 

Tallapally Ashwini

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus-School of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy - 501506, Telangana, India.

 

Shaik Harun Rasheed
Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus-School of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy - 501506, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v8/6229

 

Examining Mental Fatigue in Auditory Rehabilitation: Impact of Hearing Loss and Tinnitus | Chapter 2 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 2

 

Background: Tinnitus, hearing loss and mental fatigue are multidimensional. Tinnitus may lead to a reduced health-related QoL affecting domains such as physical functioning, vitality and mental health.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the degree of mental fatigue in patients with hearing loss and/or tinnitus participating in audiological rehabilitation, and to examine the self-reported Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) in this patient group.

Methods: Patients undergoing audiological rehabilitation at the Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden, 2011-2017, who completed a self-reported MFS questionnaire were investigated. Data on 76 consecutive patients were analysed in this pilot study. Patients were also assessed with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Data from medical records, MFS and THI were analysed with e.g. t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis. Some potential limitations are that the present study had no control group, and used retrospective data collected during clinical visits.

Results: The study population had an age range of 38-65 years, and most had normal hearing (37%) or mild-to-moderate hearing loss (46%). Only 17% had severe-to-profound hearing loss. A total of 56.5% had tinnitus, of whom 39.5% scored ≥57 on the THI, indicating severe tinnitus, whereas 43.5% reported no tinnitus. The MFS scores, ranged 13-42.5 points, were divided into three severity levels for analysis: 10.5-15 (mild), 15.5-20 (moderate) and ≥20.5 (severe symptoms). In total, 67% of the patients had severe MFS scores ≥20.5. Importantly, most of the participants (90%) with a THI score ≥57 belonged to that group. There were 17 patients with normal hearing with MFS scores ≥20.5. MFS scores ≥30 and THI scores 78-100 were found in 11 patients. A significant positive correlation between MFS and severe tinnitus was found.

Conclusions: The study reveals that severe mental fatigue is more common in patients with severe tinnitus than sole hearing loss.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Satu Turunen-Taheri
Department of CLINTEC, Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-118 95 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of CLINTEC, Division of Audiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 85 Huddinge, Sweden.

 

Per-Inge Carlsson
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.

 

Elisabeth Ternevall
Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-118 95 Stockholm, Sweden.

 

Sten Hellström
Department of CLINTEC, Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-118 95 Stockholm, Sweden.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v2/3544G

Current Pre-clinical Studies Related to Flavonoids: A Review| Chapter 1 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 7

 Cancer is a frightening question during the whole of the planet. Treatments for this affliction is costly and even carry aftereffects. Comorbidities customarily result with the malignancy victims. Recognizing novel approaches for healing will lessen comorbidities for helping cure this ailment. Extensive experimental research shows that polyphenols like flavonoids present in a variety of food carry pharmacological potential. Flavonoids are raise expected persuasive in ruling container era arrest, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and swelling and multi drug resistance in addition to few microscopic pathways that eventually bar the progress of the ailment. The current review is established the study of flavonoids that can be an active abstinence from food strategy for tumor inmates and can kill towards reconstructing human well-being.

Author(s) Details:

Kusum Sharma,
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, India.

Veena Sharma,
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V7/article/view/9312

Investigating the Cases of COVID-19 Reinfection in Rivers State, Nigeria : An Epidemiological Study | Chapter 16 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

Because of a prior infection or vaccination, the immune system's antibodies have been trained to detect organisms with similar features. The degree of defence provided by convalescents' antibodies against reinfections during the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain. Immunological research has shown that antibodies do, however, protect against severity. According to some, antibody levels make an adequate replacement for immunological defence. Research is currently being done to determine how long these convalescent antibodies remain in the body. This study was designed to investigate instances of COVID-19 reinfection in individuals who had already recovered from an initial COVID-19 infection.

This result could be connected to the individual's chronic illnesses like HIV and diabetes as well as the persistence of circulating antibodies. While more study is suggested, it is urged that everyone who is eligible, including COVID-19 convalescents with comorbidities, receive a complete immunisation. The chance of pandemic safety will rise if non-pharmaceutical therapies are adhered to consistently. This result could be connected to the individual's chronic illnesses like HIV and diabetes as well as the persistence of circulating antibodies. While more study is suggested, it is urged that everyone who is eligible, including COVID-19 convalescents with comorbidities, receive a complete immunisation. The chance of pandemic safety will rise if non-pharmaceutical therapies are adhered to consistently.

Author (s) Details:

Owhonda Golden,
Department of Public Health, Rivers State Ministry of Health, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Des-Wosu Ihuoma,
Department of Community Medicine, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Onu Hastings,
Nigerian Field Epidemiology Program, AFENET Secretariat, Nigeria.

Rogers Kanee,
Clinton Health Access Initiative, Nigeria.

Eric Aigbogun Jr,
College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Nwadiuto Ifeoma,
Department of Public Health, Rivers State Ministry of Health, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V9/article/view/7454

A Review on the Management of Insulin Resistance | Chapter 13 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

Introduction: Interventions for weight loss and relapse prevention have had mixed results. Furthermore, comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and gout have been treated as separate diseases until now, despite accumulating evidence that these morbidities are the result of a malfunctioning metabolism caused by insulin resistance.

The goal of this study is to gather evidence that treating obesity with weight loss lowers comorbidities and improves quality of life.

Obesity and its comorbidities require a comprehensive approach to treatment. It's possible to accomplish it in primary care. A low carbohydrate diet and exercise should be widely acknowledged as the two key parts of treatment that contribute to the desired result: significant weight loss and reduction of comorbidities, as evidenced by improved blood parameters and improved quality of life. Dietitians, with the help of psychologists, physiotherapists, and fitness trainers, can play a significant role in diet management due to the diet's intricacy. Diet and lifestyle play an essential impact in health, and family physicians and nurse practitioners should be aware of this. Medication is not the ideal treatment for insulin resistance and should be avoided as much as possible.

Conclusions: Health professionals can influence the prevalence and implications of obesity and its comorbidities by identifying and treating insulin resistance in primary care, lowering health care costs significantly. Fasting insulin levels are the best way to diagnose IR. Additional tools include measuring waist circumference and calculating BMI. Weight loss should be prioritised by management, which should include a low-carbohydrate diet with adequate fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Exercise is an important aspect of relapse prevention and management. Insulin-resistant people may be able to regain their health by following these guidelines. They will always be insulin resistant to some level, and they will be unable to consume the typical amounts of carbs recommended in general dietary guidelines.

Author (S) Details

E. Govers
President of KDOO, the Netherlands; vice-chair of ESDN Obesity of the European Federation of Associations of Dietitians (EFAD),Germany.

E. Slof
EetOké, dietitian, member of KDOO Advisory Board, The Netherlands.

H. Verkoelen
Prima-Vita, dietitian and diabeteic nurse, KDOO Board, The Netherlands.

N. M. Ten Hoor-Aukema
Bon Appetit Dietitians, The Netherlands.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V15/article/view/3873

The Comparative Study Showing of the Effect of Telmisartan and Ramipril on Diabetic Profile in Hypertensive Pre-Diabetic Patients | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Background: Hypertension, a prevalent cardiovascular disease, is rapidly being linked to other co-morbid disorders such as diabetes mellitus, which worsens its prognosis. Telmisartan and ramipril are both antihypertensive medications. The efficacy of telmisartan and ramipril in managing or avoiding the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes in stage 1 hypertension patients is compared in this study. It also seeks to compare the effects of Telmisartan and Ramipril on FBS and HbA1C in males and females across a 12-month treatment period.

Methods: A 12-month prospective, randomised, single-center, comparative observational study on stage 1 hypertension patients with pre-diabetes is done. A total of 60 individuals are enlisted and assigned to one of two therapy groups. They were given the designated medicine for a 12-month period and were followed up on. Blood pressure was taken and a diabetes profile was checked at each appointment.

The results of this study demonstrated that both telmisartan and ramipril efficiently regulated blood pressure. In stage 1 hypertension individuals with pre diabetes, telmisartan reduced the progression of fasting blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin better than ramipril.

Conclusions: Both telmisartan and ramipril had an effect on blood pressure regulation. In stage 1 hypertension patients with pre diabetes, telmisartan has a statistically significant benefit in delaying the progression of prediabetes to diabetes mellitus when compared to ramipril.

Author (s) Details

Abdullah Ansari
Department of Pharmacology, Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Moinabad, Telangana, India.

Ayesha Raoof
Department of Medicine, HAL Medical Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2213