Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Modalities | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HER2-enriched and triple-negative—that differ in receptor status (ER, PR, HER2), prognosis, and treatment options. Disease risk arises from a mix of non-modifiable factors (age, genetics, reproductive history), modifiable factors (lifestyle, hormonal exposures), and strong environmental and hormonal influences. Early detection and characterisation of tumours—including imaging and biopsy to establish molecular subtype—are critical for guiding therapy.

 

Methods: This review synthesises existing literature on breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies. Sources include peer-reviewed studies on genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA1/2, TP53), hormonal and reproductive risk studies, lifestyle and environmental exposure reports, and clinical trials of therapies such as HER2-directed treatments. Diagnostic and surgical & radiation therapy approaches are compared in the context of evidence for outcomes and side effect profiles.

 

Results: Molecular subtype classification has proven essential: Genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 significantly increase risk and are associated with more aggressive disease in some subtypes. Modifiable risk factors—such as obesity, alcohol use, late first childbirth, and hormone replacement therapy—also substantially impact incidence. Diagnostic imaging modalities (mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and biopsy allow earlier detection. Treatments combining surgery, radiation, and systemic (targeted, hormonal, or chemotherapy) therapies improve survival and reduce recurrence, especially when matched to the specific subtype. However, aggressive subtypes and late diagnosis continue to challenge outcomes.

 

Conclusions: Breast cancer is not a single disease but rather a collection of subtypes with distinct biology, risks, and treatment responses. Advances in molecular understanding and diagnostics have enabled more personalised treatment. Still, substantial work remains: reducing incidence via prevention, improving early detection in all populations, and developing more effective therapies for aggressive subtypes. Overall, integrating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical data is key to reducing the burden of breast cancer globally.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kurupatha Menatha Jayasree
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Alagala Anitha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Chantimalla Narendra Reddy
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Puspha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

R. Charith
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

S. Hema
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6449

Iron and Immunity in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 4

Iron is essential for numerous biological functions, including oxygen transport, energy production, and immune defense. In cancer patients, however, iron deficiency and iron overload can adversely affect disease progression and treatment outcomes. Iron deficiency impairs immune responses and can reduce the effectiveness of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Conversely, excess iron promotes tumor growth, oxidative stress, and immune evasion, creating a microenvironment that reduces treatment efficacy. This review highlights the dual role of iron metabolism in cancer, examining how altered iron levels affect immune cell function, tumor progression, and therapeutic responsiveness. Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest that personalized iron modulation may improve outcomes through supplementation in deficient patients or iron-reducing strategies in cases of overload. Moreover, combining iron-targeted approaches with immunotherapy could enhance anti-tumor efficacy by synergistically restoring immune competence and targeting tumor vulnerabilities. These findings support the integration of iron assessment and individualized management into routine oncology practice. Further clinical studies are needed to optimize iron-based interventions and to explore their synergy with existing cancer therapies, particularly immunotherapy.

 

Author (s) Details

Omar Badran
Department of Oncology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel and Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel.

 

Idan Cohen
Department of Oncology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel.

 

Gil Bar-Sela
Department of Oncology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel and Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v4/5353

Unravelling Cancer Genetics: Key Mechanisms, Hereditary Syndromes, and Therapeutic Advances | Chapter 7 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 

Background: The field of cancer genetics has experienced unprecedented advancements over the past few decades, transforming the understanding of cancer biology and revolutionizing therapeutic approaches. This review aims to synthesize recent developments in cancer genetics, highlighting key discoveries, technological innovations, and their implications for precision oncology.

Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published in reputable journals. Key areas explored include the genetic basis of cancer, advances in genomic technologies, major cancer genomics projects, integration of genomics in therapeutics, immunotherapy, liquid biopsies, and the challenges and future directions in the field.

Results: Significant progress has been made in identifying oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair mechanisms that drive cancer initiation and progression. Technological innovations such as next-generation sequencing, single-cell sequencing, and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing have enabled comprehensive analyses of cancer genomes and functional validation of genetic alterations. Large-scale projects like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have provided invaluable genomic data resources. Integration of genomics into therapeutics has led to the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, improving patient outcomes. Liquid biopsies utilizing circulating tumor DNA offer non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tools. However, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, data integration, and ethical considerations persist.

Conclusion: Advances in cancer genetics have significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer and have led to the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. Ongoing research and technological innovations are essential to address current challenges and to further improve cancer prevention, detection, and treatment.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Nandhini Balunathan, Ph.D (Assistant Professor [Human Genetics])
Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.1 Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai - 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v5/3594

Erdheim Chester Disease | Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 Erdheim-Chester Ailment (ECD) is an exceedingly rare non-Langerhans container histiocytosis characterized by the excessive increase of histiocytes, white blood cells that typically combat contaminations. These histiocytes aggregate in various organs and tissues, superior to a myriad of symptoms, potentially inducing organ failure. ECD mainly manifests in middle-old individuals, with an average beginning age of 53 years, affecting two together men and women. However, allure true prevalence remnants unknown due to frequent underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. ECD frustrates easy classification as tumor, immune disorder, or infection, accompanying an unknown etiology and no evidence of infection or hereditary transmission. The ailment can affect a wide range of material systems, from bones to kidneys, skin, intellect, lungs, eyes, pituitary gland, and the essence. Diagnosing ECD is often challenging, making necessary biopsies to differentiate it from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The ailment's severity depends on the extent of tool involvement beyond the cartilages. Diagnostic methods involve physical examinations, blood tests, affecting animate nerve organs assessments, X-rays, cartilage scans, CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, ultrasounds, and cardiac evaluations. Treatment alternatives for ECD are varied and largely exploratory due to its infrequency. These include corticosteroids, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, dissemination therapy, surgery, and differing drugs. Vemurafenib has received FDA authorization for patients with particular genetic mutations. However, skilled is no definitive cure, and management principally focuses on symptom control. We present a case of a 12-year-traditional patient diagnosed with ECD including the central nervous system, pulmonary, renal, and wasted systems, underlining the need for more case studies and research. Regardless of the available treatment approaches, ECD remains a formidable challenge accompanying no known cure. As the medical society continues to learn nearly this rare affliction, personalized treatment plans are critical for each patient. Further research and international cooperation are essential to advance our understanding and improve the administration of Erdheim-Chester Disease.

Author(s) Details:

Rajesh Hadia,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Rahul Trivedi,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Varunsingh Saggu,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Sunil Baile,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Sunil Kardani,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Sunil Kardani,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Hemraj Singh Rajput,
Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V9/article/view/12775

Significance of Intralesional Vitamin D3 in Cutaneous Wart | Chapter 12 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 This investigation aims to evaluate the efficiency and security of intralesional vitamin D3 in warts. 88 patients with resistant warts of varying sizes and duration participated in the study. 0.2 to 0.5 mL of a vitamin D3 solution (600,000 IU, 15 mg/mL) were injected into the wart's base. At 3-week intervals, up to 5 warts might be injected every session until they disappeared, which could take up to 4 treatments. Patients were followed up on for six months following the last injection in an effort to detect any recurrence. In rare instances, warts have been successfully treated with topical vitamin D. The trial was completed by 88 subjects.

Author(s) Details:

Sweta S. Kumar,
Room no. 102 Type 3 A Block Old Campus UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India.

Prateek Jain,
Room no. 103, Senior Resident Hostel, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V3/article/view/7902

Immunological Bases of Successful and Unsuccessful Pregnancy: HLA Sensitization Therapy in Cases of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion | Chapter 12 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 3

Recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) have an uncertain aetiology that may involve several factors. Diagnosis and therapy are controversial and have different degrees of effectiveness. The majority of RSA instances, however, are still poorly understood and linked to other autoimmune and alloimmune conditions.

Here, the success of the pregnancy test and the positivity of the cross-match test were used to assess the efficiency of immunotherapy using paternal HLA-sensitizing mononuclear cells in cases with RSA.

The study comprised a total of twelve couples with a history of RSA displaying a negative cross-match. Three doses of paternal mononuclear cell immunotherapy were given to women.

After immunotherapy, the research revealed a crossmatch test positive of 96.6 percent, of which 90.9 percent had successful pregnancies. Immunotherapy using paternal mononuclear cells in the study cohort was effective in sensitising the mother's immune system, which led to a healthy pregnancy, making it a great alternative treatment and source of hope for couples with this issue.

Author(s) Details:

Luiz Werber-Bandeira,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Isabela Mansur Bandeira,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Juliana Vasconcellos,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Thiago Luiz Bandeira,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Jorge Oliveira,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Carla Goulart,

Clinical and Experimental Immunology and Allergy Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro/Imunoderm Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Aderbal Sabra,

Food Allergy and Autism Unit of the Clinical Immunology Service, Santa Casa da Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V3/article/view/7390

A Brief Overview on Global Trends in Immunotherapy Research on Breast Cancer | Chapter 05 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 The goal of this work is to utilise bibliometric approaches to assess recent 10-year trends in immunotherapy research in breast cancer, resulting in a better understanding of the present status and trends of those research papers by analysing their primary characteristics. Many research in recent years have focused on the host immune system and its role in tumour growth in a range of solid tumours, including breast cancer. This paper explores contemporary trends in immunotherapy research in breast cancer and compares research contributions from various countries, institutions, and authors. The Web of Science database was searched for breast cancer and immunotherapy research published between 2010 and 2019 using various keyword combinations. For analysis, bibliometric data were gathered. To implement network visualisation study, VOSviewer software was utilised to build a figure for the keyword's co-occurrence network. There were a total of 1,041 publications found. The United States and China generated 336 and 208 publications, respectively, accounting for over half of all publications. Following 2015, both countries spearheaded the increase in publications. The most referenced paper was Nanda et al"Pembrolizumab .'s in Patients with Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Phase IB KEYNOTE-012 Study" published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (715 citations). The keywords discovered in this study were divided into four categories: "mechanism," "vaccination," "PD-L1," and "chemotherapy." The phrases "tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes" and "PD-1/PD-L1" are among the most recent hotspots, appearing largely in 2017. Recent developments in breast cancer immunotherapy have focused on the triple-negative breast cancer subtype and the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway and inhibitors, according to author keyword analysis. This study examined global trends in breast cancer immunotherapy research over the last decade and gave insight into the features and research hotspots of the articles in this issue.

Author(S) Details

Soo Kyung Ahn
Department of Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Ji Woong Hwang
Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Gwangmyeong, Republic of Korea, South Korea.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V2/article/view/6125

Cardiothoracic Related Complications of Anti-PD/PD-L1 Immunotherapy | Chapter 01 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Background: Anti-PD/PD-L1-targeted immunotherapy is associated with shockingly high rates of sustained clinical responses in patients with a variety of tumour types, despite the high prevalence of dermatological, gastrointestinal, and endocrine side effects. The hazards of pneumonitis and cardiotoxicity associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy are understudied.A systematic analysis of the literature on randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing anti-PD/PD-L1 mono-immunotherapy (IMM) to chemotherapy (CTH) methods was conducted in cancer patients. The rate of pneumonitis in IMM versus CTH was the primary outcome.Secondary endpoints included (I) high-grade pneumonitis rate in IMM compared to CTH, (II) tumour response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) between IMM and CTH, (III) cardiotoxicity grade comparison in IMM to others, (IV) cardiotoxicity grade difference between IMM and other studies with lung cancer and other cancer subgroups, and in IMM compared to chemotherapy (CTH) only studies, and (V) outcome of IMM We used a random model, a leave-one-out analysis, and meta-regression.Thirteen RCTs with a total of 7,246 patients for pneumonitis and 11 RCTs with a total of 6574 patients for cardiotoxicity were included in the study. When compared to the CTH arm, patients in the IMM arm had more high-grade and all-grade pneumonitis (OR =4.39, 95 percent CI =1.65–11.69, P=0.003 and OR =2.46, 95 percent CI =1.29–4.6, P=0.007). The immunotherapy arm had a significantly higher tumour response rate (OR =2.31, 95 percent CI =1.62–3.29, P0.001). Patients who received IMM had a longer PFS and OS than those who received CTH (HR =0.75, 95 percent CI =0.65–0.85, P0.001, and HR =0.71, 95 percent CI =0.66–0.77, P0.001). There was no difference in all-grade cardiotoxicity across all studies (RR: 1.15; 95 percent CI: 0.73–1.80; p = 0.55) or subgroups of lung cancer (RR: 0.68; 95 percent CI: 0.22–2.09; p = 0.50) or other malignancies (RR: 1.27; 95 percent CI: 0.78–2.08; p = 0.34). Similarly, there was no difference in high-grade cardiotoxicity across all trials (RR: 1.47; 95 percent CI: 0.87–2.46; p = 0.15) or across lung cancer subgroups (RR: 0.80; 95 percent CI: 0.25–2.50; p = 0.70) or other cancers (RR: 1.71, 95 percent CI: 0.96–3.06; p = 0.07).

Conclusions: Anti-PD-1 therapy produced more high-grade and all-grade pneumonitis than standard CTH regimens for NSCLC and melanoma, but not anti-PD-L1 therapy. Aside from that, the CTH arm had a higher rate of high-grade adverse events. IMM outperforms CTH in terms of tumour response rate, PFS, and overall survival. These findings can be used to assist patients choose the right therapy and set realistic treatment goals. Cardiotoxicity was statistically insignificant regardless of whether the patients received chemotherapy or dual immunotherapy. When utilised in the lung cancer subgroup, anti-PD/PDL1 produced improved response and survival rates.

Author(S) Details

Mohamed Rahouma
Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Cardiothoracic Surgery Departments, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 14853, NY, USA.

Massimo Baudo
Cardiac Surgery Department, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Shon Shmushkevich
Cardiothoracic Surgery Departments, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 14853, NY, USA and Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Ayah Hassan
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.

Mostafa Rahouma
Information Technology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.

Maha Yahia
Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abdelrahman Mohamed
Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4521

Targeted Immunotherapy in Urological Malignancies | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 The treatment of urological cancers has been transformed by targeted immunotherapy. The method attempts to mimic the immune system's natural ability to eliminate cancer cells. This can be accomplished by the use of non-specific treatments like recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or particular agents such immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and anti-tumor vaccines. The use of BCG to prevent tumour recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has been a huge success (NMIBC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently been utilised to degrade muscle. invasive (MIBC) to non-invasive (NMIBC) or even cure in clinical trials. In advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and refractory germ cell tumour of the testis, the ICI has demonstrated a good response. Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and ipilimumab were found to be more effective than sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is now the standard of therapy for advanced RCC. The US Federal Drug Administration Agency has approved Sipuleucel-T, an autologous prostatic acid phosphatase dendritic cell loaded vaccination, for CRPC. Immunotherapy comes with controllable side effects such infusion responses and immune-related adverse events. invasive (MIBC) to NMIBC or even achieved cure at the level of clinical trials. The ICI has shown a positive response in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), refractory germ cell tumour of the testis. The ICI such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and ipilimumab achieved better response than sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; which is the standard of care in advanced RCC. Sipuleucel-T, an autologous prostatic acid phosphatase dendritic cell loaded vaccine, has been approved by US Federal Drug Administration Agency for CRPC. Immunotherapy is associated with manageable toxicity such as infusion reactions and immune-related adverse event which respond to the use of corticosteroids with or without cessation of the therapy

Author (S) Details

Dr. Abubakar Sadiq Muhammad
Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V13/article/view/1553