Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of
cancer-related mortality worldwide. HER2-enriched and triple-negative—that
differ in receptor status (ER, PR, HER2), prognosis, and treatment options.
Disease risk arises from a mix of non-modifiable factors (age, genetics,
reproductive history), modifiable factors (lifestyle, hormonal exposures), and
strong environmental and hormonal influences. Early detection and
characterisation of tumours—including imaging and biopsy to establish molecular
subtype—are critical for guiding therapy.
Methods: This review synthesises existing literature on
breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic
modalities, and treatment strategies. Sources include peer-reviewed studies on
genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA1/2, TP53), hormonal and reproductive risk studies,
lifestyle and environmental exposure reports, and clinical trials of therapies
such as HER2-directed treatments. Diagnostic and surgical & radiation
therapy approaches are compared in the context of evidence for outcomes and
side effect profiles.
Results: Molecular subtype classification has proven
essential: Genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 significantly increase risk and
are associated with more aggressive disease in some subtypes. Modifiable risk
factors—such as obesity, alcohol use, late first childbirth, and hormone
replacement therapy—also substantially impact incidence. Diagnostic imaging
modalities (mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and biopsy allow earlier detection.
Treatments combining surgery, radiation, and systemic (targeted, hormonal, or
chemotherapy) therapies improve survival and reduce recurrence, especially when
matched to the specific subtype. However, aggressive subtypes and late
diagnosis continue to challenge outcomes.
Conclusions: Breast cancer is not a single disease but
rather a collection of subtypes with distinct biology, risks, and treatment
responses. Advances in molecular understanding and diagnostics have enabled
more personalised treatment. Still, substantial work remains: reducing
incidence via prevention, improving early detection in all populations, and
developing more effective therapies for aggressive subtypes. Overall,
integrating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical data is key to reducing the burden
of breast cancer globally.
Author(s) Details
Kurupatha Menatha
Jayasree
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Alagala Anitha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Chantimalla Narendra
Reddy
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
M. Puspha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
R. Charith
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
S. Hema
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6449
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