Investigation of the Gas Sensing Potential of Electrospun Expanded Polystyrene/ Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanofiber Composites | Chapter 1 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 2

 

The gas sensing potential of electrospun nanofiber composites consisting of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and carbon-based nanofillers was investigated in this study. The nanofiber composites of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), EPS and carbon black (CB), and hybrid EPS/CB/RGO were produced by solution mixing followed by electrospinning. The surface morphologies of the developed nanofibers were studied with SEM, and the percolation threshold was determined with Keithely 2000 multimeter with four-point probes. The gas-sensing behavior was investigated in a gas-sensing unit. The SEM micrographs revealed long, uniform, and continuous nanofibers without beads or spindles. Homogenous dispersion of the nanofillers in the polymer matrix was also observed. Low percolation thresholds of between 0.07 and 0.2 wt.% were observed for the EPS/RGO composite and 2.0 wt.% for the EPS/CB composite. EPS/RGO sensor exhibited good stability but moderate sensitivity on exposure to the analyte gases. The hybrid composite; EPS/CB/RGO showed improved sensitivity than the others and comparable stability to EPS/RGO. The EPS/CB suffered from instability in response as a result of variations in baseline resistance. A rapid response time of 19s and a short recovery time of 20s were recorded with EPS/CB/RGO exposure to ethanol. The EPS/RGO sensor shows good linearity and reproducibility with a regression coefficient of 0.8975 with ethanol and 0.961 with toluene.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Okparaocha Funmilayo Joke
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Ipeaiyeda Ayodele Rotimi
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha
Department of Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

 

Oyeleke Peter Olaoye
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Shorinmade Adijat Yetunde
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Obero Ofunami Joy
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Oluwasusi Taye Victoria
Department of Physics, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Abejide Tolulope Bayode
College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, United Kingdom.

 

Abdulrahman Abdulsemiu Ayantunde
Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, South Carolina, USA.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v2/8421E

Cardiothoracic Related Complications of Anti-PD/PD-L1 Immunotherapy | Chapter 01 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Background: Anti-PD/PD-L1-targeted immunotherapy is associated with shockingly high rates of sustained clinical responses in patients with a variety of tumour types, despite the high prevalence of dermatological, gastrointestinal, and endocrine side effects. The hazards of pneumonitis and cardiotoxicity associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy are understudied.A systematic analysis of the literature on randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing anti-PD/PD-L1 mono-immunotherapy (IMM) to chemotherapy (CTH) methods was conducted in cancer patients. The rate of pneumonitis in IMM versus CTH was the primary outcome.Secondary endpoints included (I) high-grade pneumonitis rate in IMM compared to CTH, (II) tumour response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) between IMM and CTH, (III) cardiotoxicity grade comparison in IMM to others, (IV) cardiotoxicity grade difference between IMM and other studies with lung cancer and other cancer subgroups, and in IMM compared to chemotherapy (CTH) only studies, and (V) outcome of IMM We used a random model, a leave-one-out analysis, and meta-regression.Thirteen RCTs with a total of 7,246 patients for pneumonitis and 11 RCTs with a total of 6574 patients for cardiotoxicity were included in the study. When compared to the CTH arm, patients in the IMM arm had more high-grade and all-grade pneumonitis (OR =4.39, 95 percent CI =1.65–11.69, P=0.003 and OR =2.46, 95 percent CI =1.29–4.6, P=0.007). The immunotherapy arm had a significantly higher tumour response rate (OR =2.31, 95 percent CI =1.62–3.29, P0.001). Patients who received IMM had a longer PFS and OS than those who received CTH (HR =0.75, 95 percent CI =0.65–0.85, P0.001, and HR =0.71, 95 percent CI =0.66–0.77, P0.001). There was no difference in all-grade cardiotoxicity across all studies (RR: 1.15; 95 percent CI: 0.73–1.80; p = 0.55) or subgroups of lung cancer (RR: 0.68; 95 percent CI: 0.22–2.09; p = 0.50) or other malignancies (RR: 1.27; 95 percent CI: 0.78–2.08; p = 0.34). Similarly, there was no difference in high-grade cardiotoxicity across all trials (RR: 1.47; 95 percent CI: 0.87–2.46; p = 0.15) or across lung cancer subgroups (RR: 0.80; 95 percent CI: 0.25–2.50; p = 0.70) or other cancers (RR: 1.71, 95 percent CI: 0.96–3.06; p = 0.07).

Conclusions: Anti-PD-1 therapy produced more high-grade and all-grade pneumonitis than standard CTH regimens for NSCLC and melanoma, but not anti-PD-L1 therapy. Aside from that, the CTH arm had a higher rate of high-grade adverse events. IMM outperforms CTH in terms of tumour response rate, PFS, and overall survival. These findings can be used to assist patients choose the right therapy and set realistic treatment goals. Cardiotoxicity was statistically insignificant regardless of whether the patients received chemotherapy or dual immunotherapy. When utilised in the lung cancer subgroup, anti-PD/PDL1 produced improved response and survival rates.

Author(S) Details

Mohamed Rahouma
Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Cardiothoracic Surgery Departments, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 14853, NY, USA.

Massimo Baudo
Cardiac Surgery Department, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Shon Shmushkevich
Cardiothoracic Surgery Departments, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 14853, NY, USA and Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Ayah Hassan
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.

Mostafa Rahouma
Information Technology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.

Maha Yahia
Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abdelrahman Mohamed
Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4521