Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Modalities | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 12

 

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. HER2-enriched and triple-negative—that differ in receptor status (ER, PR, HER2), prognosis, and treatment options. Disease risk arises from a mix of non-modifiable factors (age, genetics, reproductive history), modifiable factors (lifestyle, hormonal exposures), and strong environmental and hormonal influences. Early detection and characterisation of tumours—including imaging and biopsy to establish molecular subtype—are critical for guiding therapy.

 

Methods: This review synthesises existing literature on breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies. Sources include peer-reviewed studies on genetic mutations (e.g. BRCA1/2, TP53), hormonal and reproductive risk studies, lifestyle and environmental exposure reports, and clinical trials of therapies such as HER2-directed treatments. Diagnostic and surgical & radiation therapy approaches are compared in the context of evidence for outcomes and side effect profiles.

 

Results: Molecular subtype classification has proven essential: Genetic mutations such as BRCA1/2 significantly increase risk and are associated with more aggressive disease in some subtypes. Modifiable risk factors—such as obesity, alcohol use, late first childbirth, and hormone replacement therapy—also substantially impact incidence. Diagnostic imaging modalities (mammography, ultrasound, MRI) and biopsy allow earlier detection. Treatments combining surgery, radiation, and systemic (targeted, hormonal, or chemotherapy) therapies improve survival and reduce recurrence, especially when matched to the specific subtype. However, aggressive subtypes and late diagnosis continue to challenge outcomes.

 

Conclusions: Breast cancer is not a single disease but rather a collection of subtypes with distinct biology, risks, and treatment responses. Advances in molecular understanding and diagnostics have enabled more personalised treatment. Still, substantial work remains: reducing incidence via prevention, improving early detection in all populations, and developing more effective therapies for aggressive subtypes. Overall, integrating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical data is key to reducing the burden of breast cancer globally.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kurupatha Menatha Jayasree
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Alagala Anitha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Chantimalla Narendra Reddy
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Puspha
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

R. Charith
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

S. Hema
Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6449

Comprehensive Review on Drug-Loaded Niosomes: A Promising Nanocarrier-based System | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 10

Vesicular drug delivery systems, niosomes are currently innovative delivery systems that encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into the core and the bilayer of these niosomes. Niosomes are composed of non-ionic surfactants and differ from traditional liposomes by having chemical stability and smaller drug leakage. Targeted drug delivery with enhanced therapeutic efficiency is achieved, as well as a reduction in side effects and increased drug presence at the target site. Preparation of niosomes, their types, advantages and drawbacks are discussed in this review.

 

Author (s) Details

 

V. Himabindu
Department of Pharmaceutics, Anurag Pharmacy College (Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad), Kodad, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v10/3271

Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Chapter 5 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

Despite significant advancements in the treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), it remains a significant global public health challenge. HNSCC is a complex cancer affecting the upper aero-digestive tract. Current cancer treatment strategies involve using anticancer drugs to target proteins with abnormal expression. Researchers are exploring novel cancer targets based on a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in intracellular processes. Therapeutic options targeting these specific targets, such as Cetuximab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab, are currently available or under development. With advancing knowledge of molecular mechanisms, there is a growing opportunity to identify and exploit new drug targets for HNSCC. Although targeted chemotherapy has shown some success in treating HNSCC, the survival rates and recurrence rates have not improved significantly due to several challenges. These challenges include undesirable reactions to chemotherapy, lack of specificity of drugs, drug resistance, and toxicity to non-cancerous tissues and cells. Researchers have conducted extensive studies to identify effective drug targets for HNSCC treatment. This chapter provides valuable insights into these promising anticancer targets and details the drugs currently under various stages of development. Moreover, it also explores new potential targets that have not been explored in much detail for their impact on HNSCC. We believe that investigating and developing drugs targeting these new potential targets could be beneficial in the treatment of HNSCC.

Author(s) Details:

Geet Madhukar,
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd., Durham, NH 03824, USA.

Naidu Subbarao,
School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India. 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12723

Exploiting Methionine Addiction as a Potential Treatment Strategy for Cancer | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Cells demand methionine not only for protein synthesis but still for nucleotide synthesis, methylation, and reductive absorption, and indeed, these pathways support the extreme proliferative rate of cancer cells. Although various drugs (for example, methotrexate) that upset the methionine cycle have long been secondhand for cancer situation, they showed solid side effects. Therefore, developing a more recent generation of drugs accompanying minimal side effects should to treat cancer. Methionine is an essential amino acid treated through the methionine and folate cycle, and these pathways also produce two essential cellular antioxidants: hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH). Due to the extreme proliferative rate, cancer containers depend on these pathways for methylation and the production of H2S and GSH to claim cellular equilibrium. On the other hand, due to the overuse of methionine, tumor cells still generate oxidative stress via the overdone production of homocysteine (Hcy). However, malignancy cells handle this oxidative stress by way of the overproduction of H2S and GSH. This article widely discussed the methionine adding in cancer cells and in what way or manner we can exploit this dependency on methionine to create a newer generation of drugs accompanying minimal reactions.

Author(s) Details:

Avisek Majumder,
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12378

Endometrial Cancer: Aberrations in Signaling Pathways and Targeted Intervention| Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Endometrial malignant growth is the most coarse form of uterine cancer that has been accumulating more than four lakh cases occurring to the list of gynaecological cancers, with extreme economic countries spiking up the pace. However, underdeveloped countries, including India, further show a significant number of cases. As this anomaly is guide excessive estrogen- corpulence, PCOD, estrogen-secreting tumors, menarche at an early age and menopause at a late age are few of the major risk factors donating to its cause. Changes at the hereditary level and deteriorated indicating pathways pave the way for the development of endometrial tumor. Alterations in PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway have happened implicated primarily in TYPE I of endometrial tumor, whereas the main changed pathway being the reason for TYPE II is p53/p16 pathway, among remainder of something. Various treatment plannings targeting these particular indicating pathways are in different phases of tests, and some have proved promising results too. So, cultivating targeted analyses based on distinguishing molecular pathways would aid in a good response rate and better forecast for endometrial cancer sufferers.

Author(s) Details:

Ritu Yadav,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana), 124001, India.

Parul Ahuja,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana), 124001, India.

Nancy Lathwal,
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana), 124001, India.

Preeti Chauhan,
Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali (Chandigarh); -140307, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8796