Examining the Impact of Cocaine Exposed Spermatogonia on the Behaviour and Executive Functions of Naive Offspring: A Nature Vs Nurture Perspective | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 8

 

In recent decades, much of Western society has been plagued by abuse of refined cocaine, which has become a major public health problem, currently impacting over 20 million adults and adolescent youth. In the USA, it currently impacts over 20 million adults and adolescents aged 12 and above, with a similar, alarming prevalence in other global populations. In chronic use, cocaine contributes to dopaminergic euphoria and aberrant behaviour, and may contribute to epigenetic damage to gene expression in unsuspecting offspring. The study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic cocaine use by males on the offspring of naïve females. In order to conduct the study, groups of 60-day old lean LA/Ntul//-cp rats were reared from weaning on standard Purina chow and house water, and administered 0 (Controls), 30 (Low Dose), or 60 (High Dose) mg/kg body weight of cocaine HCL daily for 90±2 days to fully encompass the duration of spermatogenesis. Opiate treated males were then mated with 82±3 day-old normally reared naive virgin females of the same strain that had never previously been exposed to cocaine or to a mating partner. Behavioural activity of each dosage level was assessed by subjecting the offspring post-weaning at 21 days of age with a Stoelting activity wheel and a Calvin Hall open access exploratory field test. In addition, offspring were tested only once, so as to preclude the chronological opportunity for learned behaviour following repeated trials, and to provide support for the contributions of nature vs. nurture in determining the outcome of offspring impacted by preconception opiate exposure. Offspring of pups were found to exhibit dose-related decreases in Stoelting wheel activity, with the greatest decrease at the highest dose administered (p=<0.01). Cocaine treatment resulted in a latency in onset of exploratory activity at both dosage levels, and decreased exploratory activity in both inner squares and outer squares at the low dose group. In contrast, the High Dose group demonstrated an increase in outer square exploration and in the total numbers of squares explored compared to the Low Dose groups or Controls. During the early stages of neurogenesis, epigenetic errors due to chemical or nutritional injury present at fertilisation may survive thereafter and, as occurred in this study, likely impact the behaviour of the offspring later in life. These results suggest that male cocaine exposure during spermatogenesis may result in longstanding dose-related behavioural changes in the offspring of naive females and may predispose them to potential cocaine stimulant-linked behavioural changes upon weaning, adolescence and later stages of life.

 

Author(s) Details

Orien L Tulp
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat and East West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota FL, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v8/5878

Counting Cell Divisions: A Computational Approach Using DNA Tandem Repeats | Chapter 2 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Repetitive DNA occurs in all domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota—and can be grouped into two categories: interspersed repeats, such as transposable elements occurring in multiple loci across the genome, and tandem repeats (TRs) that occur in a single locus. This manuscript presents a compelling exploration of the role of DNA tandem repeats (TRs) in counting cell divisions, employing a computational model that could significantly advance the understanding of cell biology and epigenetics. The integration of TRs as iterable objects not only offers a fresh perspective but also provides a potential framework for investigating fundamental biological processes. The research could pave the way for novel insights into cellular mechanisms and their implications for development and disease. Overall, this manuscript aims to be a contribution to the scientific community, encouraging deeper discussions about the noncanonical roles of TRs in genomic regulation.

 

Author (s) Details

Marco Franco Giulio Regolini
MFR Bioengineering – Audiologic, Via Dei Gracchi 30, 20146 Milano, Italy.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4726

A Radical Approach to Healing Tinnitus: Accelerating Light within the Body to Trigger the Self-Healing Mechanism | Chapter 3| Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

Through an understanding of the mechanics of the ear and the impact of the subtle energy system on health and healing, this paper explores an alternative approach that enables clients to eradicate their tinnitus when medical science states there is no known cure. Negative thought processes and unresolved stress or trauma are identified as the primary underlying cause of this debilitating condition. Through a structured programme of practice and an element of counselling, clients were able to stabilise their emotional responses, shift their belief system and enhance cellular light emission to trigger the self-healing mechanism. Five evidential case studies illustrate the efficacy of the healing process.

 

Author (s) Details

 

J. Warters
Living Memory Research Trust, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v12/3831

The Effect of Environmental Factors on the DNA Methylation Pattern and Its Impact on Addiction | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Substance addiction remains a significant social and medical issue, influenced by both environmental and genetic variables. The interplay between genetic and ecological factors demonstrates the importance of the epigenetic mechanism. Given its ability to control and influence enduring alterations in gene expression, epigenetic regulation provides a compelling hypothesis for the persistent behavioral abnormalities associated with drug addiction. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, significantly influence drug addiction and substance abuse. Environmental factors such as parental influence, cultural norms, media representation, and learned physical associations also contribute to addiction. Nutritional, pharmacological, physical, and psychosocial factors (such as stress exposure) also affect the DNA methylation profile, leading to changes in gene expression and vulnerability to drug addiction. Studies show that genetic predispositions to psychiatric illnesses like addiction vulnerability can be attenuated or regulated by environmental factors. This chapter will focus on the effect of DNA methylation and environmental factors on drug addiction. Understanding these variables could potentially provide interpretive tools for the future diagnosis and management of addiction.

Author(s) Details:

Hemam Raishowriya Devi,
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, Manipur, India.

Reena Haobam,
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, Manipur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13924

Type 2 Diabetes and Epigenetics: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. Around 537 million people were diagnosed as diabetic in 2021 worldwide and it is predicted that the number will rise to 578 million by 2030, and 700 million by 2045. This review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis, progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for the articles published in English from 2000-2023 using Pub Med, and Google Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were identified: insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue and disintegrated insulin secretion. Epigenetics is “the study of changes in the gene functions that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable and that do not entail a change in DNA sequence. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, microRNA strongly co-relates the development and progression of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk factors like obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance, periconception and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities of epigenetic changes. Lifestyle, socioeconomic condition, food habits are contributing to obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Every year 2.8 million people die worldwide due to obesity and its complications. Epigenetics plays a crucial role by modifying the gene expression and establishing a relationship between the environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes is still limited.

Author(s) Details:

Abhijeet Roy,
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA and Center for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13624

Exploiting Methionine Addiction as a Potential Treatment Strategy for Cancer | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 Cells demand methionine not only for protein synthesis but still for nucleotide synthesis, methylation, and reductive absorption, and indeed, these pathways support the extreme proliferative rate of cancer cells. Although various drugs (for example, methotrexate) that upset the methionine cycle have long been secondhand for cancer situation, they showed solid side effects. Therefore, developing a more recent generation of drugs accompanying minimal side effects should to treat cancer. Methionine is an essential amino acid treated through the methionine and folate cycle, and these pathways also produce two essential cellular antioxidants: hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH). Due to the extreme proliferative rate, cancer containers depend on these pathways for methylation and the production of H2S and GSH to claim cellular equilibrium. On the other hand, due to the overuse of methionine, tumor cells still generate oxidative stress via the overdone production of homocysteine (Hcy). However, malignancy cells handle this oxidative stress by way of the overproduction of H2S and GSH. This article widely discussed the methionine adding in cancer cells and in what way or manner we can exploit this dependency on methionine to create a newer generation of drugs accompanying minimal reactions.

Author(s) Details:

Avisek Majumder,
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12378

Quantum Pain Management Concept| Chapter 13 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Up until today, there hasn't been an objective definition or assessment of pain. The widely accepted definition of pain lacks a number of essential elements, leading to exceptions to the generalisation. Science cannot adequately characterise something that cannot be precisely measured and manipulated. The usual mechanistic search for a specific area of the brain or ascending pain-related route may be to blame. After this tactic failed, fresh concepts were proposed, including the pain matrix and the dynamic pain connectome. Because the pain network is a multifractal and non-linear system, it can be examined utilising complex and chaotic system analysis, quantum mechanics, and quantum information theory. A new perspective on pain based on quantum physics is therefore required.

Author(s) Details:

Cengiz Mordeniz,
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Traditional and Complementary Medical Center, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University Hospital, Suleymanpasa, Tekirdag, Turkey.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V10/article/view/8235

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: An Innovative Revolution as Epigenetic Modifiers | Chapter 11 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 

The target-based epigenetic mechanisms, as well as the existing and potential therapeutic relevance of HDACIs in many malignant and non-malignant disorders, are discussed in this review article. Acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins are important epigenetic changes that affect gene transcription and expression. Acetylation stimulates gene expression by transforming chromatin into a less compact, transcriptionally active state, which is catalysed by histone acetyl transferases enzymes. Histone deacetylase enzymes catalyse the deacetylation of chromatin, which causes it to condense into a closed structure. Transcriptional factors are unable to access DNA as a result, and gene expression is reduced. For normal gene expression, the activity of HATs and HDACS must be balanced. Hypoacetylation, tight chromatin structure, and gene repression can all arise from increased HDAC activity. A number of malignancies and other diseases, including neurological disorders, are characterised by erroneous gene repression. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors have the ability to reverse the silence of pathogenic genes by restoring histone acetylation equilibrium. As a result, HDACIs function as epigenetic modifiers, altering gene expression without changing DNA sequence. Valproic acid and other HDACIs have shown promise in diseases other than cancer, including neurological diseases, mental disorders, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and AIDS. HDACIs authorised by the FDA include Vorinostat, Belinostat, Panobinostat, and Romidepsin. Many more drugs, including valproic acid, are at various stages of clinical testing. Medical journal articles and the Medline bibliographic database were used as data sources.

Author(S) Details

Pinki Vishwakarma
Department of Pharmacology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut - 250004, U.P., India.

Alok Kumar
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, RIMS & R Saifai, Etawah -206001, U.P., India.

Alok Kumar
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, RIMS & R Saifai, Etawah -206001, U.P., India.

Meena Garg
Department of Pharmacology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut - 250004, U.P., India.

K. K. Saxena
Department of Pharmacology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut - 250004, U.P., India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V3/article/view/6340

Human Repair-Neurophysiology | Book Publisher International

 For the treatment of spinal cord injuries, human neurophysiology is introduced. A classification of human peripheral nerve fibres is developed and used for the identification of neurons from which was recorded to analyse spinal cord functions based on recordings with a new electrophysiologic method, the single-nerve fibre action potential recording method, and morphometry of nerve roots. Restriction of basic human rights is ethically permissible only if prior medical research blunders are exposed and investments in infrastructure and clinical research implementation, aside from statistics, are made. It will be examined in depth whether the orthopedic surgeon performed with insufficient knowledge of human repair-neurophysiology, which is critical in SCI cases. Sophie's cerebellar and pons repair is compared to the repair of a traumatic cerebellar and pons injury, and her repair-stimulated development is compared to the development of healthy children aged 3 to 18, as measured by coordination dynamics values and the ontogenetic landscape for locomotion, according to the System Theory of Pattern Formation. More causative cancer treatment, including advancements in genetics and epigenetics, is required. It is necessary to improve interdisciplinary research and therapy. Existing cancer treatments must be given in a more complete manner.

Author(s) Details

Giselher Schalow
NGOMR: Non-Government-Organized-Medical-Research, Switzerland

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/HRN/article/view/5954

A Comprehensive Review on the Pleotropic Role of Nitric Oxide, a Well-Known Cytotoxin | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, has a dual role in human physiology and disease. NO is thought to protect cells at low concentrations; but, at greater concentrations, it becomes cytotoxic and contributes to tumour angiogenesis and cancer growth. Although previous research on the function of NO in cancer were tissue-specific, this review focuses on the underlying commonalities of NO exposure that exist across a wide range of malignancies. We also try to explain the role of NO and glutathione-transferase, a cellular protective enzyme. The growing involvement of NO in three key areas of epigenetics is highlighted in this article: DNA methylation, microRNAs, and histone alterations. Finally, we present the recent development of a model cell line system in which cells show a high level of NO nitric oxide adaptation, and we believe that these adapted cell lines can be effective tools for studying NO's role in cancer biology.

Author(S) Details

Ankit Sharma
LabyRx Immunological Therapeutics, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 1108 Sacramento, CA 95817,USA.

Estevan Limón López
McQuery College of Health and Human Services, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.

Michael Babich
LabyRx Immunological Therapeutics, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 1108 Sacramento, CA 95817,USA.

James A. Radosevich
Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V1/article/view/5075